i

DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS FROM THE CRETACEOUS OF TEXAS

H. B. Stenzel In the Tertiary and Cretaceous strata partly by the staff of the Bureau of Eco- of Texas, decapod crustaceans are not nomic Geology. The writer is indebted uncommon, at least at some localities. to the collectors for some of the finest There are even a few localities where specimens. Proper credit is given in the these decapod crustaceans are amazingly text to those who have helped to gather abundant. California Crossing in Dallas the material. The writer wishes to express County is one of these localities. The his appreciation of their efforts and abundance and fine preservation of mate- generosity. rial, from such localities present a chal- lenge to the paleontologist, and this chal- NOTES ON THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY lenge is ' strengthened by the importance OF THE MACRUROUS DECAPOD v of much of the nj$iterial. V CRUSTACEANS So few fossil decapod s^i'ustaceans have One of the clearly outstanding features been collected etnd described in- this coun- of highly developed animals is the eye. try that nearly every", new"' locality also Among many of these animals it is the yields new species, ajjd man*' of the eye which is the chief sense v organ. Its genera are new tp fiiis, country. In addi- proper function as an organ of vision tion, the knowlpd^' qf decapod crusta- aids the animal in protection from at- ceans here and abroad is very incomplete 1 tack, in quest of food, in search for s« tjiat some of the finds result in, signifi mates, and in other essential functions. ant Extensions of- the straiigraph'ic range Therefore, it is important that the eye the genera. - be protected from any injury in fight or is fortunate that some of the species, by accident. In the mammals this pro- notaAly Ceno manocar cinus vanstraclehi tection is afforded by bony structures StenzlL are represented by copious mate- surrounding the orbit of the eye. In those rial, wkich makes -it possible to d'efecribe mammals which depend very mucb on the f nearly ai^ parts of the animal--carapace, use of the eye — man is one of them — the abdomen, arid . appendages.* Such fully orbit is protected by the bones of thfe nose, described species are very,,,much needed eyebrows, and cheeks. These bones en- as a firm standard around which may be circle and surmount the orbit, so that the grouped the less known sptecies, that' is, eye is freely movable and yet surrounded described from isoiated fragments. by hard ridges. In such fully described species 'are the /. The same problem exists in crusta- means of elticicZ ( phylogenetic rela- tions as, for instance, the relations be- ceans. The eye must be protected in those- tween Necrocar cinus and Cenomanocar- crustaceans in which the eye is of para- cinus. Also these fully known species mount importance as a sense organ. In may be used to correct misidentifications the crustaceans, as in the mammals, this caused by insufficient material in other protection is accomplished by hard ridges. related species. A case in point is the Naturally, the ridges are not composed recognition of the true nature of Rani- of bones as in the mammals, because nella (?) armata Rathbun. Or the fully crustaceans do not have an interior bony known species may be used to improve • skeleton. Among the crustaceans the the understanding of related but less ridges are parts of the exoskeleton. For copious material. A case of this sort is example, the eye of a lobster (see text the right manus of Upogebia gamma fig. 1) is surrounded by 11 protective (Rathbun) which was originally described spines. Thes'e spines form an oblong de- as the left manus. fense ring around the orbit, giving the These fossil crustaceans were collected eye the much needed protection from partly by local enthusiastic collectors and enemy or accident.

t A } 402 The University of/ Texas Publication No. 4401

t .. —

/AV-O-" Tvv IV J'* \\ - N""— —__ \ Fig. 1. The protection of the eye in an Astacuran crustacean, the American lobster, Homarus americanus H. Milne-Edwards, 2/3 of natural size. For explanation of the symbols of the spines, see the text. Abbreviations of grooves 6n th6 carapace: a, branchio-cardiac; b, antennar; bi, hepatic; c, postcervical; d, gastro-orbital; e-ei, cervical; m, marginal. The position of the eminence omega is indicated by the Greek letter.

These protective circum-orbital spines ogous structures in nearly all macrurous are distributed in Homarus americanus H. crustaceans. Milne-Edwards as follows: In order that an unequivocal terminol- ogy may be used, these spines were la- 2 median spines on ventral surface of rostrum 1 (unpaired) belled by Boas with letters or numbers^ 1 tip of rostrum (unpaired) His terminology has been used to advai 3 spines at lateral edges of rostrum (paired) tage by other paleontologists and is /re- 3 spines on the carapace (paired) tained here. In addition, a set of vi 1 spine on distal end of exopodital scale of is used for the spines. £ antenna (paired) 1 spine on distal end of second protopodite Terminology of the circum-orbital spines of segment of antenna (paired) macrurous crustacea^is. The two orbits together have 19 spines, Boas This paper because the 2 median spines on the ven- r tip spine of rostrum tral surface and the tip spine of the ros- 1 first lateral rostral spine ] on trum are unpaired. The 2 median spines 2 second lateral rostral spine }• rostral . of the ventral surface of the rostrum are 3 third lateral rostral spine J ridgp>" present in Homarus americanus H. Milne- a supra-orbital spine 1 ' Edwards but are absent in Homarus vul- P sub-orbital spine on garis H. Milne-Edwards and in fossil 7 antennar spine J carapace species of the genus. Therefore, they will In many instances the spines are devel- henceforth be omitted from consideration. oped from longitudinal ridges. The ros- The spines on the segments of the an- tral spines are portions of the two ros- tenna are rarely preserved in fossil speci- tral ridges (p), which extend along the mens. Thus are left the following spines: lateral margins of the rostrum and unite in the tip spine. The supra-orbital, sub- 1 tip of rostrum, unpaired (r) 3 lateral spines of rostrum, paired (1, 2, 3) orbital, and antennar spines are the an- 3 spines on carapace, paired (a, P, y) terior ends of more or less well-developed, longitudinal ridges or keels, which bear These 13 spines are preserved and recog- the terms supra-orbital, sub-orbital, and nizable in many fossil species of Homarus. antennar ridges or keels respectively. In However, their importance lies not only addition, there may be a median ridge in their occurrence in this one genus but iBoas, J. E. V., Studier over Decapodernes Slaegtskabs- also in their occurrence in many genera. forhold: K. danske vidensk. selsk. skr., 6 raekke, naturvid. In other words, it is possible to find homol- jnath. Afd„ vol. 1, art. 2, pp. 23-210, pis. 1-7, 1880.

/ ^ Decapod Crustaceans from, Cretaceous of Texas 403

(/A) alpng the midline of the rostrum small or wanting (except in Palinurellus and the carapace. and the Glypheidea), the protection of the It has been mentioned above that the eyes is taken over by the supra-orbital importance of these structures lies not spines (a), and the eyes are far apart. only in their occurrence in the genus In addition, the depression of the cara- Homarus but also in their occurrence pace has put the antennar spines (y) into in many genera. The diagram (fig. 1) a much more prominent and exposed po- may serve to indicate the shape and ar- sition, namely, at the antero-lateral cor- rangement of these features in the tribe ner of the carapace. Such an exposed Astacura. position necessitated the enlarging of The tribe Palinura differs from the these spines. Thus, the Palinura (with Astacura in several features, among which some exceptions) have as the most promi- tfye shape of the carapace is of concern nent features of the frontal part of the to the present study. The carapace of carapace th>e supra-orbital (a) and the the Astacura is subcylindrical, whereas antennar (y) spines, between which the the carapace of the Palinura is depressed. eyes find adequate protection. The dia- The shape of the carapace determines the gram (fig. 2) shows the protection of the relative position of the eyes or rather the eye in Astacodes as an example of the relative distance from one eye to the Palinura. other. If the carapace is subcylindrical, as in the Astacura, the eyes are relatively close together; if, on the other hand, the carapace is depressed, as in the Palinura, the eyes are comparatively far apart. If the eyes are close together they can be pro- tected very effectively by a prominent rostrum projecting halfway between them. On the other hand, if the eyes are far apart they can not be protected effectively by a median rostrum unless the rostrum becomes unusually broad, in which case the rostrum may interfere with the essen- tial function of the eyes. Therefore, if the eyes of the Palinura were to be pro- tected, there was the choice of either broadening the median rostrum to fit the enlarged distance between the eyes or let- ting another organ take over their protec- tion. In the latter case the rostrum would lose its prime function, that is, the role Fig. 2. The protection of the eye in a Pali- of protector of the eyes, and become re- nuran crustacean, the fossil spiny lobster Asta- duced in size or even suppressed. That is codes maxwelli Stenzel, % of natural size. precisely the condition among the Pali- Note the rudimentary nature of the rostrum (r) and the prominence of the spines (a) and nura. In this tribe the rostrum is either (7). For explanation, see text figure 1. 404 The University of/ Texas Publication No. 4401

SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION OF THE DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS

Order Suborder Tribe Subtribe .Superfami'.y Family

Hapalocarcinidea

Brachygnatha Thelxiopeidea- Brachyura-

Gymnopleura- Raninidae Paguridea Paguridae Reptantia- Anomura- Thalassinidea- Callianassidae 1 Galatheidea— Galatheidae I HiHippidei a Astacura- Nephropsidea- { Nephropsidae Decapoda- ( Erymidae Glypheidea Palinura- Scyllaridea Palinuridae Eryonidea Natantia

This scheme is not a complete classifica- tion scheme. Its intent is to show merely the relationships of the groups treated in the text. Only those families are shown which are represented by fossils treated in this report. The superfamilies are also in- complete, only those being shown which are needed for the understanding of the scheme. The subtribes and tribes of . the suborder Reptantia are fully represented above. ' STRATIGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Nofopo- Necro- Cenomano-Rafhbun- Genera—Linuparus Asfacodes Enop/oc/yfia Homarus "Nephrops" Ga/afhea Upocj&bia Pacjurus corystes carcinus carcinus opon Fbst-Cretaceous Maestrichtian Companion E.kimzeyi Santonian A.maxwet/i Esp. H. blossomanus Coniacian E. triglypia Lgrimrneri H. br///'ones Iris C. van - Turonian L.watkmsi A.davisi H. day/si Llrhocheochir N d/chroui N-'ovo/is straeteni Cenomanian f?.po/ya£ron N grayjcnenshC.oktaho- E.watkeri H. /arrantensis G. crefacea N.part/us Nmose/eyi mensis upper ?A.wenoensis L aMmsi E.winfoni N amencanus ? N.rcnfroae H. denlonensis G lilica Npundafus N.fexensh C.armafus Albian middle H travisensis R/ravnensts lower P bandercnr>i5 Aphan Barremian Hauferivian Valanqinlon

Note: Distribution in Texas as it is known at present is shown by solid black vertical columns; outside of Texas by white vertical columns. 406 The University of Texas Publication No. 4401

Tribe PALINURA Borradaile SUPRA- Superfamily SCYLLARIDEA. Stebbing ORBITAL. Family PALINURIDAE Gray

Genus LINUPARUS A. W. White, 1847 List of Crustacea in the British Museum, p. 70.2 Genotype.—Linuparus trigonus (De Haan) living, coasts of Japan.

