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The Works and Life of Walter Bagehot

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The Works and Life of Walter Bagehot THE WORKS AND LIFE OF WALTER BAGEHOT VOL. IV. THE WORKS AND LIFE OF WALTER BAGEHOT J:D1TED nv MRS. RUSSELL BARRINGTON' THE WORKS IN NINE VOLUME:-; THE LIFE. IN ONE VOLUME VOL. IV. OF THE WORKS LONGMANS. GREEN, AND CO. 39 PATE RNOST ER ROW, LONDON FOURTH AVENUE & 30TH STREET, NEW YORK BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS 1915 CONTENTS OF VOLUME IV. rAG!. WILLIAM PITT (1861) THE PRINCE CONSORT (186I) 39 COUNT YOUR ENEMIES AND ECONOMISE yOUR EXPENDITURI: (1862) 41 LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1862) 57 THE IGNORANCE OF MAN (1862) 88 MR. CLOUGH'S POEMS (1862) II3 BOLINGBROKE AS A STATESMAN (1863) I35 WHAT LORD LYNDHURST REALLY WAS (1863) 181 SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL LEWIS (1863) 187 THE TRIBUTE AT HEREFORD TO SIR G. C. LEWIS (1864) 225 STERNE AND THACKERAY (1864) 229 WORDSWORTH, TENNYSON, AND BROWNING: OR PURE, ORNATE, AND GROTESQUH ART IN ENGLISH POLTRY (1864) 267 C.lESARISM AS IT EXISTED IN 1865 316 MR. COBDEN (1865) • 323 LORD PALMHRSTON (1865) 329 BOSCASTLE • 334 v WILLIAM PITT.l (1861.) LORD STANHOPE'SLife of Mr. Pitt has both the excellences and the defects which we should expect from him, and neither of them are what we expect in a great historical writer of the present age. Even simple readers are becoming aware that historical investigations, which used to be a sombre and respect- able calling, is now an audacious pursuit. Paradoxes are very bold and very numerous. Many of the recognised "good people" in history have become bad, and all the very bad people have become rather good. We have palliations of Tiberius, eulogies on Henry VIIL, devotional exercises to Cromwell, and fulsome adulation of Julius Caesarand of the first Napoleon. The philosophy of history is more alarming still. One school sees in it but a gradual development of atheistic belief, another threatens to resolve it all into" the three simple agencies, starch, fibrin, and albumen". But in these exploits of audacious in- genuity and specious learning Lord Stanhope has taken no part. He is not anxious to be original. He travels, if possible, in the worn track of previous historians; he tells a plain tale in an easy plain way; he shrinks from wonderful novelties; with the cautious scepticism of true common sense, he is always glad to find that the conclusions at which he arrives coincide with those of former inquirers. H1s style is characteristic of his matter. He narrates with a gentle sense and languid ac- curacy, very different from the stimulating rhetoric and exciting brilliancy of his more renowned contemporaries. In the present case Lord Stanhope has been very fortunate J Life of Ike Right Honourable William Pitt. By Earl Stanhope, author of the Hzstory of England from lite Peace of Utreeltt. VOL. IV. I WILLJAM PITT both in his subject and his materials. Mr. Pitt has never had even a decent biographer, though the peculiarities of his career are singularly inviting to literary ambition. His life had much of the solid usefulness of modern times, and not a little also of the romance of old times. He was skilled in economical re- form, but retained some of the majesty of old-world eloquence. He was as keen in small figures as a rising politician now; yet he was a despotic Premier at an age when, in these times, a politician could barely aspire to be an Under-Secretary. It is not wonderful that Lord Stanhope should have been attracted to a subject which is so interesting in itself, and which lies so precisely in the direction of his previous studies. From his high standing and his personal connections, he has been able to add much to our minuter knowledge. He has obtained from various quarters many valuable letters which have not been published before. There is a whole series from George III. to Mr. Pitt, and a scarcely less curious series from Mr. Pitt to his mother. We need not add that Lord Stanhope has digested his important materials with great care; that he has made of them almost as much as could be made; that he has a warm admiration and a delicate respect for the great states- man of whom he is writing. His nearest approach to an un- gentle feeling is a quiet dislike to the great Whig families. Mr. Pitt is an example of one of the modes in which the popular imagination is, even in historical times, frequently and easily misled. Mankind judge of a great statesman principally by the most marked and memorable passage in his career. By chance we lately had the honour to travel with a gentleman who said, that Sir Robert Peel was the" leader of the Whigs" ; and though historical evidence will always prevent common opinion from becoming so absurd as this, it is undeniable that, in the popular