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IV. Babylonian Documents from North Mesopotamia A

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IV. Babylonian Documents from North Mesopotamia A IV. Babylonian Documents from North Mesopotamia A. R. GEORGE In the second millennium BC the Assyrian dia- into the eastern °abur triangle. The Schøyen lect of Akkadian was spoken and written by Collection houses nine cuneiform tablets which natives of Assur on the Tigris, both at home in have in common that they certainly come from Assyria and abroad in their trading outposts. To north Mesopotamia and are written in provin- the west of Assyria, in the “°abur triangle” (the cial varieties of Old and Middle Babylonian. catchment area of the °abur river) and along the They fall into three groups, roughly dating to Euphrates, the chief written language was Baby- the mid-eighteenth (A), the late seventeenth (B) lonian in various provincial forms, at different times with intrusions of Assyrian dialect and of and the fourteenth centuries respectively (C). the local languages, Amorite and Hurrian. By Another two tablets (D), which exhibit a script the Mittani period, in the Late Bronze Age, type that dates from early in the second millen- Assyrian dialect became more widely used out- nium, are possibly, but not definitely, from side Assyria, as Assyrian businessmen moved north Mesopotamia. A. OLD BABYLONIAN TABLETS FROM TELL LEILAN Two small square tablets in the collection share doned. The archive has been partly published by the number MS 1875. The dating of one of them Marc Van De Mieroop (1994). It is dated by the by the Assyrian eponym official (l‹mu) Sassapu Assyrian eponym officials AÍÍur-takl⁄ku, Sas- (formerly read Zazzabu) led quickly to the dis- sapu and AÓu-waqar, whom the archive showed covery that both tablets are strays from an to have held office in consecutive years. This administrative archive otherwise known from succession has since been confirmed by the new 643 tablets excavated at Tell Leilan in the eastern eponym-list from Kültepe (Günbattı 2008: 109 portion of the °abur triangle. The archive was ll. 92–94), and the three eponyms can be allo- found in 1991 in Room 12 of a building called cated the years 1767–1765 BC in the middle by the excavators the “Northern Lower Town chronology (REL years 206–8, Barjamovic et al. Palace” (Akkermans et al. 1991; Ristvet and 2012: 96). Weiss 2011: xxxiv–xxxv). Tell Leilan (ancient The key figure in the archive is a man called fieÓn⁄, fiubat-Enlil) was the capital of the state Mutu-ramê, who was in charge of procuring built by Samsi-Addu (fiamÍ‹-Adad I of Assyria), brewing ingredients and supervising the deliv- but these tablets belong to the period of insta- ery and distribution of beer. Between them texts bility after his death (Eidem 2011: 2–3), during Nos. 57 and 58 document both activities. Among which the building and archive were aban- those who regularly received allowances (sá- 95 96 Assyrian Archival Texts SAG, for sá-dug4 = sattukku) of beer from Mutu- 342–43; Charpin and Ziegler 2003: 205; Eidem ramê were the “king’s servant women”, prob- 2012: 229). That function would not have pre- ably the women of a royal harem (Van De Mie- cluded its use as Qarni-Lim’s personal resi- roop 1994: 336). dence, where his visits could be sweetened by a Like other tablets recording disbursements harem. The house was presumably abandoned in the archive, No. 57 is sealed with the cylinder in the wake of his flight and assassination seal of a certain fiamaÍ-dayy⁄n, servant of Qarni- (Charpin 1994, Heimpel 1996). Lim. The latter was king of Andarig, and it As is the case with other tablets in the seems that the mansion where Mutu-ramê’s archive, the act of sealing has partly obliterated archive was found was an establishment main- the text, but some lines can be restored as well- tained for him at fiubat-Enlil. Some have iden- attested formulae. tified it as an embassy (Van De Mieroop 1994: No... 57 MS 1875/1 Plll... LXV obv. 1–5 1 9 sìla kaÍ-sig5 9 litres fine ale, allowance of the king’s 2 ‚sáŸ-SAG gémemeÍ lugal servant women; 24 litres, the litter-bearers; ≈ 3 ‚2Ÿ-bán 4 sìla ‚Ía nuŸ-ba-lim litre, KileÍ-ewri; 6ƒ litres, issued variously. 