LINUPARUS GRIMMERI Stenzel, n.«p. PI. 34, figs. 1-4; PL 35, figs. 1, 5, 6; Pl. 45, fig. 3; text fig. 3 Linuparus grimmeri Stenzel in Dallas Petroleum Geologists, Geology of Dallas County, Texas, p. 35, fig. 7, 1941. Description.—Cephalothorax elongate- rectangular in outline, about twice as long Fig. 3. Linuparus grimmeri Stenzel, x2, re- as wide; greatest width of carapace in the stored ; carapace anterior to the postcervical vicinity of the postcervical grooves (c). grooves. A, position of antenna. Carapace only very gently convex from front to back. Length of the supra-orbital wall of the carapace. The posterior spines (a) is 1/12 the carapace length; carapace margin is highly arched trans- there is neither a rostrum nor an accessory versely and concave as seen from above; spine in the intervening sinus, and the sinus it has a marginal groove (m) and an is broad V-shaped with a rounded end. To elevated rim. either side of the supra-orbital spines the Surface of carapace is divided into a front is very nearly straight and defined by shorter anterior and longer posterior por- an edge, which carries a row of fine tuber- tion by the pair of deep and broad, V- cles with hair-pits and which slopes down- shaped postcervical grooves, which are ward and outward to the antennar spine united in the middle by a short, broad, and (y). This stout spine has a triangular shallow, transverse groove. The anterior base and points forward, outward, and portion of the carapace has 9 spinous keels. upward. The lateral carapace margins are Two of these keels, the antennar keels, defined anterior to the postcervical grooves begin with the fronto-lateral spine and by the antennar keel carrying about 6 have been described above. Another pair, spines and 1 or 2 spinules. The first of the supra-orbital keel pair, begins at the these spines is the antennar one at the supra-orbital spines and extends in a fronto-lateral corner; this is also the very slight curve almost halfway to the strongest spine of the keel. The other postcervical grooves. Each supra-orbital spines are small. The keel is sigmoid in keel carries the forward pointing supra- outline as seen from above, ends abruptly orbital spine, behind which is a smooth at the postcervical groove, and is not con- place; at the end are a forward-pointing tinued behind that groove, posterior to spine and a small spinule. Between the the groove the lateral margin is at first supra-orbital and the antennar keel lies defined by a short, finely tuberculated, the sub-orbital keel (/3). The two sub- inclined keel nearly parallel with the outer orbital keels are gently curved, spreading end of the groove. This keel flattens out to the posterior, and in line with the keel in posterior direction into the vertical side pair posterior of the postcervical grooves. They start very near the base of the supra- ®For a discussion of nomenclatorial questions involving this genus see: Woodward, Henry, Further notes on podoph- orbital spine and carry 5 to 6 small spines, thalmous crustaceans from the Upper Cretaceous forma' of which the first and last ones are smaller tion of British Columbia^ etc. f Geol. Mag., new ser., dec. than those in the mid-portion of the keel. 4, vol. 7, p. 394, 1900. Woods, Henry, A monograph of the, fossil macrurous In the midline and near the front is a Crustacea of England, pt. 2: Palaentograph. Soc., vol. 77, short, obscure keel with only > one small pp. 26-27, 1925. spine ifi). A fourth keel pair outlines Decapod Crustaceans from, Cretaceous of Texas 407 an oval area lying in the midline just in tubercles transversely arranged near its front of the postcervical grooves. Each center. keel carries 2 small spines and some Antennae much longer than the cara- spinules. pace. Of the peduncular joints 3 are The portion of the carapace posterior visible; they are spinous. The flagellum to the postcervical grooves has 3 keels, is slender and cylindrical, but with a one in midline and the pair at. the lateral longitudinal groove on its upper surface. margins. The median keel has about 9 Each flagellar segment has a row of hair- small spines and in some specimens one pits encircling its anterior margin. spinule just in front of the marginal Dimensions.—Syntype 1, length of groove (m). There is an additional small carapace, 23.7 mm., width, 12.0 mm.; syn- spine on the raised rim of the posterior type 2, length of carapace, 30.7 mm., margin. The paired keels carry each about width, 15.5+ mm.; syntype 3, width of 20 small, forward-pointing spines. The carapace from one antennar spine to the mid-portion of the carapace is roof-shaped; other, 28.3 mm.; syntype 4, width of the two halves make an obtuse angle of carapace (crushed), 20.2 mm., length of 150° at the midline; the side walls are carapace, 38.8 mm. gently convex, slope down with a slight Remarks.—This species is found at the divergence from the outer keels, and are same locality as Linuparus watkinsi edged with a raised margin at the bottom. Stenzel. Therefore, the differences be- The surface of the carapace is covered tween the two species need to be empha- with tiny spinules pointing forward and sized. | ; upward. Linuparus grimmeri Stenzel is slenderer The abdomen has 3 spinous, longitudinal than L. watkinsi Stenzel. The proportions keels in line with the 3 keels of the of length of carapace to the distance be- posterior portion of the carapace. Each tween the paired lateral keels is as follows: of the lateral keels is represented by 2 L. grimmeri Stenzel 2.33 to 1 spines on each abdominal somite except L. watkinsi Stenzel 2.07 to 1 on the first, which does not have any. The posterior of these two lateral spines is The front of L. grimmeri Stenzel has sim- always the smaller; it may even be absent. ple supra-orbital spines without accessory The median keel is represented by one spines in the sinus intervening between the central, laterally compressed spine on the two spines, and the sinus is broad V-shaped first somite, by two laterally compressed with a rounded end. The front of L. spines on the second, third, fourth, and watkinsi Stenzel has supra-orbital spines fifth somites. On the sixth somite there with accessory spines in the intervening are along the midline two parallel keels sinus, and the sinus is U-shaped. about 1 mm. apart, each carrying 4 All spines of L. grimmeri Stenzel are spinules. The telson carries 2 spinules weaker and smaller than the correspond- about X mm. apart. ing ones in the other species. However, Sternum narrow-triangular in outline, some of the keels have more fepines on L. with a very low, broad tubercle on the grimmeri Stenzel than on the other species; anterior tip. Each sternite is separated this is particularly true of the 3 keels of from its successor by a pair of lateral, the carapace posterior of the postcervical oblique incisions. The lateral edges of grooves. Granulation and tuberculation of the carapace surface is less rough in each sternite except the last are turned up L. grimmeri Stenzel than in the other and appear in outline concavely divergent species. The two species may be dis- toward the posterior. This upturned edge tinguished at a glance by the greater rough- is surmounted in all sternites except the ness of Linuparus watkinsi Stenzel. last by a tubercle, which is situated near The species is named in honor of Mr. or at the middle of the edge. The anterior R. A. Grimmer of Dallas, who kindly and posterior corners of this upturned edge donated syntype 1. Ten of the types were are drawn out into tubercle-like points. collected by Mr. W. T. Watkins and one The fifth sternite has two small transverse by Mr. Forrest Kirkland of Dallas. 408 The University of/ Texas Publication No. 4401

Type data.—Fourteen syntypes, Bureau Description. — Cephalothorax elongate- of Economic Geology, The University of rectangular in outline, less than twice as Texas, Austin, Texas. long as wide; greatest width of carapace Type locality.—California Crossing, in the vicinity of the postcervical grooves north-facing bluff on right bank of Elm (c). Carapace only very gently convex Fork of Trinity River upstream from and from front to back. Front of carapace at Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad nearly straight except for the projecting bridge, in southwest corner of Joshua supra-orbital spine pair (a). Length of McCants survey, on O'Connor dairy land, these spines is 1/8 the carapace length; about 10 miles northwest of Dallas, Dallas each spine carries a short, accessory spine County, Texas. halfway down in the intervening sinus; the This locality appears to be the same as end of this sinus is U-shaped. To either locality No. 16 of Moreman.3 According side of the supra-orbital spine pair, the to Moreman this was the site of Horton's front is very gently concav.e or slightly Mill, where many of Hyatt's4 Cretaceous flexuous in outline and defined by a finely ammonites were collected. tuberculate edge, which slopes downward and outward to the fronto-lateral corner. Geologic horizon.—Britton formation of The front ends in a short, stout, forward Eagle Ford group, Gulf series, Cretaceous and outward-pointing antennar spine (y) (lower Turonian or Salmurian). with triangular base located at the ex- At California Crossing the following tremity. The lateral margins of the fossils are found: Chordata—•Vertebrat.a: Teleost fin bones and vertebrae Arthropoda—Crustacea: Linuparus grimmeri Stenzel Lin. watkinsi Stenzel Astacodes davisi Stenzel Homarus brittonestris Stenzel Homarus davisi Stenzel Upogebia rhacheochir Stenzel Notopocorystes dichrous Stengel Cenomanocarcinus vanstraeleni Stenzel Mollusca—Cephalopoda: Baculites gracilis Shumard Scaphites sp. Worthoceras vermiculus (Shumard) Neocardioceras septem-seriatum (Cragin) Eucalycoceras sp. Metoicoceras whitei Hyatt Proplacenticeras sp. Allocrioceras annulatum (Shumard) Mollusca—Gastropoda: Naticoid indet. Cerithiid indet. Mollusca—Pelecypoda: Inoceramus fragilis Hall & Meek Eehinodermata—Echinoidea: Echinoid indet. Echinodermata—Ophiuroidea: Ophiuroid undescribed LINUPARUS WATKINSI Stenzel, n.sp. PI. 34, figs. 5-8; PI. 45, figs. 1, 2; text fig. 4. Linuparus watkinsi Stenzel in Dallas Petroleum Geologists, Geology of Dallas County, Texas, p. 36, fig. 8, 1941.

3Moreman, W. L., Paleontology of the Eagle Ford group of north and central Texas: Jour. Paleontology, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 197, 1942. 4Hyatt, Alpheus, Pseudoceralites of the Cretaceous: U. S. Fig. 4. Linuparus tvatkinsi Stenzel, x2; composite of Geol. Survey Mon. 44, 1903. several specimens: carapace with parts of antennae. Decapod Crustaceans from, Cretaceous of Texas 409 carapace are defined anterior to the post- grooves. Each keel carries 2 large spines cervical grooves by an antennar keel car- and some minor spines and spinules. rying 4 spines and a few irregular The portion of the carapace posterior accessory spinules. The first of these to the postcervical grooves has 3 keels, one spines is the antennar one at the fronto- in midline and the pair at the lateral lateral corner. This keel is gently sigmoid margins. The median keel has 7 major in outline, ends abruptly at the postcervical spines and few accessory minor spines. groove, and is not continued behind that In line with this keel and separated from groove. Posterior to the postcervical it by the posterior marginal groove, there groove the lateral margin is at first defined is a spine on the raised posterior margin. by a short, densely tuberculated, inclined The paired keels carry each 12 major keel nearly parallel with the outer end of spines. The mid-portion of the carapace the groove. This keel flattens out in is roof-shaped; the two halves make an posterior direction into the vertical side obtuse angle of 125° at the midline; the wall of the carapace. Posterior margin side walls slope down vertically or of carapace highly arched in transverse converge slightly downward from the direction and slightly concave as seen from outer keels and are edged at the bottom above; it has a marginal groove (m) and with a raised margin. The surface of the an elevated rim. carapace is rough with scattered, tubercu- Surface of carapace divided into a lar hair sockets directed forward and up- shorter anterior and longer posterior por- ward. tion by the pair of deep and broad, V- Sternum narrow-triangular in outline, shaped postcervical grooves, which are with a low, broad tubercle on the anterior united in the middle. The anterior por- tip. Each sternite is separated from its tion of the carapace has 9 spinous keels. successor by a pair of lateral, oblique in- Two of these 9 keels, the antennar keels, cisions. The lateral edges of each sternite begin at the fronto-lateral corner, follow except the last are turned up and appear the lateral margin, and have been de- in outline concavely divergent toward the scribed above. Another pair, the supra- posterior. This upturned edge is orna- orbital keels, begins at the supra-orbital mented with a row of small tubercles in spines and extends in a slight curve al- the first sternite; in the second and third most halfway to the postcervical grooves. sternites the edge has a small tubercle at Each keel of this pair carries two unequal, the anterior corner and a high, compressed closely spaced spines and some minor tubercle slightly anterior of the middle tubercles situated behind a low and smooth of the edge; in the fourth sternite there is, in addition to these two tubercles, a portion of the keel. To the front of this third one at the posterior corner of the smooth portion the keel is a part of the edge; the fifth sternite has a high, two- supra-orbital spine; it is spiriulous and headed tubercle in its center and short, merges into the tip of the s'pine. Between straight, parallel, only slightly upturned this keel pair and those at the lateral lateral edges with a small tubercle at the carapace margin lies the sub-orbital keel anterior corner and a few small tubercles pair (/?). These are gently curved, Spread- following. The posterior margin of the ing to the posterior, and iji line with the sternum is highly arched in transverse lateral keel pair posterior to the post- direction and carries a row of tubercles cervical grooves. They start very near the along its rim. base of the supra-orbital spine and carry Abdomen has 3 spinous, longitudinal 4 to 5 unequal spines, of which the first keels in line with the 3 keels of the and last ones are smaller than those in the posterior portion of the carapace. Each mid-portion of the keel. In the midline of the lateral keels is represented by 2 and near the front is a short, indistinct spines on each abdominal somite, except keel (ju,) with either one spine or two un- on the first, which does not have any. equal spines and some minor tubercles. The median keel is represented by one A fourth keel pair outlines an oval area central spine on the first and second lying in the midline just in front of the somites, by two laterally compressed 410 The University of/ Texas Publication No. 4401 spines fortified by a few spinules on the tubercles arranged in two convergent third somite, by 4 spines arranged in rows of two pairs and an odd one, which groups of two on the fourth somite, and if connected by lines, would have much by two simple spines on the fifth somite. the shape of an isosceles triangle, with On the sixth somite there are along the its base near the furrow." The same spines midline two short, parallel keels about 1 of L. watkinsi Stenzel do not form a true mm. apart, each carrying 3 spinules. The triangle, because the two equal sides are plfeura of the abdominal somites have ser- curved with the convexity outward. There rated edges. The telson carries a spine are also a few minor accessory spinules on the midline near its anterior edge and in these lines in L. watkinsi Stenzel, but has parallel sides. The uropods are nar- not in L. canadensis (Whiteaves). The row; their edges are sigmoid in outline. same is true of accessory spines along the Dimensions.—Syntype 1, length of cara- supra-orbital keels. pace with exclusion of the supra-orbital If the ventral carapace surface de- spines, 25.7 mm., width, 14.6 mm.; syntype scribed by Woodward9 really belongs to 2, width of carapace, 21.5 mm., length Linuparus canadensis (Whiteaves) there of sternum, 19.8 mm., greatest width of are several differences in the tubercles sternum, 11.9 mm.; syntype 3, width of of the two related species. Each sternite carapace, 23.5 mm., length of supra-or- of L. cf. canadensis (Whiteaves) Wood- bital spines, 4.0 mm.; syntype 4, length ward is ornamented with a pair of of carapace with exclusion of the supra- rounded, subcentral tubercles, except the orbital spines, 30.0 mm., width, 18.7 mm. first sternite. These tubercles are absent Remarks.—This species is easily distin- in L. watkinsi Stenzel, but there is in their guished from most North American Cre- stead a high, double-headed median tuber- taceous species of Linuparus. In L. cle on the last sternite. adkinsi Rathbun,5 L. kleinfelderi Rath- The species is named in honor of Mr. bun,6 and L. vancouverensis (Whit- W. T. Watkins of Dallas who collected eaves),7 crowded tubercles cover the keels three of the types of this species. of the carapace and spines are rare, be- Type data.—Six syntypes, Bureau of ing restricted to the anterior ends of the Economic Geology, The University of keels. Linuparus watkinsi Stenzel with its Texas, Austin, Texas. keels spinous throughout is much rougher Type locality.—Same as Linuparus than these species. However, L. canadensis grimmeri Stenzel. 8 (Whiteaves) is very nearly related to L. Geologic horizon.—Same as Linuparus watkinsi Stenzel. The Canadian species is grimmeri Stenzel. much larger in size, being about 3 times as large as L. watkinsi Stenzel, but has Genus ASTACODES Th. Bell, 1863 very similar spinous keels. The most A moHograph pf the fossil malacostracous Crus- readily recognized difference is the ar- tacea of Great Britain, pt. 2, Crustacea of the rangement of the spines in the middle Gault and Greensand: Palaeontograph. Soc., vol; 14, pp. 30-31. of the carapace anterior to the postcer- Genotype.—Astacodes falcifer Bell from the vical grooves. According to Whiteaves Speeton clay (Hauterivian) of England. (p. 88), in L. canadensis (Whiteaves) Genotype by monotypy. "next to the furrow, and in advance of ASTACODES MAXWELLI Stenzel, n.sp. it, in the median line, there are five PI. 35, figs. 2-4; PI. 45, figs. 4-6; text figs. 2, 5. BRathbun, M. J., Fossil Crustacea of the Atlantic and Description. — Cephalothorax elongate Gulf Coastal Plain: Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 2, p. in outline, not quite twice as long as 37, pi. 10, figs. 4-10, 1935. eIdem, pp. 35-36; pi. 8; pi. 9, figs. 1-2; pi. 25. wide; greatest width about halfway be- ^Woodward, Henry, Further notes on podophthalmous tween the postcervical grooves and the crustaceans from the Upper Cretaceous formation of British posterior end. Carapace nearly straight Columbia, etc.: Geol. Mag., new ser., dec. 4, vol. 7, pp. from front to back and rounded-rectangu- 395-396, pi. 15, 1900. lar in transverse cross section. Carapace sWhiteaves, J. F., Contributions to Canadian paleon- tology, vol. 1: Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey Canada, pp. 87-88, °Op cit., pi. 16, fig. 1. pi. 11, 1885. Decapod Crustaceans from, Cretaceous of Texas 411