fancy of young men, Sir Robert Peel is the Liberal minister who repealed the com-laws and carried Catholic emancipation. The world is forgetting that he was once the favourite leader of the old Tory party-the steady opponent of Mr. Canning, and the steady adherent of Lord Sidmouth and Lord Eldon. We remember his great reforms, of which we daily feel the benefit; we forget that, during a complete political WILLIAM PITT 3 generation, he was the most plausible supporter of ancient pre- judices, and the most decent advocate of inveterate abuses. Mr. Pitt's fate has been very similar, but far less fortunate. The event in his life most deeply implanted in the popular memory is his resistance to the French Revolution; it is this which has made him the object of affection to extreme Tories, and of suspicion and distrust to reasonable Liberals. Yet no rash inference was ever more unfounded and false. It can be proved that, in all the other parts of Mr. Pitt's life, the natural tendency of his favourite plan was uniformly Liberal; that, at the time of the French Revolution itself, he only did what the immense majority of the English people, even of the cultivated English people, deliberately desired; that he did it anxiously, with many misgivings, and in opposition to his natural inclina- tions; that it is very dubious whether, in the temper of the French nation and the temper of the English nation, a war be- tween them could by possibility have been avoided at that juncture; that, in his administration and under his auspices, the spirit of legislative improvement which characterises modern times may almost be said to begin; that he was the first Eng- lish minister who discussed political questions with the cultivated thoughtfulness and considerate discretion which seem to char- acterise us now; that, in political instruction, he was immeasur- ably superior to Fox, and that in the practical application of just principles to ordinary events, he was equally superior to Burke. There are two kinds of statesmen to whom, at different times, representative government gives an opportunity and a career-dictators and administrators. There are certain men who are called in conjunctures of great danger to save the State. When national peril was imminent, all nations have felt it need- ful to select the best man who could be found-for better, for worse; to put unlimited trust in him; to allow him to do whatever he wished, and to leave undone whatever he did not approve of. The qualities which are necessary for a dictator are two-a commanding character and an original intellect. All other qualities are secondary. Regular industry, a concilia- tory disposition, a power of logical exposition, and argumenta- I * 4 WILLIAM PITT tive discussion, which are necessary to a Parliamentary statesman in ordinary times, are not essential to the selected dictator of a particular juncture. If he have force of character to overawe men into trusting him, and originality of intellect sufficient to enable him to cope with the pressing, terrible, and critical events with which he is selected to cope, it is enough. Every subordinate shortcoming, every incidental defect, will be par- doned. " Save us !" is the cry of the moment; and, in the confident hope of safety, any deficiency will be overlooked, and any frailty pardoned. The genius requisite for a great administrator is not so imposing, but it is, perhaps, equally rare, and needs a more pe- culiar combination of qualities. Ordinary administrators are very common: every-day life requires and produces every-day persons. But a really great administrator thinks not only of the day but of the morrow; does not only what he must but what he wants; is eager to extirpate every abuse, and on the watch for every improvement; is on a level with the highest political thought of his time, and persuades his age to be ruled according to it-to permit him to embody it in policy and in laws. Administration in this large sense includes legislation, for it is concerned with the far-seeing regulation of future con- duct, as well as with the limited management of the present. Great dictators are doubtless rare in political history; but they are not more so than great administrators, such as we have just defined them. It is not easy to manage any age; it is not easy to be on a level with the highest thought of any age; but to manage that age according to that highest thought is among the most arduous tasks of the world. The intellectual character of a dictator is noble but simple; that of a great ad- ministrator and legislator is also complex. The exact description of Mr. Pitt is, that he had in the most complete perfection the faculties of a great administrator, and that he added to it the commanding temperament, though not the creative intellect, of a great dictator.
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