4 ≈ sìla ‚ki-le-eÍŸ-ew-ri 6–8 Total 40 litres fine ale, by [the] menials’ 56ƒ sìla zi-ga didli [measure,] issued [by Mutu-ramê.] rev. 9–11 Month Dumuzi (X), day 14, eponym [AÍÍur-takl⁄ku.] 6 ‚ÍuŸ-nigin 4-bán kaÍ-sig5 7 i-n[a giÍbán] ‚ki-naŸ-[te-e] seal inscription 8 zi-[ga] ‚muŸ-[tu-ra-me-e] 1 dutu-[di-kud] blank space 2 ìr qar-[ni-li-im] 9 ‚itiŸ ddumu-zi fiamaÍ-[dayy⁄n,] servant of Qarni-[lim.] 10 ud 14-‚kamŸ edge 11 li-mu d[a-Íur-ták-la-ku] Babylonian Documents from North Mesopotamia 97 No... 58 MS 1875/2 Plll... LXVI 1–6 obv. 40 litres malt, 10 litres fine beer-bread, in 1 4-bán munu4 the menials’ measure, received by Mutu-ramê, 2 1-bán báppir-sig5 under the control of Zunnan, from . 3 i-na giÍbán ki-na-te-e 7–9 Month Niqmum (I), day 10, eponym Sas- 4 Íu-ti-a sapu. rev. Note 5 mu-tu-ra-‚meŸ-e 6 gìr ‚zu-un-na-an?Ÿ i-na na-aÓ-‚SALŸ 6. Another tablet in the archive, recording 7 itini-iq-mi-im Mutu-ramê’s receipt of three homers of 8 ud 10-kam malt, has the description ina NA.fiE.NI, gìr 9 li-mu sà-as-sà-pu Zunnan (Van De Mieroop 1994: 313 sub X 28). Zunnan appears in the same capacity in several other documents from the archive and must be intended here. The other phrase in that line is perhaps somehow to be rec- onciled with our na-aÓ-SAL. B. LATE OLD BABYLONIAN TABLETS FROM TIGUN©NUM The archive of the palace of king Tunip-TeÍÍub potamia, on a river crossing, perhaps (but not of Tigun⁄num (or Tikunani) came to the notice certainly) near Bismil on the upper Tigris of scholarship in the late 1980s and is now dis- (Charpin 2000, 2014, Miller 2001). Some of the tributed among various different collections. contents of Tunip-TeÍÍub’s palace archive have Those published here bring to eleven the num- been described by Salvini, who published four ber of Tigun⁄num tablets identified in the items from it (1996), and by George, who made Schøyen Collection; others have been identified available twenty-two of the divinatory texts in Japan, Turkey and Switzerland, but the (2013: 101–28, 285–319). Though few other whereabouts of the majority are unknown.1 tablets have been published so far, the contents Tunip-TeÍÍub was a contemporary and vas- of the archive as a whole can be determined from sal of the Hittite ruler Hattusili I, for they cor- notes left by the late W. G. Lambert, who saw responded (Salvini 1994), and he thus ruled ca. many hundreds of tablets of the archive (but not 1630 BC in the conventional chronology. Tigu- all of it) in the late 1980s and early 1990s (Folios n⁄num was a town somewhere in north Meso- 7547–8209 etc. in his Nachlass). 1. Japan: divinatory tablets awaiting publication by Akio Tsukimoto (see George 2013: 102); Turkey: administrative tablet (Akdoran and Wilhelm 2010); Switzerland: divinatory fragment (izbum) to be pub- lished by Nicla De Zorzi (see De Zorzi 2014: 21). 98 Assyrian Archival Texts Administrative texts predominate, report- normal in north Mesopotamia from the era of ing the palace’s management of its flocks, weav- fiamÍ‹-Adad I or Samsi-Addu (see Charpin ing and metalworking. A small but important 2013) but the system was, ultimately, an Assyr- component of the archive is a batch of letters to ian one. Assyrian influence is also visible in the Tunip-TeÍÍub from equals and underlings that language of some of Tunip-TeÍÍub’s omen texts shed light on Tigun⁄num’s political and diplo- (George 2013: 106 i.a.1). matic relations with other towns of north Meso- Salvini describes the political-geographical potamia. The academic texts are mostly omen context as revealed by the texts available to him lists, but some lexical texts occur too (one pub- (1996: 11–12): he notes references to the “cities lished as Civil 2010: 127–28). A few religious rit- of °aÓÓum, Zalpar, NiÓrija, EluÓut, °urÍa- uals also appear, including one recording rites of num, AÍnakku, and Burundi”, many of them d “IÍtar lady of Ninet” (Folio 7630: pa-ar-‰í Ía iÍ8- way-stations on the trade route from Assyria to tár b¤let(nin) uruni-ne-etki). Ninet is Nineveh (Zie- the west (see further Miller 2001: 419–20). Oth- gler 2004: 19–20), the chief city of northern er well-known place names, all in north Meso- Assyria, and IÍtar of Ninet is thus the great god- potamia, feature in Lambert’s dossier: Karanâ dess of Nineveh. west of Nineveh, and three towns in the °abur The presence in Tunip-TeÍÍub’s palace of a triangle: Ilansura, Idamara‰ and fieÓnâ. In addi- ritual for the patron deity of Nineveh speaks for tion two Assyrian cities occur: Ninet, as already a close cultural and religious connection mentioned, and Assur. between Tigun⁄num and Nineveh. In a volume Tunip-TeÍÍub’s relations with Assyria are of Assyrian documents it seems appropriate to documented by letters that he received from present other evidence for connections be- two individuals who claim to be his peers.
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