divided by the deep arid wide postcervi- bases of these spines are preserved. The cal grooves (c) into a smaller anterior gastric region is moderately convex and and a larger posterior portion. Front of bears two lines of spinules or spines, carapace nearly straight except for a which converge forward at an acute short, narrow, projecting median rostrum. angle; their junction is their end and The rostrum is 1/20 of the carapace lies in the concave space between the length. The rostrum is simple; its top supra-orbital spine-ridges; to the rear the surface flat, the sides vertical. To both two lines of spinules curve, become sides of the rostrum the front rises con- parallel, and disappear before reaching cavely upward to the supra-orbital spine- the postcervical grooves. The spinous ridges (a). These ridges are high, later- sub-orbital keels (/?) start at the front ally compressed, widely separated, and near the supra-orbital spine-ridges, curve upward divergent; backward they continue with their convexity outward, and con- as low, rounded ridges for a short dis- tinue to the postcervical grooves; the size tance and disappear about midway be- of these keels and their spines increases tween the front and postcervical furrows; gradually to the back so that the anterior they carry a strong, forward and upward- portion is a mere row of spinules-and pointing spine posterior of the laterally the posterior portion a spinous ridge; compressed, frontal portion; only the these ridges are in line with the rounded, obtuse, obsolete, lateral keels of the cara- pace, which are posterior to the postcer- SUPRA- vical grooves. A'fourth pair of spinous ORBITAL. ridges, the antennar keels (y), is on the anterior portion of the carapace starting at its fronto-lateral corner; the anterior portion of this ridge is a high, laterally compressed two-pronged spine subparallel with and similar to the supra-orbital spine-ridge; to the rear this narrow ridge descends rapidly and forms a low keel, which extends to the groove and carries 3 to 4 spines in a row in front of the groove. Posterior to the groove this keel continues for about one centimeter and carries 2 or 3 spines. The mid-portion of the postcervical grooves is transverse; the side portions are at right angles. From the mid-portion there extend backward the sigmoidally curved, shallow, and inconspicuous branchio-cardiac grooves (a), the poste- rior ends of which are connected by a very shallow transverse depression; a short groove radiates from the posterior end of each branchio-cardiac groove in the direc- tion of the postero-lateral corner of the carapace. A narrow groove starts at each postero-lateral corner of the carapace and curves gently on the side walls of the carapace forward to the ends of the post- cervical groove.

ABDOMEN The posterior portion of the carapace is Fig. 5. Astacodes maxwelli Stenzel, xl; gently convex along the midline; toward of several specimens. the sides it is delimited by an obtuse, 412 The University of/ Texas Publication No. 4401 rounded, obsolete, longitudinal angula- lack a median carina. The Texan species tion, which is sharper near the groove than is also more than twice the size of the at the posterior margin; the side walls English. are gently convex and converge slightly The species is named in honor of Mr. downward. The posterior margin is J. B. Maxwell of Roxton and of Mr. highly arched in transverse direction and Carlisle Maxwell of San Antonio. It is concave as seen from above. It is edged by through the efforts of these gentlemen that a deep marginal groove (m), which is much of the material was secured for wider in the middle and narrows down to scientific study.11 the sides;.this deep and narrow marginal Type data.—Thirteen syntypes, Bureau groove continues forward along the ventral of Economic Geology, The University of margins of the carapace. The posterior Texas, and the Texas Memorial Museum, portion of the carapace is covered with Austin, Texas. One of the specimens is a many forward-pointing, subsquam form tubercles; the anterior portion carries some loan from Mr. Carlisle Maxwell of San scattered, forward-pointing spinules. Antonio, Texas. Type locality.—Quarries on east side of Abdominal terga convex in transverse State highway No. 188 (Roxton-High direction, flat in longitudinal direction; road) extending from the vicinity of covered with numerous pits if not decorti- Arkansas Church, 2.1 miles, to 1.1 miles cated. Ambulatory legs long, slender, oval north of the' railway depot in Roxton, in cross section. southwestern Lamar County, Texas. Dimensions.—Syntype 1, length of Geologic horizon.—The specimens occur carapace, 62.5 mm., width of carapace, in concretionary portions of the rock. The 37.0 mm.; syntype 2, length of carapace, concretions are formed around the fossil 68.0 mm., width of carapace, 40.5 mm.; lobsters and teleost fishes and are bright syntype 3, width of carapace, 33.9 mm.; red-maroon on outside and buff inside. syntype 4, length of carapace, 61.3 mm., The rock is a granular, cross-bedded, width of carapace, 37.2 mm. slightly glauconitic, oolitic limestone, Remarks.—Hitherto the genus Astacodes which R. T. Hill called the Roxton beds.12 was represented only by its type species, These beds are the top portion of the Ast. falcifer Bell, which was first men- Gober13 chalk tongue of the Austin chalk, tioned as Palinurus uncinatus Phillips10 Gulf series, Cretaceous. The age of the in 1835. After 100 years the second and beds is Santonian. third species of the genus have been discovered. The 100 years attest to the ASTACODES DAVISI Stenzel, n.sp. rarity of the material. The second species, PI. 36 Ast. maxwelU Stenzel, extends the known stratigraphic range of the genus from the Description. — Cephalothorax elongate Hauterivian to the Santonian. in outline, a little more than twice as long as wide; greatest width about halfway Both species are remarkably alike in between the postcervical grooves and the many respects. The differences seem to be posterior end. Carapace apparently nearly minor. Astacodes falcifer Bell has 2 spines straight from front to back and rounded- in a row behind the supra-orbital spine- rectangular in transverse section. Cara- ridge; Ast. maxwelli Stenzel only one. pace divided by the deep and wide post- Astacodes falcifer Bell has a double row cervical grooves (c) into a smaller an- of tubercles along the midline of the cara- terior and a larger posterior portion. Front pace between the postcervical grooves and the posterior margin; in Ast. maxwelli ^Assistance in the collection and preparation of these Stenzel there is no special arrangement materials was furnished by the personnel of Work Projects of tubercles along that line. The ab- Administration Official Project No. 665-66-3-233. 12Hill, R. T., Geography and geology of the Black and dominal terga of Ast. maxwelli Stenzel Grand Prairies, Texas: U. S. Geol. Survey, 21st Ann. Rept., pt. 7, pp. 114, 340, 1901. 10Phillip8, J., Illustrations of the geology of Yorkshire; 13Stephenson, L. W., Notes on the stratigraphy of the or, A description of the strata and organic remains of the Upper Cretaceous formation of Texas and Arkansas: Bull. Yorkshire Coast, 2d ed., pt. 1, p. 170, 1835, Amer. Assoc. Petr. Geol., vol. 11, p. 8, 1927. Decapod Crustaceans from, Cretaceous of Texas 413 of carapace nearly straight except for a toward the sides it is delimited by an short, narrow, projecting median rostrum. obtuse, rounded, obsolete, longitudinal The rostrum is 1/20 of the carapace angulation; the side walls are gently con- length. It is simple; the top surface is vex. The posterior margin is highly arched. To both sides of the rostrum the arched in transverse direction and concave front rises concavely upward to the supra- as seen from above. It is edged by a deep orbital spine-ridges (a). These ridges are marginal groove (m), which is wider in high, laterally compressed, widely sepa- the middle and narrows down to the sides. rated, and upward divergent; backward The posterior portion of the carapace is they continue for a short distance carrying completely covered with many forward- two spines, of which the posterior one is pointing, subsquamiform tubercles. The the smaller; the ridges disappear posterior anterior portion carries many scattered to the latter spine about halfway between spinules. the front and the postcervical furrows. The Abdominal terga convex in transverse gastric region is moderately convex and direction, flat in longitudinal direction; bears two lines of small spines, which con- each tergum has several either shallow or verge forward at an acute angle; at their sharp transverse grooves; some parts of junction near the base of the rostrum there each tergum are punctate while others are is a small, compressed spine and a spinule finely tuberculate. A narrow, small anterior to that; to the rear the two lines median keel is present in terga 2 to 4. become parallel; each line has 4 later- Each margin of a pleurum is lobulated and ally compressed, small spines and one has a spine and several succeeding spinule in the following sequence from spinules. The telson has many fine, back- front to back: spinule-interval-spine-inter- val-spine-long interval-spine-short interval- ward-pointing spinules. The uropods are spine-postcervical groove. These two lines smooth. are continued posterior of the postcervical Dimensions.—Holotype, length of cara- grooves, where the two lines converge pace exclusive of rostrum, 51 mm., length again. Each line carries about 4 laterally of rostrum, 2.5 mm., width of carapace, 23 cortipressed, subsquamiform tubercles, mm. which are a little larger than those cover- Remarks.—This species is readily dis- ing the remainder of the carapace. The sub-orbital lines (/?) of spines start at the tinguished from Astacodes falcifer Bell front near the supra-orbital spine-ridges, bv the different arrangement of spinules curve with their convexity outward to the along the midline of the carapace. In postcervical grooves; the size of the spines other resnects Ast. davisi Stenzel has closer increases gradually to the back; there are relationship to Ast. falcifer Bell than Ast. 4 small, forward-pointing spines in each maxwelli Stenzel. line. These lines are in line with the The species is named in honor of Mr. rounded, obtuse, obsolete lateral keels of Eugene Elmer Davis of Dallas, Texas, the carapace, which are posterior to the who collected the fine holotype specimen postcervical grooves. A fourth pair of and kindlv put it at the writer's disposal spinous ridges, the antennar keels (y), is for description. The paratype was col- on the anterior portion of the carapace lected by the late Mr. Forrest Kirkland starting at its fronto-lateral corner; each of Dallas. of these ridges carries 4 laterally com- pressed spines, which decrease in size lo Type data.—Holotype and paratype, the the posterior. latter a portion of an abdomen, Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of The mid-portion of the postcervical Texas, Austin, Texas. grooves is short and transverse; the side Type locality.—Same as Linuparus portions are curved sigmoidally. grimmeri Stenzel. The posterior portion of the carapace Geologic horizon.—Same as Linuparus is gently convex along the midline; grimmeri Stenzel. 414 The University of/ Texas Publication No. 4401

Tribe ASTACURA Borradaile Cretaceous species of Enoploclytia: Enoploclytia kimzeyi (Rathbun) Superfamily NEPHROPSIDEA Alcock Campanian, Texas Family ERYMIDAE Van Straelen Enoploclytia sp. Stenzel Genus ENOPLOCLYTIA F. McCoy, 1849 Santonian, Texas Enoploclytia triglypta Stenzel On the classification of some British fossil Coniacian, Texas Crustacea, with notices of new forms in the University collection at Cambridge: Annals Enoploclytia walkeri (Whitfield) and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 330. Upper Albian, Texas Genotype.—Enoploclytia leachii (Mantell) from Enoploclytia wintoni Stenzel the Chalk (Turonian to Campanian) of Upper Albian, Texas England. Species whilh have been referred to Enoploclytia but are of doubtful generic position or 14 According to Woods the genera Palaea- validity : stacus T. Bell 1850 (Bell, Th., Notes on "Enoploclytia" sculpta Rathbun the Crustacea of the Chalk formation, in Maestrichtian, Tennessee Dixon, F., Geology and fossils of the "Enoploclytia" wenoensis Rathbun Tertiary and Cretaceous formations of Upper Albian, Texas Sussex, p. 344, London, 1850; genotype Enoploclytia (?) sp. Rathbun Palaeastacus dixoni Bell in Dixon, p. 344, Campanian or Maestrichtian, Mississippi pi. 38, figs. 1-4, from the Lower Chalk ENOPLOCLYTIA KIMZEYI (Rathbun) (Cenomanian) of England) and Phbyc- Palaeastacus kimzeyi Rathbun, M. J., Fossil Crus- tisoma T. Bell 1863 (Bell, Th., A mono- tacea of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain: graph of the fossil malacostracous Crusta- Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 2, pp. 23-24; cea of Great Britain, pt. 2: Palaeonto- pi. 2, figs. 15-21, 1935. graph. Soc., vol. 14, p. 34, 1863; genotype Remarks.—This Enoploclytia has the Phlyctisoma tuberculatum Bell, ibid., p. postcervical groove (c) extending far down 35, pi. 11, figs. 1-8, from the Cambridge and joining the anterior branch of the greensand (Upper Albian) of England) hepatic groove (bx) just behind the emi- do not differ in any essential respect from nence omega. the genus Enoploclytia. The two former Type dafa.—Holotype, No. 73797, and genera are, therefore, later synonyms of paratypes, No. 73841, U. S. National the latter genus, which takes precedence Museum, Washington, D.C. over them by reason of priority. It is obvious that Wood's conclusion must be Type locality.—About 3 miles south- respected, because he had available for his west of Farmersville, Collin County, study materials comprising the genotype Texas; holotype, A. H. Kimzey collector, species of all three genera. 1926, and paratypes, L. W. Stephenson collector, 1927, Coll. No. 13784. The North American species of Enop- Geologic horizon.—Base of Wolfe City loclytia are in confusion. This confusion sand of Taylor group, Gulf series, Upper is due to wrong generic assignments and Cretaceous (Campanian). to the lack or neglect of stratigraphic in- formation. The writer has attempted to ENOPLOCLYTIA sp. Stenzel, n.sp. eliminate some of the existing confusion PI. 37, figs. 4-6 and gives below a summary of all species of the genus reported from the United Description.—This species is mentioned States of America: only because it occurs with Astacodes maxwelli Stenzel. The material available Tertiary species of Enoploclytia: consists of the dorsal part of a partly (?) Enoploclytia selmaensis (Rathbun) pressure-deformed carapace, a cheliped, Paleocene, Alabama and parts of the ambulatory legs. Enoploclytia tumimanus (Rathbun) Carapace traversed by deep grooves. Paleocene, Alabama Cervical groove (e^) is the deepest

