The Influence of Mysticism in Dante's Inferno

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THE INFLUENCE OF MYSTICISM IN DANTE’S INFERNO

A THESIS

SUCI INDRIANI REG. NO. 120705098

DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018

Universitas Sumatera Utara THE INFLUENCE OF MYSTICISM IN DANTE’S INFERNO

A THESIS

SUCI INDRIANI

REG. NO. 120705098

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018

Universitas Sumatera Utara THE INFLUENCE OF MYSTICISM IN DANTE’S INFERNO

A THESIS

SUCI INDRIANI

REG. NO.120705098

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S. Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum. NIP. 195212291979032001 NIP. 195710021986012003 Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018

Universitas Sumatera Utara Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Dr.Deliana, M.Hum. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. NIP. 19571117 198303 2 002 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

Universitas Sumatera Utara Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on January26th, 2018

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S.

NIP. 19600805 198703 1 001

Board of Examiners

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. ______

Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S ______

Dra. Diah Rahayu Pratama, M.Pd ______

Universitas Sumatera Utara AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

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THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER

DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed : Suci Indriani

Date : January 26th, 2018

Universitas Sumatera Utara COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : SUCI INDRIANI

TITLE OF THESIS : THE INFLUENCE OF

MYSTICISM IN DANTE’S

INFERNO

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR

REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF

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Signed : Suci Indriani

Date : January 26th,2018

Universitas Sumatera Utara ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise to The Mightiest ALLAH Subhanahu Wata’ala who has given me the mercy and blessing so I can complete this thesis as one of the requirements to achieve the Bachelor’s Degree from English Department at Faculty of Cultural

Studies, University of Sumatra Utara. Shalawat and salam are be with our Prophet

Muhammad Shalallah Alaihi Wassalam, peace be upon him who has guided us from the darknest into the lightnest in this world as well as in the next world.

My sincere gratefulness is devoted tomy beloved family. My mother & father who always support me in all aspects especially in finance and moral, so that I can complete this thesis well. My Sisters who pray the best for my graduation, finally here I am. And all my familiy too, finally you have another question to ask.

My gratitude goes to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. Budi

Agustono, M.S., the Head of English Departement Dr. Deliana, M.Hum., the

Secretary of English Department Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., and I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S., and my co-supervisor Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum.. And also to all the lectures of English Department for all assistances, valuable knowledge and facilities during my academic year.

I wanna thank to my all my marvelous friends The Denim Squad, my partner in crime (our Lelaki Labil-Dwi Lestari Yanto, Kak Jeje yang paling sabar di The

Denim, Si Nenek- Risky Khairuninisah, Ulat Nangka-Frissillia Ayesa, Si sipit- Lilis

Karlia, Tante Yonyon-Yoana Tasya Fietra). Thank you for all the sweet enchanted circle we`ve created, and world full of serendepity here. I hope we can create amazing future and life that beyond the boundaries.

iii

Universitas Sumatera Utara Shot out to all my friends, The Fray Maker of Plato Kos (Tante Imasse-Imas

Anggraini, Mitol-Mita Marwinda, Mput, Wartegnya Plato-Dewi, anak rumah sebelah), Inco Rizki Syaputra Gultom, Widya Purnama Sari, Zahara Sari Wardhani,

Adimas Putra, Agus Salim, Anak Kos Nenek (Melda, Wilda, Nisak, Kak Yuli, Kak

Intan, Kak Temah, Kak Risa, Kak Nurul, Kak Umi), Kiyol-Kia, Rayhan-Sang

Informan, Elite B 2012,Elite A 2012, Geng Hits SD 122377, ANKSA(Anak

Akuntansi Satu) who always noisy in our group chat, and my moodbooster-

ChimChim, thank you for your all the great years full of love, laugh, understanding, and encouragment.

Furthemore, thank you to my best friend Widya Izmy Astrianty who always listening my complaints patiently and support me. We must be successful person in our life.

