DOCSLIB.ORG

Social Structure in Digital Era with Specific Reference to Lock Industry in Aligarh

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

A JOURNAL OF COMPOSITION THEORY ISSN : 0731-6755 Social Structure in Digital Era with specific Reference to Lock industry in Aligarh Mariya khan* PhD scholar Department of sociology Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (UP) [email protected] Prof. Abdul Matin (Retired) Department of Sociology Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (UP) Abstract- Social scientists have immersed their interest in the studies of emerging new social structure due to Information and communication Technology (ICT). ICT because of digital revolution has become embedded in every day’s life. The information and communication technology is affecting the infrastructure of society which is marked by Blurring Private and Public life. The Proposed paper makes an attempt in understanding the emergence of new social structure in digital era. Since the second half of the 20th century how the digital revolution has impacted in different institutions has been examined in the paper. In order to understand social structure in digital era, it is necessary to clarify the concept of social structure, Social Institutions and its relationships and how changes in economic institution is bringing changes in social institution. The study is based on secondary data that has been collected from scholarly books, articles and journals Keywords: ICT, Social Structure, Network I. Introduction The advent of information technologies has a major impact on social relations and society as a whole. The beginning of digital era in the late 20th century marked a complete transformation in all aspects of social structure. There is an emergence of new social structure known as network society. According to castells (2004, P. 3) Network society is a society whose social structure is made up of networks controlled by microelectronics based information and communications Technologies. The present social structure of network includes some people and region while excludes other which in turn bring about a problem of digital divide or social, economic and technological inequality. The present society has become more complex due to changing norms, values and institution under the influence of communication networks. Changes in social structure brings about changes in the behaviour and pattern of interaction in individuals, groups and societies like in pre-industrial societies people were bound together by strong beliefs and shared values and division of labour was less but as societies evolved the economic activities become specialised with high division of labour. Face to face communication has declined, virtual reality has become a new reality in this digital era also space and time seems to shed its importance due to global networks. Changing infrastructure of society due to ICT creates a modern type of society based on science and rationality. Production in every sector of economy whether in agrarian or industrial at present relies on Volume XII Issue IX SEPTEMBER 2019 Page No: 2063 A JOURNAL OF COMPOSITION THEORY ISSN : 0731-6755 information technology. Skill and higher education has become an important aspect of informational society as people are hired on the basis of skill and education. II. Changing Structure according to Castells, Van Dijk and Anthony Giddens The author in the proposed paper makes an attempt to clear the understanding of social structure in digital era by keeping in mind the writings of Manuel castells, Van Jan Dijk and Anthony Giddens. Castells (2010) in his book “the rise of the network society” Examined the coming out of new economy in the last quarter of 20th century on a world wide scale. He called it as Informational, Global and Networked economy. The economy was informational because the productivity and competitiveness of the units depend upon their capacity to produce knowledge based information. It was global because all the core activities of production, consumption and distribution as well as their components like capital, labor, raw material, management, information, technology and markets were all organised globally through a network of linkages between economic agents. The new economy is networked because productivity is generated through and competition is being played out in a global network of interaction between business networks. The Information technology revolution is the only thing that is responsible for the arrival of new economy in the last 20th century. This informational economy is highly global which is quite different from the world economy. a global economy is a economy that has a capacity to work as a unit in real time, chosen time or on a global scale. The world economy became truly global in the end of the 20th century with the help of new infrastructure developed by information and communication technologies but it is not obvious that economy has become entirely global. Most of the firms, production and employment still operate at local or regional level. However, international trade increased faster than production but there is no point in rejecting that domestic sector of most of the economies still accounts the majority of GDP. It can be said that economy is global because the world economies entirely depend upon the execution of their globalized core like international trade, financial markets, science and technology and speciality labour. For castells, this new economy is a capitalist economy because whole planet is dependent on its connection to global capitalist network. There is a rise in the productive capacity or growth with the use of new information technologies. The most important feature according to castells in the new economy is skilled labour. The new economy under the influence of high productivity, technological innovation, networking and globalization seems to bring about a long term economic growth, low inflation and low employment but it cannot be said that this new economy is without flaws. The impact of new economy is everywhere or on everybody be it inclusive or exclusive at the same time. The new economy originated in US is growing on a faster rate in other countries as well like in Europe, Japan, Asian pacific and some other developing countries. It promotes restructuring, prosperity crisis under the label of globalization which is often opposed by many people. This process witnessed a major structural change in which there is a transition to new mode of development, Informationalism for which networking is the essential feature. A major structural change was witnessed in the economic restructuring of 1980s with the diffusion of information technologies in business firms. The production, management and marketing has become flexible. The introduction of lean production with the objective of saving labour, automation of jobs, elimination of tasks and suppression of managerial layers were all organizational changes aimed at recreating labour processes and employment practices. Major structural change can be seen in a transition from mass production to flexible production. Mass production is a system based on assembly line production of standardized product with the social and technical division of labour. When demand became unpredictable in terms of quality and quantity, when markets were Volume XII Issue IX SEPTEMBER 2019 Page No: 2064 A JOURNAL OF COMPOSITION THEORY ISSN : 0731-6755 differentiated worldwide and became difficult to control, when the speed of technological change made production equipment no longer in use, Mass production system became too expensive for controlling new economy and eventually, flexible production system came into existence. Flexible production system gives rise to a growing demand for a given product. The product as well as process both became flexible. The volume of production was high allowing high economic growth. Castells (2010) in chapter 4th of “The Rise of the Network Society” analysed that the process of work lies at the centre of social structure. The informational pattern and the process of globalization affect society at large. Castells after analysing the data of G7 countries finds out that there is no systematic structural relationship between the transmission of technologies and evolution of employment levels in the economy as a whole. While Old jobs disappeared and new jobs are being created so it can be verily said that information is not resulting into unemployment even if it slows down the working time for each unit of amount produced. In the informational paradigm, new production system demands new labour force. Those who don’t possess informational skills could be thrown out or degraded as a worker. Castells (2010) in addition also tries to examine the new social structure known as Network Society through the notion of space and time. Castells is of view that in the network society space organizes time. According to him, time is becoming more flexible and space is getting more unique or singular since human beings are moving back and forward in time between the spaces in a more mobile manner. Notion of space and time also known as space of flows and timeless time as given by castells occupies an important place in the emergence of new social structure. Space of flows according to castells (2010) refers to the technological and organizational possibility of practising simultaneity without contiguity like global social movements, media network, and financial market and so on. Space of flows is not without space in fact its structural logic is space less. With the arrival of new communication technologies, the notion of time is compressed. Castells explained timeless time by giving the example of “Global Casino” which he described as a unified global capital market since capital has a considerable skill to move between economies within second through the stock market. Dijk (2012) in his book “the network society” analysed how the introduction of information and communication technology has completely altered the lives of people. Every individual is surrounded by networks. It has almost become impossible for a young generation to imagine their life without cell phones, internet or any of the social networking sites. Not only young people but also organizations and societies rely on it.
Recommended publications
  • Beck's Risk Society and Giddens' Search for Ontological Security: a Comparative Analysis Between the Anthroposophical Society and the Assemblies of God

