The Consequences of Modernity Anthony Giddens
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Syntactic Changes in English Between the Seventeenth Century and The
I Syntactic Changes in English between the Seventeenth Century and the Twentieth Century as Represented in Two Literary Works: William Shakespeare's Play The Merchant of Venice and George Bernard Shaw's Play Arms and the Man التغيرات النحوية في اللغة اﻹنجليزية بين القرن السابع عشر و القرن العشرين ممثلة في عملين أدبيين : مسرحية تاجر البندقيه لوليام شكسبيرو مسرحية الرجل والسﻻح لجورج برنارد شو By Eman Mahmud Ayesh El-Abweni Supervised by Prof. Zakaria Ahmad Abuhamdia A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master’s Degree in English Language and Literature Department of English Language and Literature Faculty of Arts and Sciences Middle East University January, 2018 II III IV Acknowledgments First and above all, the whole thanks and glory are for the Almighty Allah with His Mercy, who gave me the strength and fortitude to finish my thesis. I would like to express my trustworthy gratitude and appreciation for my supervisor Professor Zakaria Ahmad Abuhamdia for his unlimited guidance and supervision. I have been extremely proud to have a supervisor who appreciated my work and responded to my questions either face- to- face, via the phone calls or, SMS. Without his support my thesis, may not have been completed successfully. Also, I would like to thank the committee members for their comments and guidance. My deepest and great gratitude is due to my parents Mahmoud El-Abweni and Intisar El-Amayreh and my husband Amjad El-Amayreh who have supported and encouraged me to reach this stage. In addition, my appreciation is extended to my brothers Ayesh, Yousef and my sisters Saja and Noor for their support and care during this period, in addition to my beloved children Mohammad and Aded El-Rahman who have been a delight. -
Beck's Risk Society and Giddens' Search for Ontological Security: a Comparative Analysis Between the Anthroposophical Society and the Assemblies of God
Volume 15, Number 1 27 Beck's Risk Society and Giddens' Search for Ontological Security: A Comparative Analysis Between the Anthroposophical Society and the Assemblies of God Alphia Possamai-Inesedy University of Western Sydney There is a contention by social theorists such as Beck, Giddens, Bauman and Lash that contemporary Western society is in a transitional period in which risks have proliferated as an outcome of modernisation. In accordance with these changes individuals' sense ofselfhood have moved toward being more sensitive as to what they define as risks, such as threats to their health, as economic security or emotional wellbeing than they were in previous eras. Living in such a world can lead individuals to what Giddens would term ontological insecurity. Obsessive exaggeration of risks to personal existence, extreme introspection and moral vacuity are characteristics of the ontologically insecure individual. The opposite condition, ontological security, when achieved, leaves the individual with a sense of continuity and stability, which enables him or her to cope effectively with risk situations, personal tensions and anxiety. This emergent field of study in sociology has nevertheless poorly addressed religious issues; as if these social researchers have omitted parts of the religious aspects ofcontemporary society. This article attempts to fill this lacuna and explores the notion of risk society and ontological security with that of postmodern religion/spiritualities. Two case studies of the Anthroposophical society and Pentecostalism aid in this task. UlrichBeck(1992; 1994; 1995; 1996)andAnthonyGiddens(1990; 1991; 1994; 1999) while differing in their approaches, share similar concerns, foci and epistemological underpinnings in their work. -
LETTER to G20, IMF, WORLD BANK, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS and NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS
LETTER TO G20, IMF, WORLD BANK, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS and NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS We write to call for urgent action to address the global education emergency triggered by Covid-19. With over 1 billion children still out of school because of the lockdown, there is now a real and present danger that the public health crisis will create a COVID generation who lose out on schooling and whose opportunities are permanently damaged. While the more fortunate have had access to alternatives, the world’s poorest children have been locked out of learning, denied internet access, and with the loss of free school meals - once a lifeline for 300 million boys and girls – hunger has grown. An immediate concern, as we bring the lockdown to an end, is the fate of an estimated 30 million children who according to UNESCO may never return to school. For these, the world’s least advantaged children, education is often the only escape from poverty - a route that is in danger of closing. Many of these children are adolescent girls for whom being in school is the best defence against forced marriage and the best hope for a life of expanded opportunity. Many more are young children who risk being forced into exploitative and dangerous labour. And because education is linked to progress in virtually every area of human development – from child survival to maternal health, gender equality, job creation and inclusive economic growth – the education emergency will undermine the prospects for achieving all our 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and potentially set back progress on gender equity by years. -