Medan, December 26th, 2018

Suci Indriani Reg. No. 120705098

Universitas Sumatera Utara TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... iii

ABSTRACT ...... v

ABSTRAK ...... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vii

1. CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1

1.2 Problem of the Study ...... 4

1.3 Objective of the Study ...... 5

1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 5

1.5 Significance of the Study ...... 5

2. CHAPTER II - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Theory of Literature ...... 6

2.2 Poetry ...... 7

2.2.1 Narrative Poetry ...... 8

2.2.1.1 The Epic ...... 8

2.2.1.1.1 Theme ...... 9

2.2.1.1.2 Plot ...... 10

2.2.1.1.3 Character ...... 11

2.2.1.1.4 Setting ...... 11

vii

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.2.1.2 The Ballad...... 12

2.2.2 Lyric Poetry ...... 12

2.2.2.1 The Sonnet ...... 13

2.2.2.2 The Ode ...... 13

2.2.2.3 The Elegy ...... 13

2.3 Biography ...... 14

2.4 Comparative Literature ...... 15

2.4.1 Affinity ...... 16

2.4.2 Influence ...... 16

2.5 Mysticism ...... 17

CHAPTER III - RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Design ...... 21

3.2 Data Collecting ...... 21

3.3 Data Analysis ...... 22

CHAPTER IV- ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 Literary Works Elements ...... 24

4.1.1 Theme ...... 24

4.1.2 Plot ...... 25

4.1.3 Character ...... 27

4.1.4 Setting ...... 30

4.2 Mysticism ...... 31

4.2.1 True Mysticism is Active and Practical, not

Passive and Theoritical ...... 31

viii

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.2.2 Trancendental and Spiritual ...... 33

4.2.3 Not Merely the reality of all thai is, but also a

living and personal Object of Love ...... 34

4.2.4 Living Union with this One ...... 35

CHAPTER V- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTION

4.1 Conclusion ...... 40

4.2 Suggestion ...... 40

REFERENCES ...... 41

APPENDICES i. Biography of Dante Alighiery ii. Biography of Boccaccio iii. Summary of An Epic Inferno

Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled The Influence of Mysticism in Dante’s Inferno . Mysticism is relation between human and God in a positive context included emotions, mental and religious experiences which came from himself.. Mysticism influenced the life of Dante Alighieri who lived in middle ages and his work. He joined in Italian political but had an exiled and not allowed to return to Italy until he died. In his exiled, he wrote several books , one of which is Inferno which talking his journey in hell to meet his first love and God. In solving the problem, the author uses the theory of mysticism by applying the four mysticism concepts of Evelyn Underhill, they are true mysticism is active and practical, not passive and theories, transcendental and spiritual, not merely the Reality of all that is, but also a living and personal Object of Love, living union with this One.

Keywords : mysticism, Boccaccio’s Life of Dante, Inferno

Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul The Influence of Mysticism in Dante’s Inferno. Dalam skripsi ini, penulis menganalisa kajian tentang mistisisme. Myistisisme adalah hubungan manusia dengan Tuhan dalan konteks positif dengan melibatkan emosi, mental dan pengalaman keagamaan yang terdapat didalam diri manusia itu sendiri. Mistisisme mempengaruhi kehidupan Dante Alighieri yang hidup pada abad pertengahan dan karyanya. Dia bergabung didalam kehidupan politik Italia tetapi diasingkan dan tidak diperbolehkan kembali ke Italia sampai dia meninggal. Didalam pengasingannya, dia menulis beberapa buku salah satunya dalah Inferno yang menceritakan perjalananya menjelajahi neraka untuk dapat bertemu dengan cinta pertamanya dan Tuhan. Dalam menyelesaikan masalah tersebut, penulis menggunakan teori mysticism dengan menerapkan empat konsep mistisime dari Evelyn Underhill, antara lain mistisisme sejati itu aktif dan praktis, bukan pasif dan teori, transcendental dan spiritual, Yang Esa tersebut tidak hanya sebatas Realitas sejati di balik segala sesuatu, namun juga sebuah muara cinta yang hidup dan bersifat personal, penyatuan yang hidup dengan yang Satu.

Kata kunci : mistisisme, biografi Dante dari Boccaccio, Inferno.

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

In this era, technology is important things in daily life but some of people still believe of mystic. As example, people in some island of Indonesia still believe an offerings. People usually using it in a corner or some corner at their house or under a big tree. It is not wrong, because Indonesia is a country which have many culture.

People still believe it because their ancestors do it before. Some of them, may be doing it because they are following their tradition or they are still believe it.

People is concluding that mystic and mysticism has same meaning, but it is really different. If mystic is talking about magic or shamanism, mysticism is talking relation between human and God. Mysticism can not be explaining by word but it can be feeling by heart. As example, Islam religion has Isra’ Mi’raj term which can not be understand by logic but people believe it is really happend. In this situation,

Muhammad to heaven to meet Allah using Burok. It is possible by logic, because no one experiment explaining how far heaven and reach it. Islam‟s adherent believe it because they are believe that Muhammad has miracle to meet Allah. It is called mysticism.

