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Administrative National Security
ARTICLES Administrative National Security ELENA CHACHKO* In the past two decades, the United States has applied a growing num- ber of foreign and security measures directly targeting individualsÐ natural or legal persons. These individualized measures have been designed and carried out by administrative agencies. Widespread appli- cation of individual economic sanctions, security watchlists and no-¯y lists, detentions, targeted killings, and action against hackers responsible for cyberattacks have all become signi®cant currencies of U.S. foreign and security policy. Although the application of each of these measures in discrete contexts has been studied, they have yet to attract an inte- grated analysis. This Article examines this phenomenon with two main aims. First, it documents what I call ªadministrative national securityº: the growing individualization of U.S. foreign and security policy, the administrative mechanisms that have facilitated it, and the judicial response to these mechanisms. Administrative national security encompasses several types of individualized measures that agencies now apply on a routine, inde®- nite basis through the exercise of considerable discretion within a broad framework established by Congress or the President. It is therefore best understood as an emerging practice of administrative adjudication in the foreign and security space. Second, this Article considers how administrative national security integrates with the presidency and the courts. Accounting for administra- tive national security illuminates the President's constitutional role as chief executive and commander-in-chief and his control of key aspects of * Lecturer on Law, Harvard Law School (Fall 2019); Post-doctoral Fellow, Perry World House, University of Pennsylvania; S.J.D. Candidate, Harvard Law School; LL.B., Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2014). -
The Hidden Costs of Terrorist Watch Lists
University of Chicago Law School Chicago Unbound Journal Articles Faculty Scholarship 2013 The Hidden Costs of Terrorist Watch Lists Anya Bernstein Follow this and additional works at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/journal_articles Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Anya Bernstein, "The Hidden Costs of Terrorist Watch Lists," 61 Buffalo Law Review 461 (2013). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal Articles by an authorized administrator of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BUFFALO LAW REVIEW VOLUME 61 MAY 2013 NUMBER 3 The Hidden Costs of Terrorist Watch Lists ANYA BERNSTEIN† INTRODUCTION The No Fly List, which is used to block suspected terrorists from flying, has been in use for years. But the government still appears “stymied” by the “relatively straightforward question” of what people who “believe they have been wrongly included on” that list should do.1 In recent months, courts have haltingly started to provide their own answer, giving some individuals standing to sue to remove their names or receive additional process.2 This step is particularly important as the No Fly List continues † Bigelow Fellow and Lecturer in Law, The University of Chicago Law School. J.D., Yale Law School; Ph.D., Anthropology, The University of Chicago. Thanks to Daniel Abebe, Ian Ayres, Alexander Boni-Saenz, Anthony Casey, Anjali Dalal, Nicholas Day, Bernard Harcourt, Aziz Huq, Jerry Mashaw, Jonathan Masur, Nicholas Parrillo, Victoria Schwartz, Lior Strahilevitz, Laura Weinrib, Michael Wishnie, and James Wooten for helpful commentary. -
Tracing Terrorists: the EU-Canada Agreement in PNR Matters
Tracing Terrorists: The EU-Canada Agreement in PNR Matters CEPS Special Report/September 2008 Revised version 17.11.2008 Peter Hobbing Abstract Enhancing border security in support of the global ‘war against terrorism’ is very much in vogue these days, in particular as regards the control of air passengers. Seven years after 9/11, this trend is yet unbroken. While the build-up of defences occurs in most cases at the one-sided expense of civil liberties, the EU-Canada Agreement of 2005 is different: quite justly, it holds the reputation of a well-balanced instrument respecting the interests of citizens. Still, instead of serving as a model for future instruments, the Agreement rather runs the risk of being scrapped at the next possible occasion. A close look at the passenger name record (PNR) ‘mainstream’, as embodied by the EU-US branch of transatlantic relations with four Agreements rapidly succeeding between 2004 and 2008, reveals the opposite tendency away from data protection and towards an unconditional tightening of controls. This report undertakes to examine the doubtful benefits of such an approach by assessing the price to pay inter alia for ‘false positive’ mismatches and other collateral damages, while the actual achievement of a higher degree of public security remains very much in the dark, mostly owing to the impossibility of making all borders 100% secure. As a result, no critical reason emerges for taking leave of the good practices established by the EU-Canada instrument. This work was prepared as part of the EU–Canada project – The Changing Landscape of Justice and Home Affairs Cooperation in the European Union and EU–Canada Relations – funded by the European Commission, Directorate-General for External Relations, Relations with the US and Canada. -