History Through the Ages (Solucionario) 3 SOLUTIONS
Material AICLE. 5º de Primaria.: History Through the Ages (Solucionario) 3 SOLUTIONS Activity 2. Read and complete the chart Historical sources Oral Written Graphic Materials - Paintings - Ruins - Books - Songs - Maps - Monuments - Theatre plays - Photos - Graves - Poems - Sayings - Films - Coins - Letters - Newspappers Activity nº 3. Match the historical sources with the related words and the images 4 Material AICLE. 5º de Primaria.: History Through the Ages (Solucionario) Activity nº 4. Read the timeline carefully. Then listen and complete the text below AGES OF HISTORY History is divided into five different ages: Prehistory, Ancient History, the Middle Ages, the Modern Age and the Contemporary Age. PREHISTORY extended from the time the first human beings appeared until the invention of writing. ANCIENT HISTORY extended from the invention of writing until the fall of the Roman Empire. The MIDDLE AGES extended from the fall of the Roman Empire until the discovery of the Americas. The MODERN AGE extended from the discovery of the Americas until the French Revolution. The CONTEMPORARY AGE extended from the French Revolution until present day. Activity nº 6. Read the following text about Prehistory. Then choose the correct answers 1. Prehistory is divided in: Two periods: the Palaeolithic Age and the Neolithic Age. 2. The Palaeolithic Age extended: From the time the first human beings appeared until the development of livestock farming and agriculture. 3. During the Palaeolithic Age people were: Nomads. 4. During the Palaeolithic Age people: Hunted, fished and picked wild berries. 5. During the Palaeolithic Age: They have tools made of stone, wood, bones or shells. 6. -
The History of Prehistoric Research in Indonesia to 1950
The History of Prehistoric Research in Indonesia to 1950 Received 16 January 1968 R. P. SOE]ONO INTRODUCTION HE oldest description of material valuable for prehistoric recording in future times was given by G. E. Rumphius at the beginning of the eighteenth century. Rum T phius mentioned the veneration of historical objects by local peoples, and even now survivals of the very remote past retain their respect. On several islands we also notice a continuation of prehistoric traditions and art. Specific prehistoric relics, like many other archaeological remains, are holy to most of the inhabitants because of their quaint, uncommon shapes. As a result, myths are frequently created around these objects. An investigator is not permitted to inspect the bronze kettle drum kept in a temple at Pedjeng (Bali) and he must respect the people's devout feelings when he attempts to observe megalithic relics in the Pasemah Plateau (South Sumatra); these facts accentuate the persistence oflocal veneration even today. In spite of the veneration of particular objects, which in turn favors their preservation, many other relics have been lost or destroyed through digging or looting by treasure hunters or other exploiters seeking economic gain. Moreover, unqualified excavators have com pounded the problem. P. V. van Stein Callenfels, originally a specialist in Hindu-Indonesian archaeology, be came strongly aware of neglect in the field of prehistoric archaeology, and he took steps to begin systematic research. During his visit to kitchen middens in East Sumatra during a tour of inspection in 1920 for the Archaeological Service, he met with the digging of shell heaps for shell for limekilns. -
Factor Endowment Versus Productivity Views
Globalization, Poverty, and All That: Factor Endowment versus Productivity Views William Easterly New York University Prepared for NBER Globalization and Poverty Workshop, September 10-12, 2004 Globalization causing poverty is a staple of anti-globalization rhetoric. The Nobel prizewinner Dario Fo compared the impoverishment of globalization to September 11th: "The great speculators wallow in an economy that every year kills tens of millions of people with poverty—so what is 20,000 dead in New York?” 1 The protesters usually believe globalization is a disaster for the workers, throwing them into “downward wage spirals in both the North and the South.” Oxfam identifies such innocuous products as Olympic sportswear as forcing laborers into “working ever-faster for ever-longer periods of time under arduous conditions for poverty-level wages, to produce more goods and more profit.”2 According to a best-selling book by William Greider, in the primitive legal climate of poorer nations, industry has found it can revive the worst forms of nineteenth century exploitation, abuses outlawed long ago in the advanced economies, including extreme physical dangers to workers and the use of children as expendable cheap labor.3 Oxfam complains about how corporate greed is “exploiting the circumstances of vulnerable people,” which it identifies mainly as young women, to set up profitable “global supply chains” for huge retailers like Walmart. In China’s fast-growing Guandong Province, “young women face 150 hours of overtime each month in the garment factories -
A STUDY of WRITING Oi.Uchicago.Edu Oi.Uchicago.Edu /MAAM^MA