Mysticism is a part of idealism genre in literature. Mysticism is derived from the Greek mystikos,which has meaning „an initiate‟. In French around 17th century, people used mystique which is something has mystic characters. In connotation meaning, expert added some defenition in mysticism. They added some phenomenon such as religion, experience, and unity of mystics. When mysticism has meaning „an

Universitas Sumatera Utara initiate‟, it is like an iluminate or a freemason organisation, because not all of people know this organisation well and it covertly. But when we are talking about religion, experience and unity mystics, we will be talking about God and sins.

According to Rufus M. Jones in his book entitle Studies in Mystical Religion states mysticism that consists of unifying (unite), fusing (combine), intensifying

(intensify) and inward event (the nature mysticism). It can be defined as activities in the union of man with God and teached people to maintain and improve contact relationships or union with God in many ways. Evelyn Underhill in her book entitle

Mysticism; A study The Nature and Development of Man’s Spiritual Consciousness states mysticism and mystic or magic is different. Mysticism is relation between emotion, mental and experience of religion. In another word, mysticism is relation between human and God but when we are talking about mystic or magic, it is relation between human and genie. In this thesis, writer will be talking about mysticism in concept relation between human and God in religion experience. This kind of mysticism we can find in Dante Alighiery work‟s Divine Comedy. His works are talking about how people after dead and heaven.

Dante Alighiery is an Italian poet who wrote La Divina Commedia (The

Divine Comedy), is considering as father of an Italian poet. He is one of people who makes Renaissance literature in Italy around high medieval century (10th-13rd century). His work can be inspiring other people to make something such as game, painting, and novel. Dante makes his map of hell which change people opinion about hell in nine circle and a devil as centre of that map. We can see his map of hell in

Boticelli painting. His Divine Comedy is inspiring by his first love but he only twice

Universitas Sumatera Utara in his life. Divine Comedy divided into three part. They are Inferno, Purgatorio,

Paradiso. They are talking about his journey went to heaven.

Dante‟s works get some influence of philosophy and theology, such as

Cicero‟s philosophy, Stoikism philosophy, and Thomas Aquinas. Thomas Aquinas influenced Dante in religion. Thomas Aquinas is a theologist and philosopher. He is talking about God who as reflected by Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism about

Catholic church.

When he was writing The Divine Comedy, Europe in the middge ages which is religion controlling human life and politics. Science based on religion. Christian philosopher dominated it. So, when we read some literary works from this era, we will find so many work which is talking about religion in every aspect. If scientists make an experiment contradicted with cruch, they will get punishment.

According Dante, the last destiny of human is life with God and live in heaven. His works told about people journey to meet God. Divine comedy consists of three title. They are Inferno, Purgatorio and Paradiso. Inferno tells about Dante‟s journey in hell and see circle of people sins. The level of people sins consists in nine circle and has a centre which is a devil with three heads. Purgatorio tells about

Dante‟s journey come out of hell to the Mountain of Purgatory. This mountain has seven deadly sins according motives. Ilustration of sins like in Christian theology.

Paradiso tells about Dante‟s journey to go to heaven and meet God, but he can not see shape of God because God very shinny.

The writer will be talking about Dante‟s Inferno in this thesis. Inferno is the first of Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri. It has meaning as hell. It is talking about

Dante‟s religious journey. He was leading by Virgil (Spirit of Roman Epic poetry).

So this epic talking about condition of hell itself such as punishment to a backbiter.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Hell in this epic has nine level in some of last level has some part too and a centre of all. In the seventh level, it has three ring which explaining about classification of violence. Eighth level of the hell, it has ten classification of deception. They are explained in different canto or chapter of this epic. The main character of this epic would be meeting his woman after he had finishing his tour of hell. Before he had finishing his tour of hell, he had to meet with some sinners he knew.

Epic is one of literary works. At this time, we call epic as novel. They have same characteristic. Characteristics will we find between epic and novel are theme, plot, characteristics and setting. In this thesis, writer will try to analyze mysticism in the first epic of Divine Comedy and Dante‟s life. It is Inferno which has meaning as hell.

1.2 Problem of the Study

Dante‟s epic Inferno is one of famous epic in Italy before Renaissance period.