    Beck's Risk Society and Giddens' Search for Ontological Security: a Comparative Analysis Between the Anthroposophical Society and the Assemblies of God

    Volume 15, Number 1 27 Beck's Risk Society and Giddens' Search for Ontological Security: A Comparative Analysis Between the Anthroposophical Society and the Assemblies of God Alphia Possamai-Inesedy University of Western Sydney There is a contention by social theorists such as Beck, Giddens, Bauman and Lash that contemporary Western society is in a transitional period in which risks have proliferated as an outcome of modernisation. In accordance with these changes individuals' sense ofselfhood have moved toward being more sensitive as to what they define as risks, such as threats to their health, as economic security or emotional wellbeing than they were in previous eras. Living in such a world can lead individuals to what Giddens would term ontological insecurity. Obsessive exaggeration of risks to personal existence, extreme introspection and moral vacuity are characteristics of the ontologically insecure individual. The opposite condition, ontological security, when achieved, leaves the individual with a sense of continuity and stability, which enables him or her to cope effectively with risk situations, personal tensions and anxiety. This emergent field of study in sociology has nevertheless poorly addressed religious issues; as if these social researchers have omitted parts of the religious aspects ofcontemporary society. This article attempts to fill this lacuna and explores the notion of risk society and ontological security with that of postmodern religion/spiritualities. Two case studies of the Anthroposophical society and Pentecostalism aid in this task. UlrichBeck(1992; 1994; 1995; 1996)andAnthonyGiddens(1990; 1991; 1994; 1999) while differing in their approaches, share similar concerns, foci and epistemological underpinnings in their work.
  • LETTER to G20, IMF, WORLD BANK, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS and NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS

    LETTER to G20, IMF, WORLD BANK, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS and NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS

    LETTER TO G20, IMF, WORLD BANK, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS and NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS We write to call for urgent action to address the global education emergency triggered by Covid-19. With over 1 billion children still out of school because of the lockdown, there is now a real and present danger that the public health crisis will create a COVID generation who lose out on schooling and whose opportunities are permanently damaged. While the more fortunate have had access to alternatives, the world’s poorest children have been locked out of learning, denied internet access, and with the loss of free school meals - once a lifeline for 300 million boys and girls – hunger has grown. An immediate concern, as we bring the lockdown to an end, is the fate of an estimated 30 million children who according to UNESCO may never return to school. For these, the world’s least advantaged children, education is often the only escape from poverty - a route that is in danger of closing. Many of these children are adolescent girls for whom being in school is the best defence against forced marriage and the best hope for a life of expanded opportunity. Many more are young children who risk being forced into exploitative and dangerous labour. And because education is linked to progress in virtually every area of human development – from child survival to maternal health, gender equality, job creation and inclusive economic growth – the education emergency will undermine the prospects for achieving all our 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and potentially set back progress on gender equity by years.
  • Factor Endowment Versus Productivity Views

    Factor Endowment Versus Productivity Views

    Globalization, Poverty, and All That: Factor Endowment versus Productivity Views William Easterly New York University Prepared for NBER Globalization and Poverty Workshop, September 10-12, 2004 Globalization causing poverty is a staple of anti-globalization rhetoric. The Nobel prizewinner Dario Fo compared the impoverishment of globalization to September 11th: "The great speculators wallow in an economy that every year kills tens of millions of people with poverty—so what is 20,000 dead in New York?” 1 The protesters usually believe globalization is a disaster for the workers, throwing them into “downward wage spirals in both the North and the South.” Oxfam identifies such innocuous products as Olympic sportswear as forcing laborers into “working ever-faster for ever-longer periods of time under arduous conditions for poverty-level wages, to produce more goods and more profit.”2 According to a best-selling book by William Greider, in the primitive legal climate of poorer nations, industry has found it can revive the worst forms of nineteenth century exploitation, abuses outlawed long ago in the advanced economies, including extreme physical dangers to workers and the use of children as expendable cheap labor.3 Oxfam complains about how corporate greed is “exploiting the circumstances of vulnerable people,” which it identifies mainly as young women, to set up profitable “global supply chains” for huge retailers like Walmart. In China’s fast-growing Guandong Province, “young women face 150 hours of overtime each month in the garment factories
  • The Consequences of Modernity Anthony Giddens