oi.uchicago.edu A STUDY OF WRITING oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu /MAAM^MA. A STUDY OF "*?• ,fii WRITING REVISED EDITION I. J. GELB Phoenix Books THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS oi.uchicago.edu This book is also available in a clothbound edition from THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS TO THE MOKSTADS THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO & LONDON The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada Copyright 1952 in the International Copyright Union. All rights reserved. Published 1952. Second Edition 1963. First Phoenix Impression 1963. Printed in the United States of America oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE HE book contains twelve chapters, but it can be broken up structurally into five parts. First, the place of writing among the various systems of human inter communication is discussed. This is followed by four Tchapters devoted to the descriptive and comparative treatment of the various types of writing in the world. The sixth chapter deals with the evolution of writing from the earliest stages of picture writing to a full alphabet. The next four chapters deal with general problems, such as the future of writing and the relationship of writing to speech, art, and religion. Of the two final chapters, one contains the first attempt to establish a full terminology of writing, the other an extensive bibliography. The aim of this study is to lay a foundation for a new science of writing which might be called grammatology. While the general histories of writing treat individual writings mainly from a descriptive-historical point of view, the new science attempts to establish general principles governing the use and evolution of writing on a comparative-typological basis. -
Modernity: Religious Trends
Universal Rights in a World of Diversity. The Case of Religious Freedom Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences, Acta 17, 2012 www.pass.va/content/dam/scienzesociali/pdf/acta17/acta17-mouzelis.pdf Modernity: Religious Trends Nicos Mouzelis By conceptualising modernity in sociostructural rather than cultural terms, I will try (a) to show how modernity’s sociostructural features are linked to religious developments – particularly in the anglosaxon world; (b) to examine critically the ongoing secularization debate in the social sci- ences. Modernity can be seen as the type of social organization which be- came dominant in the west after the English industrial revolution and the French revolution. It entails three broad structural traits which render mod- ern society unique – unique in the sense that the above characteristics, in their combination, are not to be found in any pre-modern social formation. These characteristics are: – The demise of segmental localism and the mobilisation/inclusion of a whole population into the national centre/nation state; – The overall differentiation of institutional spheres; – The spread of individualization from the elite to the non elite level. 1. Massive inclusion into the national centre: The process of religious rationalization A) Employing Durkheimian terminology, one can argue that pre-modern, traditional communities had a non-differentiated, segmental social organiza- tion. In this respect they were self-sufficient, relatively autonomous vis-à-vis more inclusive social units. In the west, this localist self-containment/autonomy was first undermined by the absolutist model of governance which took its more developed form in Louis XIV’s France.1 Given technological develop- 1 The French monarchy and its administration, as it was finally shaped under Louis XIV, was the prototype of European absolutist rule, a model imitated all over Europe. -
From Human Prehistory to the Early Civilizations Human Life in the Era
Chapter I From Human Prehistory to the Early Civilizations One day in 10,000 B.C.E. a solitary figure walked by the edge of the Pecos River in the American Southwest. He may have been out hunting or traveling between settlements, but he stopped there to gather up some dead grass and driftwood into a pile. He used his sharpened spear to cut a dead twig from an overhanging cottonwood tree and took a long, dried yucca leaf from his leather belt. He knelt down and held the twig upright on the centerline of the leaf. Then, as he had done many times before, he twirled the stick between his hands until the friction between twig and leaf produced a gleam, or glowing ember, which he quickly transferred to the grass and wood he had gathered. He tended the flame until it grew into a fire that provided not only some warmth, but a means of cooking a meal. When he subsequently rejoined others of his kind, he may have talked about his journey and how he lost his yucca leaf fire-started at that campsite by the river. Of course we have no evidence of his conversation, just the yucca leaf he left behind, found by an archaeologist more than 9000 years later. Our Neolithic (New Stone Age) traveler sends us a number of messages about early world history. Most obviously, he was a tool user who not only picked up natural objects but deliberately crafted them to hunt for and prepare his food. As such, he differed from all other animals (a few other kinds of animals are tool users, but none make their tools). -
Climate Evolution During the Holocene: a Study with an Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity
Climate Dynamics )2002) 19: 43±60 DOI 10.1007/s00382-001-0208-6 M. Cruci®x á M.-F. Loutre á P. Tulkens T. Fichefet á A. Berger Climate evolution during the Holocene: a study with an Earth system model of intermediate complexity Received: 12 February 2001 / Accepted: 1 October 2001 / Published online: 12 January 2002 Ó Springer-Verlag 2002 Abstract An Earth system model of intermediate com- 1 Introduction plexity, MoBidiC, has been used to simulate the tran- sient variations in continental temperature, sea-surface The Holocene )taken here as the last 9000 years) appears temperature )SST), thermohaline circulation )THC) and in the polar records as a period of relative stability when sea-ice cover over the last 9000 years )9 kyr). Experi- compared to glacial ages. However, important changes ments were designed to determine )a) the deviation of occurred in paleoenvironmental conditions in the the climatic system with respect to equilibrium over the northern mid- and high latitudes as well as in the tropics. last 9 kyr, )b) the individual contributions of oceans and In Europe, for example, paleobotanic reconstructions vegetation to climatic changes, as well as the potential suggest that the surface temperature went through a synergies between these components, and )c) the relative maximum about 6000 years ago with, in particular, importance of precession, obliquity and CO concen- 2 milder winters than today in Scandinavia )Huntley and tration changes during this period. Results show a mo- Prentice 1988). Similarly, foraminifera- and diatom- notonous cooling trend in the northern high latitudes based reconstructions )Ruddiman and Mix 1993; KocË between 9 kyr BP and the present day, both over the et al. -
Early Modern English, an Introduction To
116544 english-EUP 10/11/2005 11:17 am Page 1 EDINBURGH TEXTBOOKS ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Early Modern English to An Introduction Series Editor: Heinz Giegerich This new textbook series provides introductions to the main areas of English Language study. Volumes cover aspects of the history and structure of the language such as: syntax, phonology, morphology, regional and social variation, Old English, Middle English and international Englishes. An Introduction to Early Modern English TERTTU NEVALAINEN An introduction to Early Modern English, this book helps students of English and linguistics to place the language of the period 1500–1700 in its historical context as a language with a common core but also as one which varies across time, regionally and socially, and according to register. The volume focuses on the structure of what contemporaries called the General Dialect – its spelling, vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation – and on its dialectal origins. The book also discusses the language situation and linguistic anxieties in England at a time when Latin exerted a strong influence on the rising standard language. The volume includes: • The major changes in English from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century • Emphasis on long-term linguistic developments • Sources for the study of Early Modern English • Illustrations ranging from drama and personal letters to trials and early science TERTTU NEVALAINEN TERTTU • Exercises encouraging further exploration of the changing English language. Terttu Nevalainen is Professor of English Philology -
Initial Upper Palaeolithic Humans in Europe Had Recent Neanderthal Ancestry
Article Initial Upper Palaeolithic humans in Europe had recent Neanderthal ancestry https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03335-3 Mateja Hajdinjak1,2 ✉, Fabrizio Mafessoni1, Laurits Skov1, Benjamin Vernot1, Alexander Hübner1,3, Qiaomei Fu4, Elena Essel1, Sarah Nagel1, Birgit Nickel1, Julia Richter1, Received: 7 July 2020 Oana Teodora Moldovan5,6, Silviu Constantin7,8, Elena Endarova9, Nikolay Zahariev10, Accepted: 5 February 2021 Rosen Spasov10, Frido Welker11,12, Geoff M. Smith11, Virginie Sinet-Mathiot11, Lindsey Paskulin13, Helen Fewlass11, Sahra Talamo11,14, Zeljko Rezek11,15, Svoboda Sirakova16, Nikolay Sirakov16, Published online: 7 April 2021 Shannon P. McPherron11, Tsenka Tsanova11, Jean-Jacques Hublin11,17, Benjamin M. Peter1, Open access Matthias Meyer1, Pontus Skoglund2, Janet Kelso1 & Svante Pääbo1 ✉ Check for updates Modern humans appeared in Europe by at least 45,000 years ago1–5, but the extent of their interactions with Neanderthals, who disappeared by about 40,000 years ago6, and their relationship to the broader expansion of modern humans outside Africa are poorly understood. Here we present genome-wide data from three individuals dated to between 45,930 and 42,580 years ago from Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria1,2. They are the earliest Late Pleistocene modern humans known to have been recovered in Europe so far, and were found in association with an Initial Upper Palaeolithic artefact assemblage. Unlike two previously studied individuals of similar ages from Romania7 and Siberia8 who did not contribute detectably to later populations, these individuals are more closely related to present-day and ancient populations in East Asia and the Americas than to later west Eurasian populations. This indicates that they belonged to a modern human migration into Europe that was not previously known from the genetic record, and provides evidence that there was at least some continuity between the earliest modern humans in Europe and later people in Eurasia.