9/11 Report”), July 2, 2004, Pp
Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page i THE 9/11 COMMISSION REPORT Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page v CONTENTS List of Illustrations and Tables ix Member List xi Staff List xiii–xiv Preface xv 1. “WE HAVE SOME PLANES” 1 1.1 Inside the Four Flights 1 1.2 Improvising a Homeland Defense 14 1.3 National Crisis Management 35 2. THE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW TERRORISM 47 2.1 A Declaration of War 47 2.2 Bin Ladin’s Appeal in the Islamic World 48 2.3 The Rise of Bin Ladin and al Qaeda (1988–1992) 55 2.4 Building an Organization, Declaring War on the United States (1992–1996) 59 2.5 Al Qaeda’s Renewal in Afghanistan (1996–1998) 63 3. COUNTERTERRORISM EVOLVES 71 3.1 From the Old Terrorism to the New: The First World Trade Center Bombing 71 3.2 Adaptation—and Nonadaptation— ...in the Law Enforcement Community 73 3.3 . and in the Federal Aviation Administration 82 3.4 . and in the Intelligence Community 86 v Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page vi 3.5 . and in the State Department and the Defense Department 93 3.6 . and in the White House 98 3.7 . and in the Congress 102 4. RESPONSES TO AL QAEDA’S INITIAL ASSAULTS 108 4.1 Before the Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania 108 4.2 Crisis:August 1998 115 4.3 Diplomacy 121 4.4 Covert Action 126 4.5 Searching for Fresh Options 134 5. -
Gun Control to Major Tom: an Analysis of Failed Gun Regulations and the Terrorist Watchlist Paolo G
University of Massachusetts Law Review Volume 12 | Issue 2 Article 3 Gun Control to Major Tom: An Analysis of Failed Gun Regulations and the Terrorist Watchlist Paolo G. Corso Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.umassd.edu/umlr Part of the National Security Law Commons, and the Second Amendment Commons Recommended Citation Corso, Paolo G. () "Gun Control to Major Tom: An Analysis of Failed Gun Regulations and the Terrorist Watchlist," University of Massachusetts aL w Review: Vol. 12 : Iss. 2 , Article 3. Available at: http://scholarship.law.umassd.edu/umlr/vol12/iss2/3 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship Repository @ University of Massachusetts chooS l of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Massachusetts Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship Repository @ University of Massachusetts chooS l of Law. Gun Control to Major Tom: An Analysis of Failed Gun Regulations and the Terrorist Watchlist Paolo G. Corso 12 U. MASS. L. REV. 376 ABSTRACT As a division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s National Security Branch, the Terrorist Screening Center maintains the Terrorist Watchlist, a central database for identifying individuals known or suspected to engage in terrorism or terrorist activities. Subsumed under the Terrorist Watchlist is the No Fly List, which prohibits individuals from boarding commercial aircrafts in and out of the United States. Placement on either list presumes named individuals as a potential threat to U.S. national security, yet there is no restriction preventing them from legally purchasing firearms. Following a mass shooting at an Orlando nightclub in June of 2016, which was perpetrated by an individual recently removed from the Terrorist Watchlist, the Senate proposed two gun control measures specifically aimed at preventing individuals on the Terrorist Watchlist from purchasing firearms. -
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
(1 of 64) Case: 17-35634, 10/21/2019, ID: 11470596, DktEntry: 85-1, Page 1 of 60 FOR PUBLICATION UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT FAISAL NABIN KASHEM; RAYMOND No. 17-35634 EARL KNAEBLE IV; AMIR MESHAL; STEPHEN DURGA PERSAUD, D.C. No. Plaintiffs-Appellants, 3:10-cv-00750- BR v. WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General; OPINION CHRISTOPHER A. WRAY; CHARLES H. KABLE IV, Director, Defendants-Appellees. Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Oregon Anna J. Brown, District Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted October 9, 2018 Portland, Oregon Filed October 21, 2019 Before: Raymond C. Fisher and Consuelo M. Callahan, Circuit Judges, and Cathy Ann Bencivengo, District Judge.* Opinion by Judge Fisher * The Honorable Cathy Ann Bencivengo, United States District Judge for the Southern District of California, sitting by designation. (2 of 64) Case: 17-35634, 10/21/2019, ID: 11470596, DktEntry: 85-1, Page 2 of 60 2 KASHEM V. BARR SUMMARY** No Fly List The panel affirmed the district court’s summary judgment in favor of the United States government in an action alleging that plaintiffs’ inclusion on the No Fly List, prohibiting them from boarding commercial aircraft flying to, from or within the United States or through United States airspace, violates their procedural and substantive due process rights. The panel held that the district court properly rejected plaintiffs’ as-applied vagueness challenges. The panel determined that the No Fly List criteria are not impermissibly vague merely because they require a prediction of future criminal conduct, or because they do not delineate what factors are relevant to that determination. -
From Blacklists to Watch Lists