    The Consequences of Modernity Anthony Giddens

    The Consequences of Modernity Anthony Giddens POLITY PRESS Introduction In what follows I shall develop an institutional analysis of modernity with cultural and epistemological over- tones. In so doing, I differ substantially from most current discussions, in which these emphases are reversed. What is modernity? As a first approximation, let us simply say the following: "modernity" refers to modes of social life or organisation which emerged in Europe from about the seventeenth century onwards and which subsequently be- came more or less worldwide in their influence. This as- sociates modernity with a time period and with an initial geographical location, but for the moment leaves its ma- jor characteristics safely stowed away in a black box. Today, in the late twentieth century, it is argued by many, we stand at the opening of a new era, to which the social sciences must respond and which is taking us be- yond modernity itself. A dazzling variety of terms has been suggested to refer to this transition, a few of which refer positively to the emergence of a new type of social system (such as the "information society" or the "con- sumer society") but most of which suggest rather that a preceding state of affairs is drawing to a close ("post- outside of our control. To analyse how this has come to modernity," "post-modernism," "post-industrial soci- be the case, it is not sufficient merely to invent new terms, ety," "post-capitalism," and so forth). Some of the de- like post-modernity and the rest. Instead, we have to look bates about these matters concentrate mainly upon insti- again at the nature of modernity itself which, for certain tutional transformations, particularly those which pro- fairly specific reasons, has been poorly grasped in the so- pose that we are moving from a system based upon the cial sciences hitherto.
  • Minority Group Theory

    Minority Group Theory

    2 Theories of Poverty In the social sciences it is usual to start with conceptions or definitions of a social problem or phenomenon and proceed first to its measurement and then its ex- planation before considering, or leaving others to consider, alternative remedies. The operation of value assumptions at each stage tends to be overlooked and the possibility that there might be interaction between, or a conjunction of, these stages tends to be neglected. What has to be remembered is that policy prescriptions permeate conceptualization, measurement and the formulation of theory; alternatively, that the formulation of theory inheres within the conceptualization and measurement of a problem and the application of policy. While implying a particular approach to theory, Chapter 1 was primarily con- cerned with the conceptualization and measurement of poverty in previous studies. This chapter attempts to provide a corresponding account of previous theories of poverty. It will discuss minority group theory, the sub-culture of poverty and the cycle of deprivation, orthodox economic theory, dual labour market and radical theories, and sociological, including functionalist, explanations of poverty and inequality. Until recently, little attempt was made to extend theory to the forms, extent of and changes in poverty as such. Social scientists, including Marx, had been primarily concerned with the evolution of economic, political and social inequality. Economists had devoted most interest to the factor shares of production and distribution rather than to the unequal distribution of resources, and where they had studied the latter, they confined themselves to studies of wages. Sociologists had kept the discussion of the origins of, or need for, equality at a very general level, or had confined their work to topics which were only indirectly or partly related, like occupational status and mobility, and the structure and persistence of local community.
  • Introduction: Anthony Giddens – Social Theory and Politics

    Introduction: Anthony Giddens – Social Theory and Politics

    Notes Introduction: Anthony Giddens – Social Theory and Politics 1. To clarify, ‘his Third Way’ refers to the cluster of texts forming his political project, whilst The Third Way denotes the specific book (1998a). 2. A close relationship has been pointed out between Giddens and Weber’s class analysis (Weber, 1947; Loyal, 2003: 98). 3. Giddens’ adversarial stance towards Foucault is especially clear in The Trans- formation of Intimacy (1992). As I note subsequently, this adversarialism is unfortunate, as synergies between these two authors are in fact feasible, with promising scope. 4. For a systematic contrast between Giddens’, Beck’s and Bauman’s analyses of late modernity, see Dawson (2013) and Archer (2014). 5. Finlayson (2003) opts for an even broader perspective, considering also cultural influences. 6. Loyal (2003) is a key exception: he notes that an integrated reading of Giddens can yield new insights because his work as a whole represents at some level a comprehensive project. However, his analysis focuses largely on Giddens’ earlier work, exposing a continuous struggle to sociologically accommodate liberal values. Loyal’s focus on Giddens’ attempt to balance various standpoints and traditions to uphold a certain set of values reveals some important points, but ultimately says more about those traditions than about the political relevance and utility of Giddens. Indeed, his book con- cludes with hardly any points on utility, and is as such relevant mainly to theoretical rather than practical concerns. 7. A notable exception to this is Leggett (2005, 2009), who endeavours a recon- struction of New Labour, based in part on Giddens.
  • The Structuration Approach of Anthony Giddens

