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Vulnerability to Climate Variability in the Farming Sector

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Vulnerability to Climate Variability in the Farming Sector Vulnerability to Climate Variability in the Farming Sector A Case Study of Groundwater- Dependent Agriculture in Southeastern Arizona Marcela Vásquez-León, Colin Thor West, Barbara Wolf, Jane Moody, and Timothy J. Finan CLIMAS Report Series CL1-02 CLIMAS Climate Assessment for the Southwest • Institute for the Study of Planet Earth Vulnerability to Climate Variability in the Farming Sector A Case Study of Groundwater- Dependent Agriculture in Southeastern Arizona Marcela Vásquez-León Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona Colin Thor West Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona Barbara Wolf Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona Jane Moody Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona Timothy J. Finan Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona Published by The Climate Assessment Project for the Southwest (CLIMAS) Institute for the Study of Planet Earth The University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona CLIMAS Report Series CL 1-02 December 2002 Acknowledgments We sincerely thank all the truly helpful and generous people of the Sulphur Springs Valley and surrounding area who made this project so informative and reward- ing. We thank a few in particular: Alberto and Connie Encinas who offered us their hospitality and many wonderful meals! Ted Johnson, Jim Riggs, the Cook's, the Curry’s, Lance Eggers, and the Solis’ for the long interviews and endless patience that they showed to- wards us in explaining the complexity of their activi- ties. We also thank Sandy Cook and Gerald Barney for their editorial comments on the drafts of this study. This report is the result of the effort of many individu- als. It was conducted through the support of the Cli- mate Assessment for the Southwest (CLIMAS) Project, housed at the Institute for the Study of Planet Earth. CLIMAS is funded by the National Oceanic and At- mospheric Administration (NOAA). Fieldwork was conducted under the auspices of the Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology (BARA). We thank those in these institutions and research units for making our re- search possible. Our appreciation goes out to our col- leagues within CLIMAS. We are particularly grateful to Dr. Barbara Morehouse who made valuable editorial suggestions on the drafts of this study and Dr. Gregg Garfin for his continuous suggestions and assistance. We also thank Sherri Raskin and Dr. Nan Schmidt for their editorial comments. Many thanks go to Maria Rodriguez, Armando Vargas, and Nancy Young of BARA, and Shoshana Mayden, Sandy Jacobson and Stacey Hines-Holdcraft of ISPE who helped us in a variety of ways. Finally, we thank Dana Deeds and Olivia Armenta for their assistance in the field at the beginning of the project. This report is dedicated to the memory of Page Bakarich, a former high school teacher and local histo- rian of Willcox, AZ. Nearly everyone we interviewed fondly mentioned him and we are glad that we had the opportunity to speak extensively with him before he passed away. Vulnerability to Climate in the Farming Sector Table of Contents Executive Summary........................................................................................................................... 4 Vulnerability and Adaptation................................................................................................................... 4 Seasonal Climate Forecasts ...................................................................................................................... 4 Summary of Stakeholder Forecast Wishes ............................................................................................... 5 Recommendations ................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Vulnerability in the Sulphur Springs Valley ..................................................................... 7 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Vulnerability Defined ........................................................................................................................ 8 1.3 Assessing Vulnerability within Agriculture ......................................................................................... 9 1.4 Ethnographic Methods in a Sectoral Assessment................................................................................ 9 1.5 The Sulphur Springs Valley: A Brief Introduction to the Region ...................................................... 11 2. The Physical Sources of Vulnerability ............................................................................. 15 2.1 Topography and Climate in the Sulphur Springs Valley ................................................................... 15 2.2 Hydrology in the Sulphur Springs Valley ......................................................................................... 18 2.3 Climate, Water, and the Economics of Irrigated Farming in the Desert ........................................... 19 3. A History of Climate Variability ........................................................................................... 22 3.1 The Prehistoric Period ..................................................................................................................... 22 3.2 Anglo-American Settlement and the Development of Ranching ...................................................... 23 3.3 Early Attempts at Rain-fed Farming ................................................................................................ 25 3.4 The Development of Large-scale Irrigated Agriculture, 1940s–1970s .............................................. 26 3.5 Contemporary Agriculture: New Technology, New Crops, and New Markets.................................. 29 4. The Wider Institutional Context .......................................................................................... 34 4.1 Government Programs .................................................................................................................... 34 4.2 Crop Insurance................................................................................................................................ 39 4.3 Agricultural Extension ..................................................................................................................... 42 4.4 Adaptations at the Regional Level: Agricultural Forecasts by the National Weather Service.............. 43 4.5 The Sulphur Springs Valley Electrical Cooperative .......................................................................... 43 4.6 System-level Adaptations and Their Effect on Farmers’ Perceptions of Vulnerability to Climate Variability ...................................................................................................................... 44 5. Adaptation and Forecast Needs Among Corn, Fruit Orchards, and Chile Farmers ....................................................................................................................... 45 5.1 The Sophisticated Corn Farmer ....................................................................................................... 45 5.2 Fruit Orchards................................................................................................................................. 49 5.3 Chile Farmers .................................................................................................................................. 53 5.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 56 1 CLIMAS 6. Adaptation and Forecast Needs Among Hay, Nut Orchards, and Vegetable Growers ..................................................................................................................... 57 6.1 Hay Farming ................................................................................................................................... 57 6.2 Nut Orchards .................................................................................................................................. 59 6.3 Vegetable Producers ......................................................................................................................... 60 6.4 Controlled Environment Agriculture: Greenhouses in the SSV ....................................................... 63 6.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 66 7. Hispanic Farmers and Agricultural Migrant Workers .............................................. 67 7.1 Hispanic Farmers: A Preliminary Assessment ................................................................................... 67 7.2 Migratory Farm Labor ..................................................................................................................... 70 8. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 77 8.1 General Adaptations ........................................................................................................................ 77 8.2 Particular Vulnerabilities.................................................................................................................. 77 8.3 Buffering and the Physical Environment
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