Designating the Dangerous: From Blacklists to Watch Lists DanielJ. Steinbockt I. INTRODUCTION Ring Lardner, Jr. was one of the Hollywood Ten, a group of screenwriters cited for contempt of Congress in 1947 for refusing to an- swer the question: "Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party?"' He eventually served nine months in federal prison for contempt of Congress, but as soon as he refused to testify, he was placed on a blacklist-the widespread refusal by film, radio, and televi- sion producers to hire real or suspected Communists. Blacklisting, along with the dismissals or denial of employment as a result of "loyalty" and "security" investigations, truncated or distorted thousands of careers and was an integral part of the late 1940s and 1950s period of national suspi- cion that is now often referred to as the "McCarthy era.",2 Lardner him- self suffered professionally and financially for years, but he gradually recovered his career, first by writing under pseudonyms, and then, fi- nally, in his own right. His refusal to "name names" ultimately led to his t Harold A. Anderson Professor of Law and Values, University of Toledo College of Law. B.A., J.D., Yale University. The author greatly appreciates the comments, and particularly the historical perspective, of Rhoda Berkowitz and Joseph Slater and the contribution of David A. Harris. Travis Shackelford and Dan Henry provided valuable research assistance. The financial support of the Harold A. Anderson Professorship is gratefully acknowledged. Careful readers may notice the difference in word formation for the two kinds of lists discussed in this article: "blacklists" and "watch lists." Over time, the name for the 1950s lists of suspected Communists came to be expressed in one word. -
The Flap with No Fly—Does the No Fly List Violate Privacy and Due Process Constitutional Protections?
The Flap with No Fly—Does the No Fly List Violate Privacy and Due Process Constitutional Protections? INTRODUCTION “[T]he Court concludes on this record that Plaintiffs have a constitutionally-protected liberty interest in traveling internationally by air, which is affected by being placed on the list.”1 With these words, on August 28, 2013, a federal court recognized for the first time that when an American’s name is placed on the ‘No Fly List,’ it deprives her of a constitutionally protected liberty interest.2 The above quote was an excerpt from the Latif v. Holder case.3 In the case, thirteen plaintiffs, including four U.S. military veterans, sued the government after being stopped from boarding various aircrafts.4 The plaintiffs claimed that they were prevented from flying because they were on the federal No Fly List.5 The plaintiffs also complained that they had been prohibited from traveling overseas to make religious pilgrimages, visiting family, and attending school abroad.6 The complaint contended that other means of travel, such as by boat, would have lasted more than a month, and thus would have been impractical.7 The primary issue raised in Latif is not a new one. A number of similar challenges to the No Fly List program have been raised since the modern No Fly List was instituted in response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. In addition, the American Civil Liberties Union (“ACLU”) has challenged the No Fly List program on the grounds that the government has provided individuals with no meaningful opportunity to object to being placed on the No Fly List.8 Until the court’s decision in Latif, however, those claims have been wholly rejected.9 At the foundation of the No Fly List is the terrorist watchlist. -
Secret Jurisdiction
Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law Hofstra Law Faculty Scholarship 2016 Secret Jurisdiction Irina D. Manta Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University Cassandra Burke Robertson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/faculty_scholarship Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Irina D. Manta and Cassandra Burke Robertson, Secret Jurisdiction, 65 Emory L. J. 1313 (2016) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/faculty_scholarship/1266 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hofstra Law Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SECRET JURISDICTION Irina D. Manta' CassandraBurke Robertson" ABSTRACT So-called "confidentiality creep" after the events of 911 has given rise to travel restrictionsthat lack constitutionalityand do nothing to improve airline security. The Executive Branch's procedures for imposing such restrictions rely on several layers of secrecy: a secret standardfor inclusion on the no-fly list, secret procedures for nominating individuals to the list, and secret evidence to support that decision. This combination results in an overall system we call "secretjurisdiction, " in which individuals wanting to challenge their inclusion on the list are unable to learn the specific evidence against them, the substantive standardfor their inclusion on the list, or the process used to put them there. The Executive Branch has argued that its decision to put someone on the no-fly list should be judged by a minimal "reasonable suspicion" standard. -
MWAA AE Series 2010AB