    The Structuration Approach of Anthony Giddens

    Himalayan Journal of Sociology & Antropology-Vol. V (2012) The Structuration Approach of Anthony Giddens ? Mukunda Lamsal Abstract Structuration Theory developed by Anthony Giddens, a British sociologist, in response to claims by post-structuralism, holds that the structures that humans ind themselves in are determined for them, and volunteerism, that suggests that humans are completely free to create their lived environment. Structuration theory has a several unique nomenclature to explain the relationships that the human “agency” has with institutions or “structure”. This paper explains the use of the words and relate them to relevant examples. The understanding that Structuration Theory gives us can be very useful for understanding geographic phenomenon such as the idea of the time-space continuum. Urban arenas have a very complex set of relationships between humans and their environments; housing, movement within the environment, etcetera. The paper is also focused on understanding the connections between Giddens’ theory and the ield of geography. The main focus of this paper is on exploring the complexities of Giddens’ Structuration Theory and understanding how it is currently being implemented in societies. Keywords: Structuration, structuralism, agency, structure Introduction Societies in the developed world are becoming highly advanced and have undergone various changes in their value, knowledge and physical systems. The ield of Sociology has attempted to categorize such changes as a result of various entities acting upon other actors (people), institutions or classes. Sociology has only been around since the mid nineteenth century but has provoked some of the most heated debates concerning human geography. The role we play in our shared reality with the world has come under the studies of some of the most prestigious sociologists, like Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber.
  • On the Possibilities and Impossibilities of Love: Mapping the Discursive Field of Love-Relationships, Its Components, Conflicts and Challenges

    On the Possibilities and Impossibilities of Love: Mapping the Discursive Field of Love-Relationships, Its Components, Conflicts and Challenges

    On the Possibilities and Impossibilities of Love: Mapping the discursive field of love-relationships, its components, conflicts and challenges. Jacob Strandell Master’s thesis in Sociology (one year), 15 hp/ECTS-credits Author: Jacob Strandell Supervisor: Dr. Åke Nilsén Examiner: Dr. Marta Cuesta Halmstad University, spring semester 2012 School of Social and Health Sciences ABSTRACT Title: On the Possibilities and Impossibilities of Love: Mapping the discursive field of love- relationships, its components, conflicts and challenges. In this thesis I reframe theories of love-relationships in late modernity (by Anthony Giddens, Zygmunt Bauman and Ulrich Beck & Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim) in relation to a general framework of discursive theory (inspired by Michel Foucault). I suggest that current developments and contradictions in the field of love-relationships with advantage can be understood in terms of discourse and discursive conflict. Utilizing the discursive framework, I conceptualize two conflicting discursive regimes (as romantic love and individualized freedom), and their components. With these components in mind, I explore how contradicting discursive components are problematized in established risk-discourse, using cases of popular culture as illustrative reference. Risk-discourses force short-term practical solutions, and put pressure on further discursive change by inducing anxiety and cognitive dissonance. Future discourse will have to adapt to several conditions, including the (in)compatibility of discursive components, how well practical strategies work out, how social interaction is organized, and how discursive deconstruction unavoidably have consequences for the fundaments of love itself. Keywords: Love ; Relationships ; Late modernity ; Discourse ; Risk ABSTRACT IN SWEDISH Titel: On the Possibilities and Impossibilities of Love: Mapping the discursive field of love- relationships, its components, conflicts and challenges.
  • The Transnational and the Translocal in Monica Ali's Alentejo Blue

