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Online Hate Speech Measuring trends in online hate speech victimisation Summary of findings and exposure, and attitudes • Overall, 15% of New Zealand adults reported having been personally targeted in New Zealand with online hate speech in the last 12 months. Prepared by Dr. Edgar Pacheco & Neil Melhuish • Compared to our 2018 survey, this result is What is this about? higher by 4 percentage points. On 15 March 2019 a devastating terrorist attack • Over one third of personal experiences of against the Al-Noor Mosque and the Linwood online hate speech occurred after the Christchurch attacks. Islamic Centre in Christchurch killed 51 people and injured 49, some seriously. In addition to • Half of Muslim respondents said they were the tragic loss of life, the attack generated one personally targeted with online hate in the last 12 months. Prevalence was also more of the most significant online safety challenges common among Hindus. New Zealand has experienced. In the immediate aftermath a text reportedly written by • Similar to 2018, people with disabilities and the attacker that included racist and identifiying as non-heterosexuals were also targeted at higher rates. discriminatory language and a livestream video of the attack went viral and continued to • About 3 in 10 adult New Zealanders say reverberate across the internet. they have seen or encountered online hate speech content that targeted someone About 46 minutes after the attack began, else. Netsafe received its first call from the public • Nearly 7 in 10 New Zealand adults think about this content being accessible online. It that online hate speech is spreading. went onto receive just under 600 enquiries and • Over 8 in 10 adults believe that social complaints in the days following. While most of media platforms should do more to stop these were about content showing the online hate speech. shootings, many were from people complaining • While three-quarters would support new they had received or witnessed hateful digital legislation to stop online hate, a similar communications inspired by the attack. The proportion considers that more than that is Netsafe contact centre team worked closely needed to prevent its spread. with its trusted government and industry • At the same time, a large majority, 8 in 10, partners to help remove video and other related believe that everyone has a role to play in content from the internet. addressing hateful speech. In response to the way that social media was • More than half disagreed with the idea that used as a tool to distribute images of the people should be entitled to say whatever they want online. A quarter do not have an attacks, the New Zealand and French opinion. governments joined to bring together Heads of 1 State and Government and leaders from the and services and provide research-based technology sector to adopt the Christchurch evidence for others working to address online Call1 . The Christchurch Call is a commitment by safety issues. The topic of this report sits within governments and technology companies to the scope of the Act’s ten communications eliminate terrorist and violent extremist content principles that together describe a range of from the internet. Netsafe is a member of the potentially harmful types of online Christchurch Call Advisory Network of civil communications3. Specifically, principle 10 society organisations, reflecting its engagement extends to a limited set of communications in tackling related issues and its commitment to which could be considered hateful in nature4. continuing to share its experience and expertise. Netsafe’s extensive and original research programme also includes collaborations with In 2018 we conducted a study to explore adult international partners. As part of this study we New Zealanders’ personal experiences of, and shared background information and our exposure to, online hate speech. The results questionnaire with the Australian Office of the from that research2 provided the first nationally eSafety Commissioner to enable comparison representative measure of the extent and between the experiences of the two countries’ nature of online hate speech in New Zealand. internet users. The results of this will be published in early 2020. Following the Christchurch attacks, we decided to build on and extend last year’s study. As a It is our hope that the insights in this report result, we have prepared this report which contribute relevant evidence to inform presents the findings from our 2019 study. The discussion about sensitive issues related to report provides valuable insights to inform the online hate speech in New Zealand. We also current public debate and academic analysis on believe that this work usefully adds to the the topic of online hate speech in the aftermath growing international body of research on this of the Christchurch attacks. Our main objective topic. Finally, the delivery of this report reflects was to examine trends in the online hate Netsafe’s broad commitment to government, speech experiences of New Zealanders by industry, academics and others to address comparing results from 2018 and 2019. To the online safety issues with research-based best of our knowledge, this is the only study evidence about online behaviours and the that compares annual trends in online hate in impact of digital communications in New New Zealand. Zealand. A contribution of this study, compared to last What we know so far year’s research, is that we took a closer look at religion as a relevant demographic variable to Despite the importance of understanding the measure online hate. Another innovation is that extent of online hate speech, there is little this study explored public perceptions about published data on the topic in New Zealand. issues related to online hate speech, such as Among the few available studies, research whether they think hateful online content is conducted by Netsafe in 2017 regarding harmful growing in New Zealand and around the world. digital communications found that in the prior year 9% of participants received a digital Netsafe carries out research as a wider part of communication that said offensive things about its statutory role as approved agency under the their lifestyle, or their religious or political beliefs Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015 to (Pacheco & Melhuish, 2018a). Another study on inform the design and delivery of its resources racial abuse online (see ActionStation, 2019) 1 https://www.christchurchcall.com 2 Online Hate Speech: A Survey on Personal Experiences and Exposure Among Adult New Zealanders https://ssrn.com/abstract=3272148 3 See Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015, s 6(1). 4 Principle 10: A digital communication should not denigrate a person’s colour, race, ethnic or national origins, religion, gender, sexual orientation or disability. 2 focused on its prevalence among Māori, Pacific this finding is part of a larger research project5 and Asian people. However, both studies, while regarding different types of online risks, more useful, provide a narrow definition of hate research is still required to understand in depth speech and/or limited evidence about the New Zealand children’s experiences of and the extent of this phenomenon. impact of hateful speech. The first nationally representative study on the All the insights highlighted above broadly depict topic was conducted a year later by Netsafe. the extent of online hate speech in New The research sought to measure adult New Zealand. However, as government agencies are Zealanders’ personal experiences of and not currently required to systematically collect exposure to hateful speech in the prior year. data on this type of incident (Greenfield & Overall, Netsafe’s study found that 11% of Menon, 2019; Spoonley, 2018), there is a lack of respondents were personally targeted with longitudinal evidence of trends in this respect. online hate with higher rates among minority Also, apart from measuring the prevalence of ethnic groups, younger adults, males, people personal experiences of and exposure to online with disabilities, and non-heterosexual hate, another knowledge gap regards our respondents. Similarly, the study found that limited understanding of public attitudes religion followed by political views and towards different aspects related to hateful appearance were the most common perceived online content. With only a handful of New reasons for hate speech victimisation (see Zealand-based empirical investigations, there is, Pacheco & Melhuish, 2018b). In regard to thus, a need for more research and robust exposure, about 3 in 10 of adult New evidence; otherwise, intended policies and Zealanders indicated having seen hateful responses to prevent hate speech might be at speech that targeted someone else (Pacheco & risk of falling short. The aspects highlighted Melhuish, 2018b). Although the study did not here are critical especially in the aftermath of collect data based on people’s religious the Christchurch attack. We are confident the affiliation, it provides robust measures and insights provided in this study will help to inform personal accounts of emotional impact, public conversation and the implementation of concluding that online hate speech in New strategies and activities to ensure all New Zealand is more likely to target minorities Zealanders, no matter what their characteristics, (Pacheco & Melhuish, 2018b). are safe online to benefit from the multiple opportunities of the digital environment. On the other hand, international survey-based research on online
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