"Woods, Henry, A monograph of the fossil macrnrotu and sharpest, begins at midline of cara- Crustacea of England, pt. 6: Palaeontograph. Soc., vol. 82, pace, and descends nearly in a straight line pp. 81-86, 1930. steeply forward. Groove (d) ip broad and Decapod Crustaceans from, Cretaceous of Texas 415 shallow and extends for only a short dis- ally. Branchio-cardiac groove (a) nearly tance forward from the cervical groove. parallel to the postcervical groove and Postcervical groove (c) composed of two undulating in outline, deep and steep- parts. It begins broad, shallow, and sided throughout its course, but widening winding near the midline, then continues toward the hepatic groove. Hepatic groove more sharply incised obliquely forward (bx) very broad and shallow, concave and downward, and ends not far from toward the midline, but with an abrupt groove (e-ei). Postcervical groove (c) is turn around the swelling omega. Anten- joined from below by the deeply incised nar groove (b) concave toward the mid- hepatic groove (b^. Branchio-cardiac line, broadening and shallowing in an- groove (a) begins at the mi^ine of the terior direction. Inferior groove (i) con- carapace immediately posterior to the cave toward the anterior, broad and deep, postcervical groove (c) and descends its anterior side wall less steep than its obliquely and shallows out at about the posterior one. middle of the side. Marginal groove (m) deep and sigmoidally curyed at the pos- terior carapace margin. Spiniform tubercles are present anterior to the grooves (a). Posterior to these grooves the carapace carries only slightly raised hair-pits. Manus elongate, tumid-oval in cross section, with many hair-pits and few blunt tubercles or spines. Carpus with a few prominent spines and many hair-pits. Merus of cheliped with many hair-pits and a few spines; these are particularly concentrated at the distal margin; the two most prominent spines are at the two hinge points. Fig. 6. Enoploclytia triglypta Stenzel, xl; left Dimensions.—Length* of carapace with- side of incomplete carapace. out rostrum, 9 cm.; height of manus, The front is to the left, the dorsum at the top 1.8 cm. of the figure. Abbreviations of grooves: a, branchio-cardiac; b, antennar; bi, hepatic; c, Type data.—Monotype, Bureau of Eco- postcervical; e-ei, cervical; i, inferior; w, emin- nomic Geology, The University of Texas, ence omega. Austin, Texas. Type locality.—Same as Astacodes max- Swelling omega (w) distinct and elon- welli Stenzel. gate in shape. Carapace covered with Geologic horizon.—Same as Astacodes regularly spaced, spiniform tubercles, each maxwelli Stenzel. of which has a hair-pit on the anterior slope just below the tip. These spiniform ENOPLOCLYTIA TRIGLYPTA Stenzel, n.sp. tubercles are coarser toward the midline PI. 37, figs. 1-3; text figs. 6, 7 of the carapace than toward the lateral Description. — Carapace traversed by margins. The area above the groove (b^ deep and sharp grooves. Cervical groove is nearly devoid of such tubercles. Three (e-ei) slightly convex to the anterior, oblique rows of spines are in the space winding near the midline of the cara- between the cervical and postcervical pace; side walls of the cervical groove grooves on each side of the carapace. unequal in slope, anterior side wall Three longitudinal rows of spines are gently sloping, posterior side wall very anterior to the cervical groove on each steep, in some places even vertical. Post- side of the carapace. The pair of spine cervical groove (c) sigmoid in outline, rows which is along the midline of the deep and steep-sided near the midline carapace seems to be continuous nearly but shallowing and disappearing later- to the posterior margin of the carapace. 416 The University of/ Texas Publication No. 4401

Type data.—Three syntypes consisting XC1/U of a fragment of the right side of the carapace (syntype 1), fragments of both sides of the carapace (syntype 2), and a chela (syntype 3), Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas. Type locality.—Rock pit on south side Fig. 7. Enoploclytia triglypta Stenzel, of an east-west road, by road 4.66 miles xl; incomplete manus. southeast of Savoy, Fannin County, Texas. Material wfe collected under supervision Manus short and stout, but longer than 16 high; upper margin with 4 or 5 curved of Mr. Lloyd J. Ryman. strong spines; lower margin with many Geologic horizon.—Chalk of Ector smaller spines; outer surface with scat- tongue of the Austin chalk, Gulf series, tered spines of intermediate size. Attached Cretaceous (Coniacian), finger incompletely preserved, but ap- parently not longer than the manus. ENOPLOCLYTIA WALKERI (Whitfield) Dimensions. — Syntype 1, preserved Pis. 38, 39; text figs. 8, 9 length of carapace, 7.8 cm., preserved Paramithrax? walkeri Whitfield, R. P., in White, height of carapace, 5.0 cm.; syntype 2, C. A., Contributions to invertebrate paleon- preserved height of carapace, 6.2 cm.; tology, No. 2, Cretaceous fossils of the wes- syntype 3, length of manus, 2.9 cm., tern states and territories: U.S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. 12th Ann. Rept., pt. 1, height of manus, 2.2 cm. sect. 1, pp. 37-38; pi. 16, fig. la-c; pi. 17, Remarks.—This species is represented fig. la, 1880. by fragments of the carapace and a Merrill, G. P., Catalogue of the type and figured manus. The fragments are insufficient for specimens of fossils, minerals, rocks, and ores: U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 53, pt. 1, p. 484, a complete and comprehensive description 1905. of the species, but they are sufficient to Adkins, W. S., Handbook of Texas Cretaceous characterize the species and to distinguish fossils: Univ. Texas Bull. 2838, p. 83, 1928. it from other species of the genus. Palaeastacus walkeri• Rathbun, M. J., Fossil Among the English species of the genus, Crustacea of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal 15 Plain: Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 2, pp. Enoploclytia dixoni (Bell) seems strik- 21-23; text fig. 1; pi. 3, figs. 7-9; pi. 4, ingly similar to En. triglypta Stenzel in figs. 1, 2; pi. 5, fig. 4. Not pi. 5, figs. 1-3, the outline of the grooves and rows of 1935. spines on the carapace. However, that English species is much smaller in size Original description.—This species is repre- sented only by the claw and part of the penulti- than the Texan species. One might be mate joint of the right anterior limb. The speci- tempted to place the Texan material with men is of a short, rather compact and robust the English species were it not for the form, and somewhat triangular in transverse sec- large geographic separation of the two tion. The length of the hand, from its articu- lation with the^ preceding joint to the base of species. the fixed mandible, bears the proportion to the For a discussion of the differences height and thickness that seven does to five and among En. triglypta Stenzel and some four; the latter measurement being exclusive of North American Cretaceous species of the the nodes. The mandibles, both fixed and mov- able, are distinctly round, without any flattening genus, see the remarks under En. walkeri or carination; are gently and nearly equally (Whitfield). curved throughout their length, and the articu- The specific name triglypta is derived lating processes strong and robust. The hand is somewhat flattened on the inside and angular from the Greek rpi, "three," and yAwn-os, on the outer surface; the angulation being rather "carved" or "grooved," and refers to the below the middle of the height, giving it the three prominent grooves of the carapace triangular form. The next preceding joint is only of this species. preserved in part; it is strong, obliquely ovate

15Woods, Henry, A monograph of the fossil macrurous 16Assistance in the collection and preparation of these Crustacea of England, pt. 6: Palaeontograph. Soc., vol. 82, materials was furnished by the personnel of Work Projects pp. 83-85; pi. 23, figs. 9-12; pi. 24, figs. 1-3, 1930. Administration Official Project No. 665-66-3-233. Decapod Crustaceans from, Cretaceous of Texas 417

in form, and provided with a large flattened The flattened area forming the basal projection basal projection near the inferior articulation. of the joint is also bordered by nodes. Surface of the specimen, with the exception The specimen, being an internal cast only, of the inner face of the mandible, marked by does not furnish the exact features of the shell numerous strong spine-like nodes or tubercles, itself, and as there is only a part of the limb which have probably been spines on the surface known it is difficult to determine the generic of the shell (the specimen being an internal characters in a satisfactory manner. There cast). These nodes are arranged in longitudinal would appear to be but little reason to doubt, lines on the outside of the claw, and partly so from its spiny .character and the round claws, on the inside; but on the latter there is also a its relations to the group commonly called line of large nodes extending obliquely down- spider-crabs. Still there are some features which ward from the upper edge, parallel to the margin seem to differ from those of the generality of the of the socket of the movable mandible, and at a species of that group, and it is therefore with short distance from it, and continuing upon the some hesitation that I have referred it to the mandible. The preceding joint is also marked family Maiadae, and still more doubtfully to by lines of strong nodes; a double transverse line the genus Paramithrax; but I am not able to on the inside parallel to the anterior margin, but find any genus of strictly fossil crustaceans to divided from it by a broad, rounded channel, which it seems so nearly allied. The specimen and a single line of stronger nodes on the outside. is of interest on account of its large size, and

Fig. 8. Enoploclytia walkeri (Whitfield), x2; three views of the left movable finger. The view at the bottom shows the occludent surface. The view at the middle shows the inner surface. The view at the top shows the top surface of the finger. 418 The University of/ Texas Publication No. 4401 also as being the first of this group of crustaceans near the occludent teeth. All tubercles yet recognized from the Cretaceous formations point distally, that is, forward and out- of this country. Locality and formation.—The specimen here ward. They are more nearly ring-wall- described and figured was obtained from the shaped than conical and have again the Cretaceous rocks near San Antonio, Texas, by sieve-like arrangement of the hair-pits. Mrs. N. S. Walker, of that place, and in honor The occludent teeth are conical to hemi- of whom the specific name is given. spherical, worn by use at the top. The proximal ones are separate, but the dis- Revised description.—Whitfield's orig- tal ones are crowded so that there is only inal description was based upon a manus a tight cleft between adjoining tubercles. and part of the attached carpus. This The specimen has 9 occludent teeth; but, specimen was an internal mold with all of course, it is not a complete dactylus. the original exoskeleton missing. Such The tubercles with the hair-pits and the steinkerne are not very reliable for de- shape of the dactylus are somewhat sim- scription in this group of animals, be- ilar to a stalk of a compound coral. cause usually the exoskeleton of their chelae is not only very thick but also One of the four manus from the Fort of uneven thickness. Nevertheless, such Worth region is a part of a complete preservation is the usual one in these fos- right cheliped. This cheliped was found sils and is useful for the recognition of by Mr. W. T. Watkins. the species. The carpus is short and triangular in The writer has before him 4 manus outline as seen from the outside. The from the Fort Worth region. They are outside surface has about 19 spines. One so similar to the monotype that it seems row of these spines parallels the manus- obvious that they belong to the same carpus joint and has a prominent spine species. One of the manus is a steinkern at each end of the row, producing a sharp as the monotype; another has much of projection at the top and the bottom of the exoskeleton preserved. Even that the carpus. The inside surface of the specimen has the surface so corroded carpus has only a few spines. that there is not much to add to Whit- The merus is long and compressed. The field's original description. However, two proportion of length to thickness to important additions to his description and height is 4:1:2. The thickness decreases figures of the monotype must be made. from the distal to the proximal end, First, the exoskeleton of the manus is which is about 1/3 of the thickness of thick; in some places it is nearly 2 mm. the former. The upper margin of the thick. This makes the manus as a whole merus is a thin crest with about 8 large, plumper and heavier looking than the compressed spines. The lower margin is type steinkern. Second, the tubercles of broader and has several rows of small the steinkern look entirelv different from spines. The inside surface of the merus the completely preserved tubercles. The is smooth; it fits probably against the completelv preserved tubercles are stout body of the animal. cones with a base which is circular or In order that this species may be known slightly elongate in the direction of the less incompletely there is given below a longitudinal axis of the hand. The height description of a carapace from the Fort of the cones is about one-half their basal Worth region. This carapace was found diameter. On the distal slope the cones resting on its side in the limestone and have a slight swelling, which carries manv is compressed laterally by the load of small pits in a sieve-like arrangement. the sediments. This carapace was de- These pits are presumably hair-pits. scribed previously by M. J. Rathbun (PI. In this connection the most interesting 4). However, additional preparation has specimen is a very well preserved dac- made clearer some of the features of this tvlus of the left chela (see text fig. 8). carapace. This finger has many tubercles with sieve- Carapace very large, entire except for like hair-pits. These tubercles are large the rostrum. Carapace traversed by deep on the upper and outer surface, but small and sharp grooves. Cervical groove on the inner surface of the dactylus and (e-ex) slightly convex to the anterior, Decapod Crustaceans from, Cretaceous of Texas 19