NEW ISSUE /BOOK-ENTRY ONLY In the respective opinions of Co‑Bond Counsel to the Airports Authority to be delivered upon the issuance of the Series 2010A-B Bonds, under existing law and assuming compliance by the Airports Authority with certain requirements of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), that must be met subsequent to the issuance of the Series 2010A-B Bonds, with which the Airports Authority has certified, represented and covenanted its compliance: (i) interest on the Series 2010A-B Bonds is excluded from gross income for federal income tax purposes, except for any period during which such Series 2010A-B Bonds are held by a person who is a “substantial user” of the facilities financed or a “related” person, as those terms are used in Section 147(a) of the Code; (ii) interest on the Series 2010A Bonds is not a specific preference item or included in a corporation’s adjusted current earnings for purposes of the federal alternative minimum tax; and (iii) interest on the Series 2010B Bonds is an item of tax preference for purposes of the federal alternative minimum tax imposed on individuals, trusts, estates and corporations. Also, in the respective opinions of Co‑Bond Counsel to be delivered upon the issuance of the Series 2010A-B Bonds, under existing law, interest on the Series 2010A-B Bonds is exempt from income taxation by the Commonwealth of Virginia and is exempt from all taxation of the District of Columbia except estate, inheritance and gift taxes. See “TAX MATTERS” for a more detailed discussion. -
Homeland Security: Air Passenger Prescreening and Counterterrorism
Order Code RL32802 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Homeland Security: Air Passenger Prescreening and Counterterrorism March 4, 2005 Bart Elias Specialist in Aviation Safety, Security, and Technology Resources, Science, and Industry Division William Krouse Specialist in Domestic Security Domestic Social Policy Division Ed Rappaport Analyst in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress Homeland Security: Air Passenger Prescreening and Counterterrorism Summary The adequacy of existing systems to screen air passengers against terrorist watch lists has been questioned, most notably by the 9/11 Commission. Yet, considerable controversy surrounds air passenger prescreening systems, such as the “No Fly” or “Automatic Selectee” lists, underscoring that screening passengers for more intensive searches of their persons or baggage, or to prevent them from boarding an aircraft in the event of a terrorist watch list hit, is likely to be a difficult proposition for the federal agencies tasked with aviation security. Today, those agencies principally include the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS’s) Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)-administered Terrorist Screening Center (TSC). In October 2004, TSA unveiled the Secure Flight test program — the next generation domestic air passenger prescreening system. Secure Flight consists of four elements: (1) a streamlined rule for more intensive screening; (2) an identity authentication process; (3) a passenger name check against the consolidated terrorist screening database (TSDB); and (4) an appeals process for passengers who may have been misidentified. The TSC has consolidated the “No Fly” and “Automatic Selectee” lists with the TSDB. -
Airport Passenger Screening: Background and Issues for Congress
= .75479= &88*3,*7=(7**3.3,a=&(0,74:3)=&3)= 88:*8=+47=43,7*88= &79=1.&8= 5*(.&1.89=.3= ;.&9.43=41.(>= 57.1=,-`=,**3= 43,7*88.43&1= *8*&7(-=*7;.(*= 18/1**= <<<_(78_,4;= .*/.-= =*5479=+47=43,7*88 Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress .75479=&88*3,*7=(7**3.3,a=&(0,74:3)=&3)=88:*8=+47=43,7*88= = :22&7>= Over the next several years, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) will likely face continuing challenges to address projected growth in passenger airline travel while maintaining and improving upon the efficiency and effectiveness of passenger screening operations. New initiatives to expand the role of TSA personnel beyond screening operations, as well as initiatives to improve screening efficiency and effectiveness through the deployment of new technologies, will likely require additional investment. In addition to annual appropriations of $250 million in FY2008 and FY2009, a portion of the $1 billion identified for aviation security in the stimulus measure (P.L. 111-5) has been designated for acquiring and deploying technologies to screen passengers for explosives. However, policymakers and aviation security planners have not yet agreed upon a well-defined strategy and plan for evolving airline passenger and baggage screening functions to incorporate new technologies, capabilities, and procedures to more effectively and efficiently detect potential threats to aviation security. Ongoing challenges to maintaining and improving upon screening functions include: addressing the potential impacts of projected airline passenger traffic growth on screening operations; optimizing screening efficiency and minimizing passenger wait times; addressing potential airport space constraints for screening checkpoints and equipment; improving the capability to detect explosives at passenger checkpoints; optimizing inline explosives detection systems for checked baggage; developing strategic plans for addressing screening technology and human factors needs; and defining the funding requirements to implement these strategic plans.