This epic is talking about journey of Dante as main character to meet God who leading by Virgil. Before he meets God, he must through some circle which showing him condition of hell and sinners. This Epic has nine circles and some circle has some rings. Circles showing Dante and Virgil about punishment of the sinner. in this epic, Dante also meet his first love Beatrice who will be his motivator to meet God after his through a valley. Dante as author of this epic is one of Italian poet who become famous and influential man in Italy. He is also Thomas Aquinas‟s students.

The problem of the study in this research are:

1. How is mysticism influenced Dante‟s life?

2. How is mysticism potrayed in Dante‟s Inferno?

Universitas Sumatera Utara 1.3 Objective of the study

The object of writing is important to achieve. The objective of the study in this analyze are:

1. To find out relationship between literature and mystic in this epic

2. To find out relation between Dante‟s Inferno and his life

1.4 Scope of the study

In research, it is important to limit the analysis on specific data that has been chosen. This research is focused on Dante‟s Inferno and his life. The scope of the study will be limited by analyzing mystic in Dante‟s life and his epic Inferno.

1.5 Significance of the study

Theoretically, this analysis literary works and also biography through the epic. Practically, this thesis can understand about mysticism, about Dante‟s works and his life also to enrich the study of literature especially about mysticism. And also can be used for everyone who wants to understand meaning and concept of mysticism of the epic.

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Literature

Literature is one of the parts of human life, part of the form of human beings like the story, express emotion, imagination, and social criticism of the society itself.

A lot of literary works made to entertain only without seeing what the purpose and the meaning of that made, but there are some people who think that the literary works are the form of human life which should be understood by other people.

Human interact and socialize each oother, so every people can be inspiring each other. Inspiration can write in literary works such as novel, poetry, and others which are used as a tool to express and to reflect the reality of the life in the past or present.

Literature is a term to express idea by written or spoken. According etymologically, the Latin word “litteratura” is derived from “littera” (letter), which is the smallest element of alphabetical writing. It means that human can communicate using literature. In literature, the authors try to express how they feeling and experience around them using words. They will send message to the reader clearly and implicity. The reader must to translate what the meaning of the author to understand how the author feeling and his experience is. Basics of literature are poetry, play (drama) and prose.

In the world of literature, the literature and literary study are different but still has related, as Wellek and Warren in their book entitle Theory of Literature (1949:3) say,

Universitas Sumatera Utara “We must first make a distincion between literature and literary study. The two are distinct activities: one is creativitie, an art: the other, if not precisely a science, is a species of knowledge or of learning.”

When we are talking about literary study, we will reveal question such as “what”,

“when”, “why”, “who”. But when we are talking about literature, we will find creative‟s activities, art which share to other people, such as Wellek and Warren say in their book entitle Theory of Literature (1949:7),

“Like every human being, each work of literature has its indivisual characteristics; but it also shares common properties with other works of art, just as every man traits with humanity, with all members of his sex, nation, class profession, etc.”

It is showing us that every literary works has creativity prosecess with differences characteristics. As in Dante‟s Inferno, it is a creativity of Dante that showing us different story about hell and about pure love.

2.2 Poetry

There are a lot of people who read poetry but it is difficult to understand.

Then they are trying more and more again and still can not find what the meaning of it. The reader will find something important or meaning of itself after finishing and analyze of it. Whole of it can be meaning of it. Poetry also difficult to understand because it has characteristics and has pattern to translate into simple words. Poetry can be about anything. It can be love or death. We can find out some themes of poetry are familiar topics are from everyday experience such as love, death, nature, religion, etc.

Defenition of poetry is more difficult to make. Poetry can has relation between other some arts, such as music, painting, and architecture. Poetry is one of the oldest genres in literary history. Poetry is closely relate to the term “lyric”, which

Universitas Sumatera Utara derives etymologically from the Greek musical instrument “ lyra” (“lyre” or “harp”) and points to an origin in the spere of music. According etimologically, poetry is derived from Greek word “poieo”which means to make or to produce. Poietis has meaning to make, and then we called poet and poetess, the write. Poeitis means the making and it become poetry, the arts of a poet. According A.E.Housmain in Martha

Pardede‟s Teaching Materials Understanding Poetry (2013:5), says,

“poetry is not the thing said but the way of saying it( in order word meaning is of importat, form is all important)”.

Poetry has two basic types: narrative and lyric. Both of it has different form and characteristic. Narative poetry has kinds are the epic and the ballad. While lyric poetry has kinds are the sonnet, the ode, and the elegy.