    The Transnational and the Translocal in Monica Ali's Alentejo Blue

    chapter 11 Globalizing European Peripheries: The Transnational and the Translocal in Monica Ali’s Alentejo Blue While Mahjoub’s works discussed above reveal hidden historical contexts between Europe and its Others, the work of Monica Ali emphasizes chang- es generated by globalization and the expansion of the European Union. As the increased mobility of transnational migration ranging from labourers to ERASMUS exchange students and from tourists to settlers shows, globaliza- tion affects the construction of European identities in ways that exceed and problematize the traditional colonizer/colonized opposition and other similar dualisms. What this means is that the identities of European nation-states are changing because of both global and intra-European flows of migration gener- ating new cultural expressions. While postcolonial literary studies have tended to prioritize the entry and experiences of the formerly colonial migrants in the metropolis over other forms of mobility, the new challenges of cultural contact call for new ways of reading postcolonial narratives to account for the peculiarities of increased cultural contacts. It is the aim of this chapter to explore the impact of such everyday contacts and “vernacular cosmopolitanisms” through an analysis of their representa- tion in Monica Ali’s novel Alentejo Blue published in 2006.1 While Ali is known primarily for her debute novel Brick Lane, a novel narrating Bangladeshi im- migrant lives in East London, Alentejo Blue addresses different conditions of contemporary migration. In my analysis, I argue that this underrated novel set in rural Portugal deserves critical attention as it is an attempt to examine, through narratives of travel and stay, the problematics of migration and the transformed meanings of centre and periphery.
  • The History, Means, and Effects of Structural Surveillance

    The History, Means, and Effects of Structural Surveillance

    University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository Faculty Scholarship at Penn Law 2-7-2016 The History, Means, and Effects of Structural Surveillance Jeffrey L. Vagle University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship Part of the American Politics Commons, Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Fourth Amendment Commons, Law and Race Commons, Law and Society Commons, Law Enforcement and Corrections Commons, Policy History, Theory, and Methods Commons, Public Law and Legal Theory Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, and the Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons Repository Citation Vagle, Jeffrey L., "The History, Means, and Effects of Structural Surveillance" (2016). Faculty Scholarship at Penn Law. 1625. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/1625 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship at Penn Law by an authorized administrator of Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE HISTORY, MEANS, AND EFFECTS OF STRUCTURAL SURVEILLANCE Jeffrey L. Vagle* ABSTRACT The focus on the technology of surveillance, while important, has had the unfortunate side effect of obscuring the study of surveillance generally, and tends to minimize the exploration of other, less technical means of surveillance that are both ubiquitous and self-reinforcing—what I refer to as structural surveillance— and their effects on marginalized and disenfranchised populations. This Article proposes a theoretical framework for the study of structural surveillance which will act as a foundation for follow-on research in its effects on political participation.
  • 1 REITH LECTURES 1999: Runaway World Anthony Giddens

    1 REITH LECTURES 1999: Runaway World Anthony Giddens

    REITH LECTURES 1999: Runaway World Anthony Giddens Lecture 1: Globalisation TRANSMISSION: 7 April 1999 Recorded at The Royal Institution of Great Britain, London, for BBC Radio 4 A friend of mine studies village life in central Africa. A few years ago, she paid her first visit to a remote area where she was to carry out her fieldwork. The evening she got there, she was invited to a local home for an evening's entertainment. She expected to find out about the traditional pastimes of this isolated community. Instead, the evening turned out to be a viewing of Basic Instinct on video. The film at that point hadn't even reached the cinemas in London. Such vignettes reveal something about our world. And what they reveal isn't trivial. It isn't just a matter of people adding modern paraphernalia - videos, TVs, personal computers and so forth - to their traditional ways of life. We live in a world of transformations, affecting almost every aspect of what we do. For better or worse, we are being propelled into a global order that no one fully understands, but which is making its effects felt upon all of us. Globalisation is the main theme of my lecture tonight, and of the lectures as a whole. The term may not be - it isn't - a particularly attractive or elegant one. But absolutely no-one who wants to understand our prospects and possibilities at century's end can ignore it. I travel a lot to speak abroad. I haven't been to a single country recently where globalisation isn't being intensively discussed.
  • Modernity, Capitalism, and War: Toward a Sociology of War in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1914

    Modernity, Capitalism, and War: Toward a Sociology of War in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1914

    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2010 Modernity, Capitalism, and War: Toward a Sociology of War in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1914 Eric Royal Lybeck University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the European History Commons, International Relations Commons, Military History Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, and the Theory, Knowledge and Science Commons Recommended Citation Lybeck, Eric Royal, "Modernity, Capitalism, and War: Toward a Sociology of War in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1914. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2010. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/728 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Eric Royal Lybeck entitled "Modernity, Capitalism, and War: Toward a Sociology of War in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1914." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Sociology. Harry F. Dahms, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend