A Survey of Gaps, Obstacles, and Technical Challenges for Hypersonic Applications
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Nasa X-15 Program
5 24,132 6 9 NASA X-15 PROGRAM By: T.D. Barnes - NASA Contractor - 1960s NASA contractors for the X-15 program were Bendix Field Engineering followed by Unitec, Inc. The NASA High Range Tracking stations were located at Ely and Beatty Nevada with main control being at Dryden/Edwards AFB in California. Personnel at the tracking stations consisted of a Station Manager, a Technical Advisor, and field engineers for the Mod-2 Radar, Data Transmission System, Communications, Telemetry, and Plant Maintenance/Generators. NASA had a site monitor at each tracking station to monitor our contractor operations. Though supporting flights of the X-15 was their main objective, they also participated in flights of the XB-70, the three Lifting Bodies, experimental Lunar Landing vehicles, and an occasional A-12/YF-12/SR-71 Blackbird flight. On mission days a NASA van picked up each member of the crew at their residence for the 4:20 a.m. trip to the tracking station 18 miles North of Beatty on the Tonopah Highway. Upon arrival each performed preflight calibrations and setup of their various systems. The liftoff of the B-52, with the X-15 tucked beneath its wing, seldom occurred after 9:00 a.m. due to the heat effect of the Mojave Desert making it difficult for the planes to acquire altitude. At approximately 0800 hours two pilots from Dryden would proceed uprange to evaluate the condition of the dry lake beds in the event of an emergency landing of the X-15 (always buzzing our station on the way up and back). -
Aeronautical Engineering
NASA/S P--1999-7037/S U P PL407 September 1999 AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING A CONTINUING BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH INDEXES National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center Scientific and Technical Information Program Office The NASA STI Program Office... in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected to the advancement of aeronautics and space papers from scientific and technical science. The NASA Scientific and Technical conferences, symposia, seminars, or other Information (STI) Program Office plays a key meetings sponsored or cosponsored by NASA. part in helping NASA maintain this important role. SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, technical, or historical information from The NASA STI Program Office is operated by NASA programs, projects, and missions, Langley Research Center, the lead center for often concerned with subjects having NASA's scientific and technical information. substantial public interest. The NASA STI Program Office provides access to the NASA STI Database, the largest collection TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. of aeronautical and space science STI in the English-language translations of foreign world. The Program Office is also NASA's scientific and technical material pertinent to institutional mechanism for disseminating the NASA's mission. results of its research and development activities. These results are published by NASA in the Specialized services that complement the STI NASA STI Report Series, which includes the Program Office's diverse offerings include following report types: creating custom thesauri, building customized databases, organizing and publishing research TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of results.., even providing videos. completed research or a major significant phase of research that present the results of For more information about the NASA STI NASA programs and include extensive data or Program Office, see the following: theoretical analysis. -
Overview of Nato Background on Scramjet Technology
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF NATO BACKGROUND ON SCRAMJET TECHNOLOGY J. Philip Drummond*, Marc Bouchez† and Charles R. McClinton‡ 1 Introduction The purpose of the present overview is to summarise the current knowledge of the NATO contributors. All the topics will be addressed in this chapter, with references and some examples. This background enhances the level of knowledge of the NATO scramjet community, which will be used for writing the specific chapters of the Report. Some previous overviews have been published on scramjet technology worldwide. One of the most documented within the available overviews on scramjet technology worldwide is [D1] from Dr. Tom Curran. NASA, DOD, the U.S. industry and global community have studied scramjet-powered hypersonic vehicles for over 40 years. Within the U.S. alone, NASA, DOD (DARPA, U.S. Navy and USAF), and industry have participated in hypersonic technology development. Over this time NASA Langley Research Center continuously studied hypersonic system design, aerothermodynamics, scramjet propulsion, propulsion-airframe integration, high temperature materials and structural architectures, and associated facilities, instrumentation and test methods. These modestly funded programs were substantially augmented during the National Aero-Space Plane (X-30) Program, which spent more than $3B between 1984 and 1995, and brought the DOD and other NASA Centers, universities and industry back into hypersonics. In addition, significant progress was achieved in all technologies required for hypersonic flight, and much of that technology was transferred into other programs, such as X-33, DC-X, X-37, X-43, etc. In addition, technology transfer impacted numerous other industries, including automotive, medical, sports and aerospace. -
GAO-21-378, HYPERSONIC WEAPONS: DOD Should Clarify
United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Addressees March 2021 HYPERSONIC WEAPONS DOD Should Clarify Roles and Responsibilities to Ensure Coordination across Development Efforts GAO-21-378 March 2021 HYPERSONIC WEAPONS DOD Should Clarify Roles and Responsibilities to Ensure Coordination across Development Efforts Highlights of GAO-21-378, a report to congressional addressees Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found Hypersonic missiles, which are an GAO identified 70 efforts to develop hypersonic weapons and related important part of building hypersonic technologies that are estimated to cost almost $15 billion from fiscal years 2015 weapon systems, move at least five through 2024 (see figure). These efforts are widespread across the Department times the speed of sound, have of Defense (DOD) in collaboration with the Department of Energy (DOE) and, in unpredictable flight paths, and are the case of hypersonic technology development, the National Aeronautics and expected to be capable of evading Space Administration (NASA). DOD accounts for nearly all of this amount. today’s defensive systems. DOD has begun multiple efforts to develop Hypersonic Weapon-related and Technology Development Total Reported Funding by Type of offensive hypersonic weapons as well Effort from Fiscal Years 2015 through 2024, in Billions of Then-Year Dollars as technologies to improve its ability to track and defend against them. NASA and DOE are also conducting research into hypersonic technologies. The investments for these efforts are significant. This report identifies: (1) U.S. government efforts to develop hypersonic systems that are underway and their costs, (2) challenges these efforts face and what is being done to address them, and (3) the extent to which the U.S. -
Research Training Group Grk 1095/1: "Aero-Thermodynamic Design of a Scramjet Propulsion System"
International Conference on Methods of Aerophysical Research, ICMAR 2008 RESEARCH TRAINING GROUP GRK 1095/1: "AERO-THERMODYNAMIC DESIGN OF A SCRAMJET PROPULSION SYSTEM" U. Gaisbauer 1), B. Weigand 2) 1) Institute for Aerodynamics and Gasdynamics, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 21, 70569 Stuttgart 2) Institute of Aerospace Thermodynamics, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 31, 70569 Stuttgart Overview In the near future vehicles for hypersonic flight as well as new two-stage reusable space transportation systems will be required. To be able to reach the hypersonic flight regime the use of air breathing propulsion systems with supersonic combustion is the main problem to be solved concerning the design and the overall vehicle conception of hypersonic aircrafts. In this context only the use of a scramjet- propulsion system meets all the aerodynamic and gas dynamic requirements and offers a real alternative towards the classical rocket driven systems. Moreover, it must always be kept in mind that scramjet-technologies are one of the key technologies for hypersonic flight. Accordingly, in Germany a working group was founded to concentrate the activities taking place at different universities and to continue the work done in the three so called “hypersonic” Special Research Centres (SFB) for more then 14 years. Consequently, the main scientific objective of all these projects networked within this new “Research Training Group GRK 1095/1” is the design and the development of a scramjet demonstrator engine using necessarily different experimental and numerical procedures and tools, provided by the involved scientists. This scramjet demonstrator engine includes all the highly integrated components like forebody, inlet, isolator, combustion chamber and nozzle, assigned to their specific use. -
Aerodynamic Study of a Small Hypersonic Plane
Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” Dottorato di Ricerca in Ingegneria Aerospaziale, Navale e della Qualità XXVII Ciclo Aerodynamic study of a small hypersonic plane Coordinatore: Ch.mo Prof. L. De Luca Candidata: Tutors: Ing. Vera D'Oriano Ch.mo Prof. R. Savino Ing. M. Visone (BLUE Engineering) Acknowledgements First I wish to thank my academic tutor Prof. Raffaele Savino, for offering me this precious opportunity and for his enthusiastic guidance. Next, I am immensely grateful to my company tutor, Michele Visone (Mike, for friends) for his technical support, despite his busy schedule, and for his constant encouragements. I also would like to thank the HyPlane team members: Rino Russo, Prof. Battipede and Prof. Gili, Francesco and Gennaro, for the fruitful collaborations. A special thank goes to all Blue Engineering guys (especially to Myriam) for making our site a pleasant and funny place to work. Many thanks to queen Giuly and Peppe "il pazzo", my adoptive family during my stay in Turin, and also to my real family, for the unconditional love and care. My greatest gratitude goes to my unique friends - my potatoes (Alle & Esa), my mentor Valerius and Franca - and to my soul mate Naso, to whom I dedicate this work. Abstract Access to Space is still in its early stages of commercialization. Most of the attention is currently focused on sub-orbital flights, which allow Space tourists to experiment microgravity conditions for a few minutes and to see a large area of the Earth, along with its curvature, from the stratosphere. Secondary markets directly linked to the commercial sub-orbital flights may include microgravity research, remote sensing, high altitude Aerospace technological testing and astronauts training, while a longer term perspective can also foresee point-to-point hypersonic transportation. -
Contacts: Isabel Morales, Museum of Science and Industry, (773) 947-6003 Renee Mailhiot, Museum of Science and Industry, (773) 947-3133
Contacts: Isabel Morales, Museum of Science and Industry, (773) 947-6003 Renee Mailhiot, Museum of Science and Industry, (773) 947-3133 A GLOSSARY OF TERMS Aerodynamics: The study of the properties of moving air, particularly of the interaction between the air and solid bodies moving through it. Afterburner: An auxiliary burner fitted to the exhaust system of a turbojet engine to increase thrust. Airfoil: A structure with curved surfaces designed to give the most favorable ratio of lift to drag in flight, used as the basic form of the wings, fins and horizontal stabilizer of most aircraft. Armstrong limit: The altitude that produces an atmospheric pressure so low (0.0618 atmosphere or 6.3 kPa [1.9 in Hg]) that water boils at the normal temperature of the human body: 37°C (98.6°F). The saliva in your mouth would boil if you were not wearing a pressure suit at this altitude. Death would occur within minutes from exposure to the vacuum. Autothrottle: The autopilot function that increases or decreases engine power,typically on larger aircraft. Avatar: An icon or figure representing a particular person in computer games, Internet forums, etc. Aerospace: The branch of technology and industry concerned with both aviation and space flight. Carbon fiber: Thin, strong, crystalline filaments of carbon, used as a strengthening material, especially in resins and ceramics. Ceres: A dwarf planet that orbits within the asteroid belt and the largest asteroid in the solar system. Chinook: The Boeing CH-47 Chinook is an American twin-engine, tandem-rotor heavy-lift helicopter. CST-100: The crew capsule spacecraft designed by Boeing in collaboration with Bigelow Aerospace for NASA's Commercial Crew Development program. -
The National Aerospace Plane Program: a Revolutionary Concept
ROBERT R. BARTHELEMY THE NATIONAL AEROSPACE PLANE PROGRAM: A REVOLUTIONARY CONCEPT The National AeroSpace Plane program is aimed at developing and demonstrating hypersonic tech nologies with the goal of achieving orbit with a single-stage vehicle. This article describes the technologi cal, programmatic, utilitarian, and conceptual aspects of the program. INTRODUCTION The National AeroSpace Plane (NASP) is a look into The NASP demonstration aircraft, the X-30 (Fig. 1), the future. It is a vision of the ultimate airplane, one will reach speeds of Mach 25, eight times faster than has capable of flying at speeds greater than 17,000 miles per ever been achieved with airbreathing aircraft. As it flies hour, twenty-five times the speed of sound. It is the at through the atmosphere from subsonic speeds to orbital tainment of a vehicle that can routinely fly from Earth velocities (Mach 25), its structure will be subjected to to space and back, from conventional airfields, in afford average temperatures well beyond anything ever achieved able ways. It represents the achievement of major tech in aircraft. While rocket-powered space vehicles like the nological breakthroughs that will have an enormous im shuttle minimize their trajectories through the atmo pact on the future growth of this nation. It is more than sphere, the X-30 will linger in the atmosphere in order a national aircraft development program, more than the to use the air as the oxidizer for its ramjet and scramjet synergy of revolutionary technologies, more than a capa engines. The NASP aircraft must use liquid or slush bility that may change the way we move through the hydrogen as its fuel, which will present new challenges world and the aerospace around it. -
1.Russian Information Weapons; 2.Baltic Department of Defense, Or the US Defenses (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) Against Government
Sponsor: USEUCOM Contract No.: W56KGU-17-C-0010 Project No.: 0719S120 The views expressed in this document are those of the author Three Discussions of Russian Concepts: and do not reflect the official policy or position of MITRE, the 1.Russian Information Weapons; 2.Baltic Department of Defense, or the US Defenses (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) against government. Russian Propaganda; and 3.Russia’s Development of Non-Lethal Weapons Author: Timothy Thomas March 2020 Approved for Public Release: Distribution Unlimited. Case Numbers 20-0235; 20-0050; 20-0051; 19-3194; and 20-0145. ©2020 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. McClean, VA 1 FOREWORD Russia has long been captivated by the power of information as a weapon, most notably in a historical sense using propaganda to influence and persuade audiences. With the onset of the information age, the concept’s development and application increased dramatically. The power of information-technologies when applied to weaponry increased the latter’s capabilities due to increased reconnaissance and precision applications. The power of social media was used to influence populations both at home and abroad. Both developments fit perfectly into Russia’s information warfare concept, whose two aspects are information-technical and information-psychological capabilities. Information’s universality, covertness, variety of software and hardware forms and implementation, efficiency of use when choosing a time and place of employment, and, finally, cost effectiveness make it a formidable commodity when assessed as weaponry. Russian efforts to define and use IWes are well documented. In the 1990s there were efforts to define information weapons (IWes) at the United Nations, efforts that failed. -
Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Supersonic Combustion and Characteristics of Supersonic Flames
Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Supersonic Combustion and Characteristics of Supersonic Flames Wenlei Luo Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Under the supervision of Professor Mohamed Pourkashanian Professor Derek Ingham Dr Lin Ma The University of Leeds School of Chemical and Process Engineering Energy Technology and Innovation Initiative (ETII) September, 2014 I The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own, except where work which has formed part of jointly authored publications has been included. The contribution of the candidate and the other authors to this work has been explicitly indicated below. The candidate confirms that appropriate credit has been given within the thesis where reference has been made to the work of others. The work contained within this thesis is my own primary research. The other authors were my supervisors who acted in an advisory role and gave suggestions regarding the research direction and analysis methods. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. © 2014 The University of Leeds and Wenlei Luo - II - Achievements and publications International conferences: W. Luo, L. Ma, D.B. Ingham, M. Pourkashanian, Z. Fan and W. Huang, Numerical investigation of reacting flow in a scramjet engine using flamelet and flamelet/progress variable models, 8th Mediterranean Combustion Symposium, Cesme, September 8-13, 2013. (Chapter 5) Journal papers: Zhouqin Fan, Weidong Liu, Mingbo Sun, Zhenguo Wang, Fengchen Zhuang, Wenlei Luo, Theoretical analysis of flamelet model for supersonic turbulent combustion. Science China Technological Sciences, 2012. -
Status and Perspectives of Hypersonic Systems and Technologies with Emphasis on the Role of Sub-Orbital Flight ∗ S
Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio, The Journal of Aerospace Science, Technology and Systems Status and Perspectives of Hypersonic Systems and Technologies with Emphasis on the Role of Sub-Orbital Flight ∗ S. Chiesaa, G. Russob, M. Fioritia, S. Corpinoa a Politecnico di Torino Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering b AIDAA Sez. Napoletana c/o Department of Industrial Engineering \Federico II" - University of Naples Abstract The relevance and the main features of Hypersonic Flight are shortly presented and discussed. A synthetic overview of the few realisations and of many studies, projects and technological demonstrators offers opportunity of point out many interesting aspects. Then the more actual realisations and studies are considered, with particular attention to the new sector of small suborbital planes for Space Tourism. That gives opportunity of proposing a Road Map for an affordable and logic development of Hypersonic Flight, passing through the development of a suborbital Space Tourism plane on the basis of an existing subsonic business jet. Then the suborbital plane will constitute the basis of developing an Hypersonic Cruise Business Jet and, as a next step, a TSTO. 1. Introduction 2. Hypersonic Flight Concept The hypersonic flight is a subject on which the ef- It is considered appropriate to establish a definition forts of basic and applied aerospace research have been of hypersonic aircraft, useful to define the topic of dis- focused over the years. These efforts consisted in cussion; we define hypersonic aircraft a system capable the development of several projects and correspond- of taking off and landing horizontally (HOTOL - Hori- ing technological fields, such as aerodynamics, propul- zontal Take Off and Landing), and capable of flying at sion, structures capable of withstanding high thermal a Mach higher than 4.5. -
Computer Modelling of Aerothermodynamic Characteristics for Hypersonic Vehicles
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 2014, 2, 115-123 Published Online April 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jamp http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2014.25015 Computer Modelling of Aerothermodynamic Characteristics for Hypersonic Vehicles Yuri Ivanovich Khlopkov, Anton Yurievich Khlopkov, Zay Yar Myo Myint Department of Aeromechanics and Flight Engineering, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Zhukovsky, Russia Email: [email protected], [email protected] Received December 2013 Abstract The purpose of this work is to describe the suitable methods for aerodynamic characteristics cal- culation of hypersonic vehicles in free molecular flow and the transitional regimes. Moving of the hypersonic vehicles at high altitude, it is necessary to know the behavior of its aerodynamic cha- racteristics for all flow regimes. Nowadays, various engineering approaches have been developed for modelling of aerodynamics of aircraft vehicle designs at initial state. The engineering method that described in this paper provides good results for the aerodynamic characteristics of various geometry designs of hypersonic vehicles in the transitional regime. In this paper present the cal- culation results of aerodynamic characteristics of various hypersonic vehicles in all range of re- gimes by using engineering method. Keywords Aerodynamic Characteristics, Computational Aerodynamics, Hypersonic Technology, Rarefied Gas Dynamics; Engineering Method, Aerodynamics in Transitional Regime 1. Introduction Theoretical studies of hypersonic flows associated with the creation of “Space Shuttle” to transport people and cargo into Earth orbit began in the last century. Research had been focused mainly on the department of TsAGI named after N.Y. Zhukovsky (Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute). Practical work on the creation of aerospace systems had been instructed engineering centre of the experimental design bureau named after A.I.