Fig, 9. Enoploclytia walkeri (Whitfield), xl; dorsal view of a decorticated abdomen. Collection of Southern Methodist University. 420 The University of/ Texas Publication No. 4401 winding near the midline of the cara- Hitherto the abdomen of this species pace; side walls of the cervical groove was unknown. However, the find by Mr. unequal in slope, anterior side wall Watkins of a cheliped associated with gently sloping, posterior one very steep, an incomplete abdomen (see PI. 38) has even vertical in some places. Gastro- made known the last 3 abdominal somites orbital groove (d) short and broad, with and also has made it possible to iden- gently sloping side walls, forming an tify another abdomen. The latter is a elonga'e dell extending forward at the specimen in the collection of Southern convexity of the cervical groove. Post- Methodist University (text fig. 9). It cervical groove (c) undulating, running consists of somites 1 to 5. Preservation obliquely forward and downward, with a is again in the form of a steinkern. There- gently sloping anterior side wall and a fore, surface sculpture is not preserved, vertical or steep posterior side wall. and the somites appear smooth or only There is an abrupt turn where the post- faintly bumpy. The terga are about 44 cervical groove joins the ascending end mm. wide and 19 mm. long. There is a of the hepatic groove; at that place the broad and low, longitudinal ridge pass- grooves have almost equally sloping side ing from tergum to tergum along each walls; the postcervical groove continues line of segmental hinge points. A shal- straight, forward and downward, beyond low and broad, longitudinal groove lies the turn point but plays out in a very short to the inside of each ridge. Each pleurum distance. Hepatic groove (bx) concave is concavely twisted upward. The pleura toward the midline, turning sharply at of the second somite overlap their the point where the inferior groove (i) neighbors. joins it; the ascending branch is deep and The tail fan (see PI. 38, fig. 2) is has a steep posterior side wall; the for- almost twice as wide as it is long, the ward branch is broad and shallow and respective measurements being 80 mm. has a slight curve around the swelling and 46 mm. The margins are well omega (w). Antennar groove (b) con- rounded; the rear margin is nearly semi- cave toward the midline, deep, with circular. The telson is elongate oval; it equally sloping side walls. Inferior is 46 mm. long and 37 mm. wide. Its groove (i) concave toward the anterior, anterior two-thirds has several low tuber- deep, with gently sloping anterior and cles carrying hair-pits at the top. nearly vertical posterior side wall. Dimensions.—Carapace, length without Swelling omega (w) not separated from the remainder of the hepatic lobe. Cara- rostrum, 17 cm., greatest height of cara- pace covered with regularly spaced bun- pace, 9 cm. dles of hair-pits. Each bundle is on a Remarks.—This species of Enoploclytia low, slightly raised pedestal and is en- is one of the largest, if not the largest, closed by a low wall; in some instances of the genus. There are considerable dif- the posterior part of the enclosing wall ferences between this species and the other is slightly higher than the anterior and North American species of Enoploclytia. the hair-pits of the bundle point forward In Enoploclytia walkeri (Whitfield) and outward. Those of the pedestals there are only two transverse grooves on which lie near the midline of the cara- the carapace (cervical groove (e^) and pace are higher and some develop even postcervical groove (c)), the eminence into prominent spines, each of which has (w) is not separated from the remainder a bundle of hair-pits on its front slope. of the hepatic lobe, and the gastro-orbital The spines are pointing forward and are groove (d) though short is well marked. arranged into crude rows, of which there In En. triglypta Stenzel there are three are a pair along the midline of the cara- transverse grooves on the carapace (cer- pace and several diagonal ones farther vical groove (e-e ), postcervical groove away from the midline. Posterior margin x of carapace with a smooth, deep marginal (c), and branchio-cardiac groove (a)), groove (m) and a smooth, angulated edge, the eminence (o>) is separated from the sigmoid in outline to both sides of the hepatic lobe, and there is only the barest midline. indication of a gastro-orbital groove (d) Decapod Crustaceans from, Cretaceous of Texas 421 as a very slight shallowing of the anterior to the writer by Dean Ellis W. Shuler. side wall of the cervical groove. The writer wishes to express his thanks In En. kimzeyi (Rathbun) there are for the loan. three transverse grooves on the carapace Geologic horizon.—The geologic hori- as in En. triglypta Stenzel, but the post- zon of Whitfield's type is unknown. cervical groove (c) extends all the way Cretaceous rocks exposed near San An- down to the hepatic groove (bx). tonio range from the Travis Peak forma- It may be noted, incidentally, that tion, Comanche series, Lower Cretaceous Whitfield named the species for Mrs. N. (Aptian), to the Navarro formation, Gulf S. Walker. Correct naming should have series, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian). required walkerae for the specific name. However, all additional material of this Type data.—The whereabouts of Whit- species has come only from the George- field's type is unknown. A plaster cast town limestone, Comanche series, Lower of his type, Cat. No. 8360, is at the U.S. Cretaceous (upper Albian), or its strati- National Museum, Washington, D.C. graphic equivalents. Therefore, it is prob- The carapace, dactylus (text fig. 8), able that Whitfield's type came from the right cheliped, and telson are at the Georgetown limestone. Bureau of Economic Geology, The Uni- The material from the vicinity of Fort versity of Texas, Austin, Texas. Worth except the large abdomen (text The abdomen (text fig. 9) is in the col- fig. 9) came from the limestone ledges lection of Southern Methodist University in the basal part of the Weno formation, at Dallas, Texas. Washita group, Lower Cretaceous (upper Albian). Type locality.—"Near San Antonio," The large abdomen from the Southern according to Whitfield. No additional Methodist University collection came from material from the vicinity of that town the Fort Worth limestone. has come to the writer's attention. The A specimen consisting of the merus, exact location of the type locality remains carpus, and manus of the left cheliped unknown. and figured on Plate 5, figure 4, by Most of the additional material came Rathbun came from the Fort Worth lime- from the Forth Worth region. The car- stone equivalent of the Georgetown lime- apace described above (PI. 39) came from stone (upper Albian) from the cliffs a small waterfall at crossing of Houston along the Georgetown-Belton road, 1 mile & Texas Central and International & Great north of Georgetown, Williamson County, Northern Railroad tracks in Sycamore Texas. Creek valley, 2^ miles south-southeast The manus figured by Rathbun on Plate of Fort Worth, Tarrant County, Texas. 5, figures 1-3, came from the Buda lime- Bureau of Economic Geology Coll. No. stone, but the specimen does not belong 201, W. S. Adkins collector, 1919. to this species. The dactylus described above (text fig. 8) was collected by Mrs. J. H. Renfro ENOPLOCLYTIA WINTONI Stenzel, n.sp. in the northeast corner of Alta Vista PI. 43, figs. 1, 2 dairy farm land, on the east side of the road, about 6 miles north of Fort Worth, Description.—Left and right manus Tarrant County, Texas. equal in size and shape. Manus elongate The right cheliped and the telson de- and devoid of any ridges or keels; the scribed and figured here (PL 38) were proportion of length to width to thick- collected by Mr. W. T. Watkins on ness is about 7:4:3. Inner margin broadly Toland's farm, 4 miles west of Argyle, rounded in cross section throughout its Denton County, Texas. entire length, outer margin broadly The large abdomen (text fig. 9) in the rounded at the proximal end, but nar- collection of Southern Methodist Univer- rowing down toward the fixed finger. sity at Dallas, Texas, bears the label: Upper surface gently convex in longitu- "No. L23, Fort Worth limestone, towards dinal direction, strongly and evenly con- Trinity from Tandy's Lake, Tarrant vex in transverse direction so that the County, Texas." The specimen was loaned greatest inflation is along the middle. 422 The University of/ Texas Publication No. 4401

Lower surface strongly convex in longi- Geologic horizon. — Weno limestone, tudinal direction at the proximal end Washita group, Comanche series, Lower but only gently convex toward the distal Cretaceous (upper Albian). end, strongly and unevenly convex in transverse direction so that the greatest "ENOPLOCLYTIA" SCULPTA Rathbun inflation occurs at the outer third of Enoploclytia sculpta Rathbun, M.J., in Wade, the surface and near the proximal end. Bruce, The fauna of the Ripley formation Inner surface as a whole slightly more on Coon Creek, Tennessee: U.S.Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 137, pp. 187-188; pi. 66, figs. tumid than the outer. Both surfaces are 1-5, 1926. covered with many spines and spinules, Rathbun, M. J., Fossil Crustacea of the Atlantic which are larger toward the inner than and Gulf Coastal Plain: Geol. Soc. Amer., toward the outer margin. However, the Spec. Paper 2, p. 18, 1935. spinules of the upper surface are larger than those of the lower surface, whereas Remarks.—This species has punctate the spines are of equal size on both abdominal terga free of major spines. surfaces. Only the bases of the spines The remainder of the animal is not well are preserved. The joint which carries the known. The lack of strong spines on the movable finger is encircled by a raised abdomen makes it highly improbable that rim and an adjoining deep and smooth this is a species of the genus Enoploclytia, groove. The rim carries some spines. because this genus is characterized by strong spines on the abdomen and cara- The fingers are straight, long, and pace. The species should be listed as slender; circular in cross section. The Macruran genus, indet. at present. fixed finger has spines like the palm but they are restricted to the proximal Type data.—Monotype, No. 73119, U. S. end. The movable finger has a large National Museum, Washington, D.C. spine near the proximal end. The occlu- Type locality.—Dave Weeks' place on dent sides of the finger carry many, equal, Coon Creek, in northeast part of McNairy vertical, spine-like teeth of 3 to 4 mm. County, Tennessee, 3% miles south of length. Enville and 7% miles north of Adams- Dimensions.—Right manus, length, 39.2 ville; Bruce Wade collector. mm., width, 22.3 mm., thickness, 16.3 Geologic horizon.—Coon Creek tongue mm.; preserved length of fixed finger, of Ripley formation, Gulf series, Upper 47.2 mm. Cretaceous (Maestrichtian).

Remarks.—The two manus are em- "ENOPLOCLYTIA" WENOENSIS Rathbun bedded in matrix in parallel position at one-half centimeter distance. Therefore, Enoploclytia wenoensis Rathbun, M. J., Fossil Crustacea of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal it is certain that they belong to the same Plain: Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 2, p. individual. The material was found by 20; pi. 6, figs. 7, 8, 1935. Mr. Norman E. Nelson of Fort Worth. This species is similar to Enoploclytia Remarks. — This species has smooth, tumimanus Rathbun from the Paleocene punctate; abdominal terga free of spines. of Alabama. However, En. tumimanus The posterior part of the carapace, the Rathbun has a more inflated manus with only part that is known, is covered with fewer spines. As far as they are known, small, subsquamiform tubercles and lacks the other Cretaceous Enoploclytias of any keels or spines. This is certainly not North America have a manus of entirely an Enoploclytia; presumably it is an different shape, except for the incom- Astacodes. However, new and additional pletely known Enoploclytia sp. Stenzel material is needed to identify the genus. from the much younger Roxton beds. Type (Lata.—Monotype, Bureau of Eco- Type data.—Monotype consisting of the nomic Geology, The University of Texas, two manus, Coll. No. N302, Geology De- Austin, Texas. partment, Texas Christian University, Fort Type locality.—Brickyard pits, 1% Worth, Texas. miles southeast of Gainesville, Cooke Type locality.—Near Crowley, Tarrant County, Texas. Bureau of Economic Geol- County, Texas. ogy Coll. No. 191. Decapod Crustaceans from, Cretaceous of Texas 423

Geologic horizon. — Weno formation, Wilcox County, Alabama, collection No. Washita group, Comanche series, Lower 264.. Cretaceous (upper Albian). Geologic horizon.—Sugarnoochee shale, ENOPLOCLYTIA (?) sp. Rathbun Midway group, Paleocene. ? Enoploclytia (?) Rathbun, M J., Fossil Crustacea ENOPLOCLYTIA TUMIMANUS Rathbun of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain: Geol. Enoploclytia tumimanus Rathbun, M. J., Fossil Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 2, p. 20; pi. 2, fig. Crustacea of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal 6, 1935. Plain: Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 2, pp. 4, 8, 18-20, pi. 1, figs. 1-12; pi. 2, figs. 1-5, Remarks.—-An unidentifiable fragment. 1935. Type data.—Monotype, No. 73842, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. Remarks. — Rathbun described this species as coming from the Selma chalk, Type locality.—Cut of Southern Rail- Gulf series, Upper Cretaceous. How- road, 3 miles southeast of Corinth, Alcorn ever, the type localities in Alabama cited County, Mississippi; L. W. Stephenson by Rathbun are not in the Selma chalk collector (6469). but in the Paleocene Midway group. The Geologic horizon.—Base of Selma chalk species is common in the Midway group just above the Coffee sand, Gulf series, of the vicinity of the type locality, where Upper Cretaceous (Campanian).17 the writer has collected many specimens. (?) ENOPLOCLYTIA SELMAENSIS (Rathbun) Type data.—Holotype, No. 73799, and paratypes, U. S. National Museum, Wash- Palaestacus selmaensis Rathbun, M. J., Fossil Crustacea of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal ington, D.C. Plain: Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 2, p. Type locality.—Vicinity of Prairie 24; pi. 2, fig. 14, 1935. Creek, Allenton, and Pine Barren section Remarks.—This species is a part of the at stations 264, 281, and 284, Wilcox collections made by L. C. Johnson in 1883 County, Alabama; L. C. Johnson col- in Alabama. These collections contained lector. An original label for 284 gives also Enoploclytia tumimanus Rathbun "scattered shells and fragments picked and other Paleocene Midway crustaceans. up on prairies," sections 32 and 34, They were wrongly regarded by Rath- Township 12, Range 10, April 25, 1883. bun to be Upper Cretaceous Selma chalk Rathbun's holotype specimen belongs in fossils. this latter lot. It is to be regretted that this material Geologic horizon.—Sucarnoochee shale, was named selmaensis, because it does not Midway group, Paleocene. originate from the Selma chalk. The following crustaceans occur with The holotype, a left wrist fragment, is this Enoploclytia in the Sucarnoochee the only figured specimen. The descrip- shale of the type locality: tions and figure are insufficient to char- Homarus johnsoni (Rathbun) acterize the species. The writer is not Linuparus wilcoxensis Rathbun convinced that it is a valid species or that Dromilites americana Rathbun Symethis johnsoni Rathbun it belongs to this genus. Xanthilites alabamensis Rathbun Type data.—Holotype, No. 73848, and paratypes, Nos. 73849 and 73840, U. S. Family NEPHROSIDAE Stebbing National Museum, Washington, D.C. Genus HOMARUS H. Milne-Edwards, 1837 Type locality.—Holotype: Prairie Creek Histoire naturelle des crustaces, vol. 2, p. 333. and Allenton, Wilcox County, Alabama, Genotype.—Homarus vulgaris H. Milne-Edwards, collection No. 281. living. Paratypes: Prairie Creek and Pine HOMARUS TRAVISENSIS Stenzel, n.sp. Barren section, Wilcox County, Alabama, collection No. 284, and Prairie Creek, PL 41, figs. 14-16; text fig. 10 Description.—Monotype is the manus "Stephenson, L. W„ and Monroe, W. H., The Upper Cretaceous deposits: Mississippi State Geol. Survey, Bull. of the right cheliped with the fingers 40, p. 110, 1940. missing. Manus not quite twice as long 424 The University of/ Texas Publication No. 4401 as wide and compressed-oval in cross Remarks.—The genus Homarus H. section. Lower surface has its greatest Milne-Edwards is rich in species. Over convexity along.a line lying about 1/3 50 fossil species have been named and of the palm width up from the outer described. The stratigraphic range of the margin and is slightly more swollen than genus is from the Valanginian to the the upper surface; greatest convexity of present.18 Its palaeogeographic distribu- upper surface along a line lying about tion is nearly world-wide; it has been 2/3 of the palm width above the outer found in the fossil state in Patagonia and margin and thus diagonally opposite to North America including Greenland, from the greatest convexity on lower surface. England to southern Russia, in Australia, Outer margin narrowly rounded in cross West Africa, and southern India. section and curved in outline; the proxi- In the United States east of the Rockies mal 1/3 descends rapidly downward it is represented by eleven fossil species19 away from the manus-carpus joint; the ranging geographically from New Jersey distal 2/3 diverges only a little from to Texas, chiefly in the Atlantic and Gulf parallelism with the inner margin. Inner Coastal Plain. With the exception of one margin sharp and narrow in cross sec- species all fossil North American tion and nearly straight in outline. Homarus are from the Cretaceous. Those

INNER MARGIN

1 "OUTER MARGIN Fig. 10. Homarus travisensis Stenzel, x6; lower surface of right manus; monotype.

Upper and lower surfaces finely wrin- from the Lower Cretaceous are Homarus kled and granulated. A small and low dentonensis (Rathbun) and Homarus tar- boss between the bases of the 2 fingers rantensis (Rathbun). Of these two, H. at the distal end of the lower surface. tarrantensis (Rathbun) is based on an Outer margin smoother than either sur- abdomen and cannot be compared with the face; inner margin with 7 broken spines, new species. Homarus dentonensis (Rath- which point distally and upward. Of the bun) has a palm one-half the size of

7 spines 5 lie in a row on the crest of 18Glaessner, M. F., Crustacea decapoda: Fossilium Cata- the margin and two lie in a parallel row logs, I, pt. 41, 1929. at the proximal end a little below the Woods, Henry, A monograph of the fossil macrurous crest on the lower surface of the manus. Crustacea of England, pt. 6: Palaeontograph. Soc., vol. 82, pp. 86-88, 1930. Dimensions.—Length, 20.7 mm.; width 19Rathbun, M. J., Fossil Crustacea of the Atlantic and at distal end, 10.8 mm.; thickness, 5.7 mm. Gulf Coastal Plain: Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 2, 1935. Decapod Crustaceans from, Cretaceous of Texas 425

H. travisensis Stenzel. In cross section HOMARUS BRITTONESTRIS Stenzel, n.sp. the palm of H. dentonensis (Rathbun) is PI. 40, figs. 1-7; text fig. 11 more tumid; the inner margin is narrowly llomariis brittonestris Stenzel in Dallas Petroleum rounded and not sharp as in H. travisensis Geologists, Geology of Dallas County, Texas, Stenzel. However, the placing of the p. 37, fig. 9, 1941. spines on the inner margin is somewhat similar in bolh species. Description.—Animal small; fossil re- mains strongly compressed laterally by Type data.—Monotype, Bureau of Eco- the settling of the enclosing sediment. nomic Geology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas. Carapace measured along the midline and with the rostrum excluded is slightly Type locality.—Old road metal pit on longer than the first 4 abdominal somites. southwest side of Austin—Bull Creek— Rostrum long and slender, about one-half Anderson Mill road, on divide between the length of the remainder of the cara- Dry Creek and Shoal Creek drainage, pace. The rostrum is channeled on top; about 8000 feet northeast of Mount Bon- the margins of the rostrum are raised nell in airline distance, Travis County, into narrow crests (p), which carry Texas. slightly curved and forward, upward, The specimen was collected and gen- and outward-pointing spines. These spines erously donated by Mr. Ralph H. King alternate in position on the two crests; and Mr. George Harris. there are 3 spines on each side; they occupy the frontal half of the crests; the Geologic horizon.—Yellow clay marl of posterior half of the crests is free of Walnut formation, Fredericksburg group, spines. The tip of the rostrum is a sharp Comanche series, Cretaceous (middle spine of similar appearance. Where the Albian). The specimen was found within margins of the rostrum turn out and a few feet of the base of the Fredericks- merge into the margin of the orbit, they burg group. Collected with it was an leave the crests, which continue as nar- ammonite of the genus Engonoceras. row ridges on the gastric region. These

Fig. 11. Homarus brittonestris Stenzel, x2; composite of several specimens. 426 The University of/ Texas Publication No. 4401 rostral ridges (p) diverge to the posterior abdominal somite is broad, its anterior at a very acute angle and play out in margin is narrowly rounded; its pos- the frontal third of the gastric region. ' terior margin is broadly rounded; its ex- As these rostral ridges diverge they make tremity is gently curved. This pleurum room for a median ridge (/*), which is overlaps the first pleurum completely and short and ends in the middle of the the third one partially. The pleura of the gastric region. Another pair of ridges is third, fourth, and fifth abdominal somites supra-orbital in position. These ridges have arcuate margins meeting in a back- begin abruptly with a spine about 1 or ward-pointing sharp angle. The pleurum 2 mm. from the orbital margin, diverge of the sixth abdominal somite is pointed; to the posterior in the same way as the its anterior margin is arcuate; its pos- rostral ridges, and extend to the posterior terior margin is emarginate for inser- only a short distance beyond the end of tion of the uropods. Tail fan without the rostral ridges. These 5 ridge's, namely, ridges. Telson with a longitudinal groove the median one, the rostral pair, and the on either side parallel to the outer supra-orbital pair, are evenly spaced. margins. There is a sub-orbital spine about 1 or Parts of the cheliped are preserved in 2 mm. from the orbital margin, but it is some specimens, but nearly all are too small and stands by itself. Opposite to fragmentary for description. Only one the antenna there is a ridge, which begins right cheliped manus is well enough pre- abruptly with a forward-pointing spine served to furnish a basis for description placed next to the carapace margin. This (see PI. 40, figs. 5-7). Manus twice as antennar ridge is short and flattens out long as wide and oval in cross section. before reaching a spine, which is in line Lower surface has its greatest convexity with it. The post-antennar spine is small along the middle and is more convex than and stands by itself. the upper; greatest convexity of the The postcervical groove (c) is broad upper surface slightly below the middle. and deep, shallows and disappears later- The manus is therefore distorted-oval in ally. The branchio-cardiac groove (a) in cross section. The two margins diverge begins as a slight notch in the posterior distally at an angle of 13°. Outer margin wall of groove (c), continues as a shal- straight to faintly curved in outline and low groove obliquely to the posterior, sharp-edged; the edge carries many small and disappears without reaching the pos- tubercles in a row on the crest and is terior carapace margin; the branchio- turned up toward the upper surface, from cardiac groove is emphasized by a low which it is separated by a thin groove ridge adjoining it to the outside. The with very many fine hair-pits. Inner mar- cervical groove (e) is deep and narrow. gin is straight and has two rows of fine The grooves (b) and (b^ originate spines delimiting a narrow, flat area. The from (e); the hepatic groove (bx) is upper one of these two rows has 5 spines short and narrow; it ends in an abrupt and 7 spinules; the other row has 4 spines short hook. The antennar groove (b) is and 5 spinules. All spines and spinules deep and narrow at first, but shallows point upward and forward. Both surfaces to the anterior; it turns in a broad curve of the manus have many uniformly scat- forward and continues straight forward tered tubercles, which are larger toward to the carapace margin. the inner margin on both surfaces and larger on the upper surface than on the The posterior margin of the carapace has a groove and raised rim. This rim inner one. is narrower at the midline than at the Dimensions.—Syntype 1, length of car- lateral extremities. The carapace is cov- apace exclusive of rostrum, 21.8 mm.; ered with tubercles, which are larger over syntype 2, length of abdomen from sec- the gastric region, and largest on top of ond to sixth somite inclusive measured the 5 ridges in the vicinity of the rostrum. along the midline, 45 mm.; syntype 3, The abdomen has an obscure, low and length of carapace exclusive of rostrum, 22 broad ridge separating the pleura from mm., length of entire abdomen measured the terga. The pleurum of the second along midline, 44 mm. Decapod Crustaceans from, Cretaceous of Texas 427

Remarks.—Eleven species of Homarus median ridge does not enter the rostrum, have been described from the Cretaceous but stops posterior to the base of the of the United States east of the Rockies. rostrum. However, the 5 ridges in the However, among these 11 species the car- vicinity of the rostrum are very similar apace or abdomen is known from only in both species. 4 species. The species name is derived from the Homarus tarrantensis (Rathbun)20 has Britton member of the Eagle Ford for- much stronger longitudinal ridges on the mation. The Latin ending estris means abdomen separating the pleura from the "pertaining to." terga, and its tail fan has longitudinal, Type data.—Nine syntypes, Bureau of radiating ridges. Homarus brittonestris Economic Geology, The University of Stenzel has very weak longitudinal ridges Texas, Austin, Texas. on the abdomen and no ridges on the Type locality.—Same as Linuparus tail fan. grimmeri Stenzel. 21 Homarus denlonensis (Rathbun) has Geologic horizon.—Same as Linuparus a pleurum of the second abdominal somite grimmeri Stenzel. with a clearly visible rectangular corner at the point where the outer and the pos- HOMARUS DAVISI Stenzel, n.sp. terior margins of the pleurum meet. The PI. 40, fig. 8 same point is present in H. brittonestris Stenzel, but it is very obscure, because it Description.—Monotype consists of a is rounded and the angle at which the carapace with 4 abdominal segments two margins meet at this point is obtuse. largely pressure-deformed. The carapace of H. dentonensis (Rath- Carapace measured along the midline bun) is too imperfect to permit compari- and with the rostrum excluded is about sons. 1% times as long as the first 4 abdom- Homarus tennesseensis (Rathbun)22 has inal somites. Rostrum preserved only at 3 distinct spines in a row occupying the its posterior. There it is channeled on position of the antennar ridge and hepatic top; the margins are raised into round- spine of H. brittonestris Stenzel. There topped ridges, which carry forward and are also two spines apparently occupy- upward-pointing spines. There are 2 of ing the same position as the lone sub- these spines on the preserved part of orbital spine of H. brittonestris Stenzel. each rostral ridge. The rostral ridges (p) The pleura of the second and third ab- diverge to the posterior at a very acute dominal somites of H. tennesseensis angle and play out gradually in the (Rathbun) are sculptured with a conspic- frontal quarter of the gastric region. The uous submarginal groove; such grooves orbits are encircled by a fine, thin, raised are missing or only very weakly devel- rim. This rim is smooth except where it oped on the pleura of H. brittonestris runs forward on the side of the rostrum; Stenzel. it bears two spinules on the preserved Homarus mcnairyensis (Rathbun)28 has part of the rostrum. The median ridge a median ridge and two marginal ridges (/A) begins where the rostral ridges dis- extending the entire length of the ros- appear; it is higher at its anterior and trum; in H. brittonestris Stenzel, the gradually fades out to the posterior; it ends at the posterior quarter of the gas- ^Rathbun, M. J., Fossil Crustacea of the Atlantic and tric region. The median ridge is low and Gulf Coastal Plain: Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 2, p. 27; pi. 6, fig. 20, 1935. inconspicuous throughout; it carries 3 Described as Hoploparia. pairs of small spines; the spines of each ^Rathbun, M. J., op. cit., p. 26; pi. 2, figs. 7-13, 1935. pair are about 1 millimeter apart; the Described as Hoploparia. spacing of the pairs on the ridge is un- 22Wade, Bruce, The fauna of the Ripley formation on Coon Creek, Tennessee: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper even; the first 2 pairs are close together 137, pp. 186-187; pi. 64; pi. 65, figs. 1, 3, 6, 1926. Described near the front of the ridge. The supra- as Hoploparia. orbital ridges (a) begin in the corner "Wade, Bruce, op. cit., p. 187; pi. 65, fig*. 2, 4, 5, 7, formed by the rostral ridge (f>) and thin, 8, 1926. Described as Hoploparia. raised rim of the orbit and rise rapidly 428 The University of/ Texas Publication No. 4401

to their first and most conspicuous spine, longer than the hepatic groove (bj, which is about millimeters from the which is straight and shallows out orbital rim. These supra-orbital ridges rapidly. diverge to the posterior only in that por- The abdomen is incomplete; only the tion which is anterior to their first spine; first 3 and part of the fourth somite are to the posterior of that spine they are present. The first somite is very short; nearly parallel; they extend to the pos- at each abdomen-carapace hinge point it terior only as far as the median ridge overlaps the carapace with a rounded (n) does; there are 3 spines on each lobe. Only the terga are visible except supra-orbital ridge; the two posterior for parts of the left pleurum of the sec- spines are small. These 5 ridges, namely, ond somite. This pleurum appears to have the median one (/A), the rostral pair (p), the usual broad, rounded outline overlap- and the supra-orbital pair (a), are un- ping its neighbors. The terga are smooth evenly spaced; the distance between the and punctate with many tiny pits. rostral and supra-orbital ridges is smaller Dimensions.—Monotype, length of car- than the distance from the median to the apace exclusive of rostrum, 44 mm. rostral ridge. No suborbital spine or Remarks.—This species is found at the ridge is present. The antennar ridge be- same locality as Homarus brittonestris gins opposite the antenna and extends Stenzel. Therefore, the differences be- continuously to the fork of the cervical tween the two species need to be empha- (e), antennar (b), and hepatic (bx) sized. Homarus davisi Stenzel is about grooves; it carries at least 4 spines evenly twice as large as H. brittonestris Stenzel; spaced. In addition to these ridges and also the former lacks the suborbital spine, spines there are scattered, small, forward- which is present in the latter. The an- pointing spines in the space between the terior portion of the carapace of H. davisi end of the supra-orbital ridge and the Stenzel has- many more spines than H. cervical and postcervical grooves. The brittonestris Stenzel, so that it can be sep- posterior border of the cervical groove arated from the smaller species readily (e) is surmounted by 4 equal, forward- by the greater roughness of that part of pointing spines on each side of the car- the carapace. In detail there are numer- apace. The superior border of the hepatic ous differences between the two species groove (bx) is studded with 5 spines, in the extent and the spines of the vari- which decrease in size to the posterior. ous ridges of the carapace. These differ- The inferior border of the antennar ences cannot be explained by assuming groove (b) is studded with a row of merely an age difference. about 7 forward-pointing spines, of which those in the middle of the row are the The species is named in honor of Mr. largest. There are scattered spinules to Eugene Elmer Davis of Dallas, the col- the inferior of this row on the cara- lector of the monotype. pace. The remainder of the carapace, Type data.—Monotype, Bureau of Eco- that is, the portion posterior of the trans- nomic Geology, The University of Texas, verse grooves, is devoid of spinules, Austin, Texas. spines, or ridges; but is covered like all Type locality.—Same as Linuparus the carapace with very many, uniformly grimmeri Stenzel. distributed, forward-pointing hair-pits. Geologic horizon.—Same as Linuparus The posterior border of the carapace has grimmeri Stenzel. a groove and a thin, smooth, raised margin. Genus NEPHROPS W. E. Leach, 1816 The grooves of the carapace are poorly Encyclopaedia Britannica [Suppl. to ed. 4-6], i, recognizable on account of the pressure- 2, p. 420. deformation. The post-cervical groove Genotype.—Nephrops norvegicus (Linne), living, (c) is deep and short. The branchio- south coast of Iceland, west coasts of Europe cardiac groove is absent or not recognized. and western Mediterranean. The cervical groove (e) is shallow. The The species described below does not grooves (b) and (bx) diverge with an belong to the genus Nephrops; compare obtuse angle. The antennar groove (b) is under "Remarks" below. Decapod Crustaceans from, Cretaceous of Texas 429

"NEPHROPS" AMERICANUS Rathbun tubercles with pits at their tips. This PI. 41, figs. 1-6 feature is on both sides of the manus. The fixed finger is short, stout, curved Nephrops americcmus Rathbun, M. J., Fossil Crustacea of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal inward and upward. The three rows of Plain: Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 2, pp. tubercles on or near the lower margin 28-29; pi. 5, figs. 6-9, 1935. of the propodus continue on the fixed finger for 2/3 of its length. A deep Description.—Propodus squarish in out- groove develops between the two lower line and compressed. Upper margin and the upper of these three rows, so nearly straight, apparently narrowly that the two lower rows are on a rounded, rounded in cross section, although all longitudinal ridge at the lower margin specimens at hand are crushed along that and the third row is on a rounded ridge margin. Lower margin very slightly sig- on the inner surface of the fixed finger. moid in outline and slightly divergent A similar, third, rounded ridge is on the from the upper margin, narrowly rounded outer surface of the fixed finger just be- in cross section; sharply set off from the low the occludent teeth. However, this outer surface of the propodus by a nar- ridge carries only 2 or 3 pit-tubercles. row groove, which is overhung by a row The outer surface is concave between this of elongate, squamiform hair-pit tubercles. ridge and the lower margin. A few pit- Outer and inner surface of propodus tubercles are on this concave part. From gently convex in longitudinal, more so in the interdigital sinus an angulation ex- transverse direction. Both surfaces have tends up along the fixed finger. This an- many transversely elongate, distally gulation is rectangular near the sinus but pointing tubercles, which have oval to broadens distally. There are 3 to 4 pit- semilunar to 8-shaped pits at their tips. tubercles on the angulation near the root It is not certain whether these pits are of the finger. The area between this hair-pits or merely the worn tips of the angulation and the occludent teeth is con- tubercles. The same applies to the row cave and has many hair-pit depressions of squamiform tubercles along the lower on its proximal half. The occludent teeth margin. There are many more tubercles are along the narrow upper margin and on the outer than on the inner surface of are about 17 in number and small, the propodus, but the tubercles of the rounded, and equal in size, except the inner surface are larger. The inner sur- most proximal one, which is slightly face has at its lower margin two rows larger. of tubercles above and parallel to the row along the lower margin. Of these two The movable finger is curved down- rows the one nearer the margin has more ward and inward and overlaps the fixed but weaker tubercles than the other. Near finger so that its tip is outside of the fixed finger tip. There are three parallel, the base of the fixed finger and at the rounded, longitudinal ridges separated by interdigital sinus the inner surface of the narrower, deep grooves; but toward the propodus and the proximal end of the tip the two grooves disappear and the fixed finger are devoid of tubercles, but ridges join. One ridge is median, at the have instead many round to elongate-oval upper margin of the fixed finger. The depressions. Some of the depressions other two ridges are to either side, each are tiny: others are larger but neverthe- originating at the hinge point on either less small in size. The bottom of each side of the propodus—finger joint. The depression is perforated like a sieve by areas between these ridges and the occlud- many fine hair-pits. Such hair-pit depres- ent margin of the finger are concave and sions are absent from the outer surface. carry hair-pit depressions like those of A small, sharply raised, round lobe cov- the propodus; the concave area on the ers the hinge point of the movable finger inner surface is long and extends nearly on either side. Below this hinge point at up to the tip of the finger; the concave the joint the distal edge of the propodus area on the outer surface is only half as carries a slightly protruding, swollen area long. Occludent teeth of movable finger covered with about 10 to 12 small, round like those of the fixed one. 430 The University of/ Texas Publication No. 4401

Dimensions.—Left manus (PL 41, fig. Watauga; gullies in pasture about 0.1 5), length, 15.6 mm., height at distal mile east and within sight of U. S. high- end, 13.4 mm., thickness (crushed, there- way No. 377, Fort Worth-Denton road, fore too small), 6 mm.; left manus (figs. opposite a Texas & Pacific Railroad tres- 3, 4), height at distal end, 10.4 mm., tle and 0.2 mile north of Watauga school- thickness, 6.5 mm. house, northern Tarrant County, Texas Remarks.—This species was described (Bureau of Economic Geology locality by Rathbun from 3 separate fingers. No. 219-T-3). Mr. J. H. Renfro, col- Because the fingers were not connected to lector; see Plate 41, figures 3-5. a manus, Rathbun misunderstood the ma- Watauga; slopes at the head of a short, terial and described the fixed as the mov- right tributary to a wide, flat-bottomed able finger and vice versa. The material branch which is a left tributary of Big at hand is more complete and allows Fossil Creek; 0.51 mile east of U. S. the correction of the fingers. In addition highway No. 377 or 0.40 mile east and the nature of the propodus is such that 0.08 mile north of Watauga schoolhouse, it is clear that the species does not be- northern Tarrant County, Texas (Bureau long in the genus Nephrops. The lobster of Economic Geology locality No. 219- Nephrops has a greatly elongate propo- T-4). Mrs. J. H. Renfro, collector; see dus of nearly four-sided cross section, Plate 41, figures 1, 2. due to the fact that there are strong Geologic horizon.—Rathbun's type ma- median keels on the surfaces of the pro- terial came from the Pawpaw shale, podus in addition to the two strong keels Washita group, Comanche series, Creta- along the margins. "Nephrops" ameri- ceous (upper Albian). Additional mate- canus Rathbun has no such propodus. rial came chiefly from the Pawpaw shale, The generic position of "Nephrops" but one specimen came from the Denton americanus Rathbun remains dubious un- formation, Washita group, Comanche til additional material is discovered. series, Cretaceous (upper Albian). The Type data.—Two figured syntypes of fossil seems most abundant in the Paw- Rathbun are at the Bureau of Economic paw shale. Geology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas. The third, unfigured syntype of Tribe ANOMURA Milne-Edwards Rathbun is at the U. S. National Museum, Superfamily GALATHEIDEA Henderson Washington, D.C. Family GALATHEIDAE Dana Type locality.—One-half mile south of Baptist Seminary, 4 miles southwest of Genus GALATHEA Fabricius, 1793 Fort Worth, Tarrant County, Texas; W. Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta, vol. S. Adkins and W. M. Winton collectors. 2, p. 471. The species occurs at many other locali- Genotype.—Galathea strigosa (Linne), living. ties in the vicinity of Fort Worth, and the GALATHEA CRETACEA Stenzel, n.sp. collections of Texas Christian University, brought together by W. M. Winton and PI. 43, fig. 3 Gayle Scott, contain numerous specimens Description.—Carapace small, elongate from that area. The following are the rectangular in outline; the length to localities of the specimens figured in the width proportion is 6 to 5. Carapace de- present paper: . pressed, nearly straight along midline, but High bluff opposite Cobb brick plant, convex from side to side. Rostrum 1/3, to 100 yards north of the Houston & Texas V2 the length of the carapace, elongate Central Railroad bridge on Sycamore triangular in outline with the sides con- Creek between Mansfield road and cross- cave in outline and the broad base as road going east from Katy Lake; south- wide as the length of the rostrum, dorso- southeast of the center of Fort Worth, ventrally strongly compressed, and thin; Tarrant County, Texas (collection num- dorsally with a broad, V-shaped median bers M541, G850, Texas Christian Univer- groove, ventrally with a corresponding sity). Dr. Gayle Scott, collector; see V-shaped keel; dorsal surface of rostrum Plate 41, figure 6. with many short, arcuate rugae to each Decapod Crustaceans from, Cretaceous of Texas 431 side of the median groove. Some of these Dimensions— Length of specimen, 9.9 rugae produce small denticles at the mar- mm.; length of rostrum, 2.5 mm.; length gins of the rostrum. Greatest width of the of carapace without rostrum, 6.0 mm.; carapace at the posterior quarter; lateral width of carapace, 5.1 mm. margins slightly convergent to the an- Remarks.—This is the first fossil terior of the greatest width, to the pos- species of the genus described from North terior rapidly curving inward. Posterior America. It is also the oldest known Gala- margin concave as seen from above. Cer- thea. The next one in age is Galathea vical, antennar, and hepatic grooves ubaghsi Pelseneer24 from the upper Seno- smooth and deep. Cervical groove curved, nian of Limburg. The specimen is a pyrite antennar groove sinuous, hepatic groove micromorph. The specimen was collected nearly straight. Hepatic groove meets the by Mrs. J. H. Renfro of Fort Worth, Texas. lateral margin at a right angle. The Type data.—Monotype, Bureau of Eco- median groove of the rostrum extends nomic Geology, The University of Texas, backward in a pair of short and shallow Austin, Texas. gastro-orbital grooves, which enclose an acute angle. Entire carapace covered with Type locality.—Watauga; gullies in transverse rugae, some of which are short pasture about 0.1 mile east and within while others are long enough to extend sight of U. S. highway No. 377 (Fort Worth-Denton road), opposite a Texas across the entire width of the carapace or & Pacific Railroad trestle, and 0.2 mile at least from groove to groove. There are north of Watauga schoolhouse, northern 7 precervical entire rugae; of these 2 Tarrant County, Texas (Bureau of Eco- abut against the cervical groove and 5 nomic Geology locality No. 219-T-3). against the antennar grooves; two entire precervical rugae are cut by the gastro- Geologic horizon. — Pawpaw shale, orbital grooves; there are 5 rugae be- Washita group, Comanche series, Creta- tween the hepatic and the antennar ceous (upper Albian). grooves; of the postcervical rugae only GALATHEA (?) LIMONITICA Stenzel, n.sp. the last 3 reach across the entire width of the carapace; those anterior to the PI. 43, fig. 4 last three rugae are arranged in three Description.—Carapace small, incom- tiers, one of which is median or cardiac; pletely preserved, its length presumably the other two are lateral or branchial 4/3 of its width. Carapace depressed, in position. There are 4 rugae in the nearly straight along midline, but con- cardiac tier and 5 in the branchial tiers; vex from side to side. Rostrum not pre- the ends of the cardiac rugae are not in served. Cervical, antennar, and hepatic line with the branchial rugae. All rugae grooves smooth and deep. Cervical have a row of innumerable and very groove curved; antennar groove straight; fine pits along their crest. The rugae hepatic groove slightly curved with the which lie anterior to the greatest width concave side to the anterior. The an- of the carapace and which reach the tennar groove gives off two short grooves lateral carapace margins produce spinules at one point; one of these extends to the at the margins. Six spinules are posterior frontal margin, the other to the lateral to the hepatic groove, 5 spinules are be- margin of the carapace. The mesogastric tween the hepatic and antennar groove, area is delimited by a pair of smooth about 3 spinules are interior to the gastro-orbital grooves. In front just be- antennar groove. hind the base of the rostrum this groove pair is united, making a single groove The first 3 abdominal segments are of less than 1 millimeter length; to the visible; they are simple, transversely posterior they separate at an acute angle grooved. The abdomen is curved under and then turn to run parallel for about 1 the carapace. millimeter, thus enclosing the extremely The small, pyritized nodule containing ^Pelsenseer, P., Notice sur les crnstacfis d&capodes da the monotype specimen shows also traces Maestrichtien du Limburg: Mua. royal Histoire nat. Belgique of the legs. Bull., vol. 4, p. 166, fig. 5, 1886. 432 The University of/ Texas Publication No. 4401 narrow anterior extension of the naso- latter. Galatheaf?) limonitica Stenzel is gastric area; then they spread broadly a limonitized pyrite micromorph. asunder and extend to the point where Type data.—Monotype, Bureau of Eco- the cervical, antennar, and hepatic grooves nomic Geology, The University of Texas, meet. This groove pair which delimits the Austin, Texas. mesogastric region to the anterior and at Type locality.—South of Fort Worth, the sides • is less deep than the other Tarrant Co?rnty, Texas. Collected by Mr. grooves of the carapace. A faint median Norman E. Nelson, Coll. No. N301, Texas keel extends from the tip of the meso- Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas. gastric area back to the middle of that area. Entire carapace covered with Geologic horizon. — Pawpaw shale, transverse rugae, some of which are Washita group, Comanche series, Creta- short while others are long enough to ceous (upper Albian). extend from one groove to its counter- Superfamily THALAESSINIDEA Dana part. There are 5 very short transverse rugae in the very narrow anterior exten- Family CALLIANASSIDAE Bate sion of the mesogastric area; six long Genus UPOGEBIA W. E. Leach, 1814 and one short rugae cross the remainder of the mesogastric area; of these the two Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, vol. 7, p. 400. posterior ones abut with their ends against Genotype.—Upogebia stellata (Montagu). the cervical groove; protogastric area with UPOGEBIA RHACHEOCHIR Stenzel, n.sp. 5 transverse rugae, which are anterior, PI. 42; text fig. 12 and 6 oblique rugae, which are posterior; hepatic area with short, irregular rugae. Upogebia rhacheochir Stenzel in Dallas Petroleum The postcervical rugae are arranged in 3 Geologists, Geology of Dallas County, Texas, p. 38, fig. 11, 1941. tiers, one of which is median or cardiac and the other two are lateral or bran- Description.—Carapace too poorly pre- chial in position. Cardiac tier with 5 served for description. First abdominal long anterior rugae and 2 short posterior somite is the smallest of all seven; its ones; lateral tiers incompletely preserved. anterior margin is one-half the width of The cardiac tier is delimited to the pos- its posterior margin; the center is occu- terior by a curved, V-shaped groove pair, pied by a large, elongate boss behind the which is only partly preserved. Posterior groove which delimits the carapace- to this groove pair there were some more abdomen joint; a pair of hair-pits is rugae, but these are preserved only in a just behind that groove spaced far apart; small piece. a line of four hair-pits is on the pos- terior slope of the central boss; a line Dimensions.—Length of carapace with- of about 8 crowded hair-pits is on a low out rostrum, 6.8 mm.; width of carapace, ridge, which separates the tergum from about 6 mm. the pleura; the pleura are simple and Remarks.—For exact generic determi- narrow. The second abdominal tergum is nation it is necessary that the rostrum large and squarish in outline; its smooth, of this species be found, because the two shiny surface is interrupted by 4 pairs of genera Galathea Fabricius and Munida widely separated hair-pits; the anterior Leach25 are distinguished by the shape of pair is near the middle, the 2 posterior the rostrum. The rostrum of Galathea is pairs are at the posterior edge, the 4 pits depressed, whereas the rostrum of Munida on either side are not in line; the low, is compressed in shape. smooth ridge separating the tergum from Galatheaf?) limonitica Stenzel differs the pleura is sigmoid; the pleura are in many surface markings from Galathea triangular with their greatest width at cretacea Stenzel. The former has many the posterior, the point is narrowly rounded; an oblique line of crowded more grooves on the carapace than the hair-pits begins at the posterior edge and 1 separates the rounded point from the ^Leach, W. E., Malacostraca Podophthalma Britanniae, remainder of the pleurum. The third ab- explanation of pi. 29, 1815. Genotype, Munida bamffia (Pennant). dominal tergum is rectangular, broader Decapod Crustaceans from, Cretaceous of Texas 433 than long, and smaller than the second; are similar to those of the third somite, a curved, well-defined ridge with a shal- but the line of crowded hair-pits is more low, adjoining groove above separates the anterior in position and runs outward tergum from the pleura; tergum with 8 and backward; scattered hair-pits are on pairs of hair-pits, some of which are on the pleurum behind this line. The fifth either side parallel to and just above the tergum is almost the same size as the groove; two pairs of slanting hair-pits are fourth; it has a line of 6 hair-pits in at the posterior margin of the tergum; the lateral groove; this groove and its an oblique line of crowded hair-pits runs accompanying ridge are less distinct; the forward and outward from the middle pleura are evenly rounded at the margin of the ridge which separates tergum from and are almost semicircular; the oblique pleurum; behind this line there are on line of crowded hair-pits is far to the the pleurum a few scattered pits near this anterior and runs outward and back- ridge; a hair-pit is near the anterior end ward; scattered hair-pits occupy the mid- of this ridge. The fourth tergum is dle of the pleurum behind that line. smaller than but similar to the third; The sixth abdominal tergum is larger and there are 4 evenly spaced rows of hair- elongate rectangular; 3 curved lines of pits; the outer rows each with 4 pits are crowded hair-pits are on each side run- near the lateral groove of the tergum; the ning up on the tergum from its posterior inner rows each with 5 pits are slightly corner; the last pair of lines almost convergent; the lateral groove and ridge meets in the middle; there are 5 pairs of of the tergum are well defined; the pleura hair-pits on the tergum; the first 4 pits are near the anterior margin of the ter- gum; the two inner ones of these and 2 additional pairs form a pair of lines of 1 unevenly spaced pits; another widely spaced pair is near the posterior margin; the lateral margins of this somite are curled down forming rudimentary pleura; Z the lateral edges have narrow rims. The tail is well developed; the telson has parallel sides and is ovally rounded at the end; a small, median boss with several 3 hair-pits at its top is near the anterior edge; a pair of slightly divergent rows of hair-pits is on the posterior half of the tel- son; a curved, transverse row of widely 4 spaced pits is at the anterior edge of the telson and extends through the boss; the outer uropod fin has 2 radiating ridges, of which only one extends to the margin; 5 on one specimen there is a row of setae along the inner margin of this fin; the inner uropod fin has one ridge running near its inner margin and accompanied 6 by a row of widely spaced hair-pits. The chelae of the first legs are equal in size and elongate. Carpus short, less than one-half the length of the manus; greatest thickness about 3/4 of its height; height equal to the length; surface pol- ished; upper margin narrowly rounded; Fig. 12. Upogebia rhacheochir lower margin broadly rounded and with a Stenzel, x3; composite of several shallow transverse constriction near the specimens; abdomen. carpus joint; upper margin ends distally 434 The University of/ Texas Publication No. 4401 in an inconspicuous, well-rounded point; tumid; the lower surface is slightly more spines are absent. Manus elongate; its convex and the distal twist is absent; the length twice its height; height slightly rims delimiting the outer surface above increasing distally; its greatest thickness and below are less sharp; there is only 3/5 of its height; upper margin narrowly one hair-pit on the upper margin; it is rounded and with 3 unevenly spaced hair- in the middle; the pollux is only slightly pits in a row on its crest; toward the curved inward, slenderer, and longer; its outer surface the upper margin is delim- length is about 1/3 of that of the manus. ited by a narrow rim; the upper margin Dimensions.—Syntype 1, length of en- and this rim are straight except at the tire abdomen, 40 mm., length of telson, proximal end, where they curve rapidly 5.5 mm., length of outer tail fin, 8.3 down to the manus-carpus joint; a sim- mm.; syntype 2, length of abdomen ex- ilar rim delimits the outer surface below clusive of first segment, 37 mm., length and extends to the tip of the pollux; the of telson, 6 mm., length of outer tail fin, lower margin of the manus is so nearly 8 mm.; syntype 5, length of entire ab- flat that it forms something of a narrow domen, 41 mm., length of manus, 9.7 lower surface; this lower surface curves mm.; syntype 6, length of abdomen ex- narrowly into the inner surface forming a clusive of telson, 33 mm., length of rounded longitudinal edge, which extends manus, 10 mm-, height at distal end, 5.3 to the tip of the pollux, but flattens there; mm., thickness of manus, 3.1 mm.; syn- along this rounded edge on the lower sur- type 7, length of abdomen exclusive of face there is a line of about 7 hair-pits, telson, 27 mm., length of manus, 7.4 which are wider spaced at the proximal mm., height at distal end, 3.2 mm., thick- end; the outer surface is at its lower ness, 2.2 mm. distal part twisted inward to the pollux, which is curving forward and inward; Remarks.—The characteristics of the genus Upogebia as distinguished from aside from this twist the outer surface is 26 gently convex, but at its upper third those of Callianarssa are as follows: there is a very slight longitudinal dell, first pair of legs subequal and subche- which is more conspicuous distally and late, remaining pairs simple; eye stalks flattens out near the middle; the inner cylindrical, cornea terminal; rostrum surface is slightly more tumid than the short, stout, and tridentate. Of these outer; near its upper margin are two pits characteristics only those concerning the in a row, one near the middle, the other first pair of legs can be used in this at the anterior quarter; the lower sur- case, because the other generically char- face is very slightly convex in transverse acteristic portions of the animal are not direction and twisted in longitudinal preserved. Several of the types had the direction, its slant being downward and first leg pair preserved side by side and outward at the distal end. The point of in place with reference to the abdomen. the pollux is bruised in the best speci- In these type specimens the chelae are men (see PI. 42, figs. 7-10) but can not equal in size. The large manus described have added much to its length, which is herein also shows that the pollux is very 1/5 of that of the manus; the PQIIUX is short and curved off, making the manus twisted inward so that it points inward subchelate. In Callianassa the chelae of and forward; its outline is short trian- the first leg pair are very unequal in size gular; its outer surface is slightly con- and the pollux is well developed. cave; its inner surface is tumid; its lower The genus Upogebia is not well repre- surface is gently convex; the occludent sented by fossils; there are only 5 fossil margin may have had a low proximal species known. Three of these have been tooth. described from North America. Upogebia 27 The manus of a smaller specimen midwayensis Rathbun from the Midway (female?, PI. 42, figs. 11-14) differs in the following features: the outer surface 26Callianassa W. E. Leach 1814, Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, vol. 7, p. 400; genotype, Callianassa subterranea (Montagu). is more tumid, the dell is not developed, ^Rathbun, M. J., Fossil Crustacea of the Atlantic and and the twist toward the pollux is Gulf Coastal Plain: Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 2, pp. slighter; the inner surface is also more 66-67 i pi. 16, figs. 1. 2. 1935. Decapod Crustaceans from, Cretaceous of Texas 435

group of Alabama unfortunately is fig- Superfamily PAGURIDEA Dana ured only very poorly, but the descrip- Family PAGURIDAE Boas tion indicates a subquadrilateral furrow on the pleura of the fourth and fifth Genus PAGURUS Fabricius, 1775 abdominal somites. Such furrows are ap- parently not present on the new species. Syst. Entom., p. 410. Genotype.—Pagurus bernhardus Linne. Upogebia eocenica Rathbun28 from the Eocene of Washington has an entirely PAGURUS BANDERENSIS Rathbun different manus than Up. rhacheochir Stenzel. There are also considerable dif- PI. 45, figs. 7-15 ferences in the abdomen of the two Pagurus banderensis Rathbun, M. J., Fossil Crus- species. tacea of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain: Callianassa gamma Rathbun29 from the Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 2, p. 39, pi. 9, Paleocene Sucarnoochee shale of Ala- figs. 7-8, 1935. bama, which is based on a single manus, Original description.—The distal portion of a is so similar to the manus of Upogebia right chela showing fingers and adjacent palm. rhacheochir Stenzel that one can not escape Surfaoe for the most part covered with large the conclusion that the two species are pointed granules not contiguous and directed congeneric. Also, comparison with the obliquely distad; on the inner surface the longi- more plentiful material of Upogebia tudinal furrow on immovable finger is smooth, rhacheochir Stenzel indicates that the de- also that part of palm not bordering the fingers. scribed manus of Upogebia gamma (Rath- Lower margin of specimen concave except near bun) is the right and not the left manus, tip of finger where it is slightly ascending. Fin- as given by Rathbun. Several specimens gers gaping at base. Immobile finger half as high of Upogebia rhacheochir Stenzel are avail- at base as it is long and of uniform height to its middle; outer surface as well as inner with a able which have the two hands preserved shallow longitudinal furrow; prehensile edge with side by side in parallel position. Such about eight lobiform teeth, the largest one at specimens allow correct interpretation of the bend in the outline; tip blunt. Dactylus closed the position of the manus. within fixed finger, equally high at base gradually The species name is derived from the diministing, upper line arcuate, outer surface Greek nouns "ridge," and \&p, with a narrow furrow on which granules are "hand," and refers to sharp rims delim- scanty, prehensile edge concave and furnished iting the outer surface of the hand above with small tubercles; tip lacking, but did not reach end of fixed finger. Palm vertical at base and below. of dactyl, swollen outwardly along the gape Type data. — Twenty-two syntypes, and the fixed finger as far as the bend; upper Bureau of Economic Geology, The Uni- margin lacking. [ versity of Texas, Austin, Texas. Revised description.—Thanks to the Type locality.—Same as Linuparus efforts of W. T. Watkins there is avail- grimmeri Stenzel. able not only the distal portion of a right Geologic horizon.—Same as Linuparus chela but several entire right chelae, sev- grimmeri Stenzel. eral left manus, and part of an ambula- tory leg. ^Rathbun, M. J., The fossil stalkeyed Crustacea of the Pacific slope of North America: U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 143, Right manus about as long as high, pp. 124-125; pi. 29, fig*. 1-2; pi. 30, 1926. compressed-oval in cross section. Outer ^Rathbun, M. J., Fossil Crustacea of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain: Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 2, pp. surface more convex in transverse than 68-69; pi. 17, figs. 7-10, June 25, J935. Name preoccupied in longitudinal direction. Inner surface by Callianassa gamma Stenzel (Stenzel, H. B., Middle straight in longitudinal direction except Eocene and Oligocene decapod crustaceans from Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi: Amer. Midland Naturalist, vol. for the proximal half, which is convex; 16, pp. 393-394; pi. 15, figs, 5-6, May 27, 1935). highly convex in transverse direction.