2.2.1 Narrative Poetry

A narrative poetry is a poem that tells a story. We can read this poetry in some literary work, such as Beowulf, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Centerbury

Tales ales by Chaucer, The Rape of the Lock by Pope, Don Juan, Ring and the Book by Browning and some poems of Robert Frost. Narrative poetry has two basic types, they are the epic and the ballad.

2.2.1.1 The Epic

Epic is a form of narrative poetry and the most ambitious kind of poem. An

Epic presents the great deeds of a heroic figure or group of figures. An Epic is more than just a story. It is the big poem which explaining everything. It is not just focus on telling the story but attempts to include all his knowledge and the whole of human experience. It is also talking about race or culture in society. Narrative poetry which

Universitas Sumatera Utara has epic form is Divine Comedy by Dante Alighiery, Spenser‟s The Faerie Queene,

Milton‟s Paradise Lost, Homer‟s Odyssey and Illiad, and Virgil‟s Aeneid.

Epic also equal with novel because it has long poem and characteristic as novel. So, it has same intrinsic elements like novel. Intrinsic of novel is theme, plot, character, and setting.

2.2.1.1.1 Theme

Theme is a main secret of a story, it controls all intrinsic elements. Without theme, the story of a novel is aimless or hard to understand. Theme is simply the moral of the story. It is the message that wish to convey or the lesson that the reader should learn.

Themes may be about love, fate, death, revenge, or prejudice. Therefore, the points and purposes of the novel can be seen. Since, theme relates to all aspects in a story, so the reader can only know what the theme of a story after read a whole novel.

Staton (2007:7) stated that theme gives a strong explained about the unity of what is happening in the story, and tells about the story of life in a common context.

The purpose of theme is to give a shape and effect in our mind, so make the story easy to remember. A good theme has to represent the entire story in the novel.

Sometimes the theme shapes in to the fact that comes from the human experience. It is explored by the story and then gives impression for each of event in life.

Theme of a literary work is its central message, concern, or purpose. A theme can usually be expressed as a generalization, or general statement, about people or life. The theme may be stated directly by the writer although it is more often

Universitas Sumatera Utara presented indirectly. When the theme is stated indirectly, the reader must figure out the theme by looking carefully at what the work reveals about the people or about life.

In Dante‟s Inferno maybe reader will reading that novel until finish to be understanding about it because theme is idea of a story. If the reader unfinish reading

Dante‟s Inferno, he will confuse about theme of this novel because it can be about love, death, religion, God or

2.2.1.1.2 Plot

Plot is an important element of literary work, because the plot tells the important event that occur in a story. There can be a logical development of events with a careful linking of scene or there can be a series of apparently unrelated scenes, which are not shown to be connected until the end of the novel- there should be a beginning, middle, and an end.

Staton (2007:26) stated that plot is a series of the events in a story. How a certain event affecting another event that cannot be ignored, since the event will be affecting for all the story. Plot very close to the existence of the character. If the story only has a little in character, there will be more close and simple to plot; in contrast a novel that has many characters in the story the plot will be more complicated. Plot also helps the reader in understanding the story of the novel. The clarity of the plot makes the reader easier in understanding the story. Usually a good or popular novel uses simple plot, so the strength of the novel also depend on the plot.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.2.1.1.3 Character

Literature has three genres. Those are prose, poetry and drama. Poetry is a meaningful arrangement of words. Drama is fictitious represented in performance.

Prose is a fictitious narrative kind of writing, in general this is called novel.

To analayze a literary work such as novel or drama, the writer must be using character at that story because it is showing the reader about character or what someone feeling. Abrahams (1981:20) declares that:

“Characters are the persons presented in dramatics of narrative

work, who are interpreted by reader as being endowed with the

moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they

say and what they do in action”.

In this thesis, the writer will analyze Dante‟s Inferno by character to find out relation between character in this novel and the author. The author of can be input his life story or not in his novel.

2.2.1.1.4 Setting

Setting is also an important thing to analyze a novel, from setting the reader can understand where the story takes place and when the story happens, so the reader can feel and understand what the story tells about. The term of „setting‟ about the location, historical period, and social surrounding in which the action of the next develops. Meyer also wrote that “the major elements of setting are the time, place,and social environment that frame the character” (1990: 107). Setting can be defined as the place and period of the story, the canvas on which dramatic events are drawn in details. As Meyer said

Universitas Sumatera Utara “setting makes usunderstand the behavior of the characters

and the significance of their actions.”(1990: 107).

These entire elements built a qualified completeness of literary value. One of the elements is character. People in a novel are related to the characters; they are members of society, and the author‟s distinctive view of how people are related to society and reflected in the presentation of every character.

2.2.1.2 The Ballad

Ballad is next form of narrative poetry which is a song that tells a story. the theme is often tragic and supernatural, such as a tale of personal misfortune or it can recall a public event such as battle. It is an oral form. An unhappy event is put the form of a story and add a music. Ballads usually begin abruptly at the point where the tragic event is about to occur.

2.2.2 Lyric Poetry

Lyric poetry is a poem in which th epoet offers his own direct response to some aspect of experience, for example the death of a friend. There are poems that are actually called lyrics, but the term lyric is general label we use to describe most non-narrative poems. Lyric poetry usually has structure. Structure of lyrical poetry has contrastive problem, for example a conventional love poem will contrast the unhappiness of not being in love with the happiness caused of love. Lyric poetry also has types as the sonnet, the ode, and the elegy.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.2.2.1 The Sonnet

Sonnet is one of types of lyric poetry. It has fourteen line poem and following one of several set rhyme schemes. Sonnet has two basic types, they are the Italian or

Petrarchan and the English or Shakespeare. The Italian or Petrarchan has an octave

(eight lines) as a probelm and a sestet (six lines) to solve the problems and rhymes.

The English or Shakespeare sonnet is made up of three quatrains and a couplet and a rhymes

2.2.2.2 The Ode

Ode is a lyric adopted from the Grek but altered getl in formby various

English poets. It eds tobe rather formal and elevated and is often to a proinent person.

Ofte in varied or irregular meter, and usually between fifty and two hundrd lines long. An ode is always addressed to somebody (or something) who seems to transcend the problem of life, and thus as a symbol of perfection.

2.2.2.3 The Elegy

The elegy is written to express of feeling of sorrow or lose. A poem written on the death of a friend of the poet. the ostensible purpose is to praise the friend, but death prompths the writer to ask, „if death can intervene so cruelly in life, what is the point of living?” by the end of poem, however, we can expect that the poet willhave come to terms with his grief.

In this thesis, the writer will focus analyze epic or novel because Inferno is one kind of epic or novel and has characteristic of novel.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.3 Biography

Biography is story about an individual‟s life or life story. It is including birth, life, career, school, death, experience, problems, social condition etc. Biography is different of curiculum vitae (cv). It is more detail about someone‟s life and experience, maybe including an analyze of subject‟s personality. It is covers all of personal‟s life.

Cuddon in his book entitle Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory

(1998:83) defines that biography is an account of a person‟s life and a branch of a history. It provides any forms of material which is germane to the biographer‟s purpose: the subject‟s own writings (especially diaries and letter), his laundry bills, official archives, memoirs of contemporaries, the memories of living witnesses, personal knowledge, other books on the subject, photographs and paintings .

According etimologically, A biography from the Greek words bios whis has meaning

“life” and graphos meaning “write” . it is an account of a person‟s life, usually publised in the form of a book or essay, or in some other form, such as a film.

Warren and Wellek in Theory of Literature (1949:67) emphasize the same nation like Cuddon. They say:

“In the view of a biographer, the poet is simply another man whose moral and intellectual development, external career and emotional life, can be reconstructed and can be evaluated by reference to standards, usually drawn from some ethical system or code of manners. His writings may appear as mere facts of publications, as events like those in the life of any active man.”

Biography is written by other writer. Biography usually talking about someone life which information throught his family, neighbours, friends, his work which can reflected condition when his life. Dante‟s biography which written by Botticeli and

Universitas Sumatera Utara translated into English by G.R. Carpenter is one of biographical which gets information by Dante‟s works and people around when he was alive. By means of

Dante‟s biography we can analyze that his life influence his works or not.

2.4 Comparative Literature

Comparative literature is study between two or more literary work which has a cross culture, time, religion. One of the literary work can be the first original one which have same theme or concept than other . It can be influence or has same theme, intrinsic or extrinsic elements of literature. This study make attention on literary relations according to the aspects of time and place. The aspect of the time, comparative literature can be comparing between two or over two different periods.

While the context in the place, would bind the comparative literature according to the geographical area of the literature. They are national litrature, comparative literature and world literature.

According to Suwardi Endeswara in his book entitle Metodologi Penelitian

Sasta; Epistemologi, Model, Teori, dan Aplikasi (2008: 134), says,

“Sastra nasional adalah sastra yang secara umum menjadi milik bangsa. Jadi, sastra Amerika Serikat dan Inggris meskipun sama- sama menggunakan bahasa Inggris , adalah dua hal yang berbeda...... Sastra dunia adalah sastra yang memuat pandangan- pandangan universal atau mendunia. Sastra tersebut diakui oleh seluruh orang di dunia. Biasanya, karya-karya semacam ini tergolong masterpieceI (karya sastra agung).” According to Wellek and Warren‟s states in their book entitle Theory of Literature (1949; 39), says,

"Comparative" literature confines it to the study of relationships between two or more literatures.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Comparative literature according Razali Kasim in his book entitled Sastra

Bandingan Ruang Lingkup dan Metode (1996: 26), says,

“Sastra bandingan dapat kita katakan sebagai suatu kajian yang mencakup perbandingan karya-karya sastra dari sastra nasional yang berbeda, hubungan antara karya-karya sastra dengna ilmu pengetahuan, agama/kepercayaan, dan karya-karya seni, serta pembicaraanmengenai teori, sejarah dan kritik sastra.” It is clearly that comparative literature has a major role in comparing every literary works all over the world, not only comparing a literary works but also with other dicipline study. For example, comparing between a biography and his epic

Inferno. He is not only influences his epic but he adds theology in his epic. He writes a religion study in a literary works.

According explanation about a biography influences his works, we can find two kinds of study comparative literature; they are affinity and influence study.

2.4.1 Affinity

Affinity study refers to study the similarities between a literary work and two or more literary work, or and the other discipline, or arts which do not have the influence (in this case, historical-factual relation) each other. In example, Alphonse

Daudet‟s La Petite Chose and Charles Dickens‟s works.

2.4.2 Influence

Influence study is concerned with the influencability that appeared implicitly in literary works. In this case, this study is more complicated and wider than the affinity study. There are two kind of influence, direct influence and indirect influence. Direct influence that the author influenced take the source directly from the own of the author itself. In example, Dan Brown‟s Inferno get influence by

Universitas Sumatera Utara Dante‟s Inferno. Indirect influence that the author influenced take the source of the work from other person that is not influenced by the own of the author itself.

It has three points important of appearing the influence; these points of the influence are the progress of author‟s career, the process of creating the literary works, literary tradition and cultural value of the author.

Influence has two kinds of it; they are direct and indirect influence. Direct influence is second author get influences and use directly fron the transmitter (first author). Indirect influence has three or more author whose the last author get influence from intermediary (second author who gets influenced by first author).

2.5 Mysticism

Mysticism is not only about shamanism, magic, or anything which has negative context. It has two concept. The first concept is talking about religion and

God. Second concept is talking about world secret organization such as illuminati, freemason etc. According etimologically, mysticism is derived from the Greek mystikos,which has meaning „an initiate‟. In French around 17th century, people used mystique which is something has mystic character. In connotation meaning, expert added some defenition in mysticism. They added some phenomenon such as theology of mystics, experience of mystics, and unity of mystics. When mysticism has meaning „an initiate‟, it is like iluminate or freemason organisation, because not all of people know this organisation well and it covertly. But when we talking about theology or religion, experience and unity mystics, we will talk about relation between God, human, sins, hell and heaven.

Universitas Sumatera Utara If we talking about mysticism in theology, it is like we are talking about faith because both of them almost have same meaning. According to Patick Grant in his book Literature of Mysticism in Western Tradition (1983; 3) says

“if mystical experience is to be tested, therefore, against moral and scientific wisdom, we must consider it a part of culture, and, in so doing, we face also the question of faith as a cultural phenomenon.”

According to Harry Show in his book entitle Dictionary of Literary Terms (1972;

249), says

“the beliefs and idea of persons who claim to have immediate intuition and insight into mysteries beyond normal understanding. Mysticism takes many forms in the mental, spiritual, and emotional lives of authors, but varried aspects of it a retractable in the works of William Blake, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Herman Melville, and Walt Withman. “ According to Evelyn Underhill in her book entitle Mysticism; A study The Nature and Development of Man’s Spiritual Consciousness (1912:84), mysticism and magic or kind of that is different.

“The fundamental difference between the two is this : magic wants to get, mysticism wants to give—immortal and antagonistic attitudes, which turn up under one disguise or another in every age of thought.” It is clearly that mysticism not only about shamanism but also about religion itself. Mysticism can come from mental, emotion or experience someone. Religious experience is one of kind mysticism in general society. Some of literarians make their work according their religious experience or their spiritual live, i.e. Dante in his

Divine Comedy. He makes his work when he learn about theology.

William James divided mystical experience into four chategories in Underhill‟s

Mysticism; A study The Nature and Development of Man’s Spiritual Consciousness

(1912), they are:

Universitas Sumatera Utara 1. Ineffability

It is usefull of the marks which state of mind as mystical is negative. It

cannot expressed by spoken words. It is direct experienced of person and

cannot transferred to others.

2. Noetic Quality

Mysticism is a state of insight into depths of truth unknown through

discursive intellect. The areas of knowledge are illuminations or revelations.

3. Transiency

Mystical states can not be sustained for long.

4. Passivity

Although the oncoming of mystical states may be facilitated by preliminary

voluntary operations, as by fixing the attention, or going through Certain

bodily performances, or in other ways the which manuals of mysticism

prescribe; yet when the characteristic sort of consciousness once has set in,

the mystic feels as if his own will were in abeyance, and indeed sometimes as

if he were grasped and held by a superior power.

Evelyn Underhill added some characteristics of true mysticism to cleraly chacterstics of mysticism. They are:

1. True mysticism is active and practical, not passive and theoretical. It is an

organic life-process, a something which the whole self does; not something as

to which its intellect holds an opinion.

2. Its aims are wholly transcendental and spiritual. It is in no way concerned

with adding to, exploring, re-arranging, or improving anything in the visible

universe. The mystic brushes aside that universe, even in its supernormal

Universitas Sumatera Utara manifestations. Though he does not, as his enemies declare, neglect his duty

to the many, his heart is always set upon the changeless One.

3. This One is for the mystic, not merely the Reality of all that is, but also a

living and personal Object of Love; never an object of exploration. It draws

his whole being homeward, but always under the guidance of the heart.

4. Living union with this One—which is the term of his adventure—is a definite

state or form of enhanced life. It is obtained neither from an intellectual

realization of its delights, nor from the most acute emotional longings.

Though these must be present they are not enough. It is arrived at by an

arduous psychological and spiritual process—the so called Mystic Way—

entailing the complete remaking of character and the liberation of a new, or

rather latent, form of consciousness; which imposes on the self the condition

which is sometimes inaccurately called “ecstasy,” but is better named the

Unitive State.

Mysticism is this thesis concern relation between human and God. It cannot expalining by logical but with heart, becaus religion talking about faith not science.

Faith and science never become one part in one time, because they are different.

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER III

METHOD OF REASERCH 3.1 Research design

In this study, the authors used a qualitative descriptive method. A qualitative descriptive method produces descriptive data in the form of words written in an epic.

As Meleong (2005: 6) states:

"Qualitative research is research to understand the phenomenon of

what is experienced by study subjects, such is the behavior,

perception, motivation, action, and others, in a holistic, and by way

of description in the form of words and language, in the specific

context of nature and using a variety of natural methods ".

Qualitative research is also an inductive approach to the preparation of knowledge using research and emphasize subjectivity and meaning of the experience for the individual. This research method chosen by the researchers to disclose facts that occurred in the religious mystical epic.

3.2 Data Collecting

In the collection of data in this study, the writer uses the primary data which is contained in biography of author this epic and itself to prove mysticism and to find out influenced of the author in this novel for comparative method in this research emphasis on influence of religion, society and family of author.

All the data of this step ore obtained after the writer reads and understands the contents of this novel and biography of author. The writer chooses character, setting, and plot in exposing mystisicm potrayed of main character. In this case, the

Universitas Sumatera Utara main characters perform and show how relation between human and God and level of hell.

3.3 Data Analysis

After the writer has finished reading and colecting the data contained in the epic and biography of author, the writer analyze the data based on the fact which are appeared in the epic and biography of author to conduct a comparison. This epic is talking about Dante who as main character have journey to the hell and leading by

Virgil. He must through nine level of hell to go to heaven and meet God. He saw a hill and his Beatrix. She is his first love in his real life. At the hell, he meet some people who get punishment. Dante in his real life is religious person. He is a student by Thomas Aquinas. Thomas Aquinas is a theologist and phylosopher. At the era when Dante alive, people must be following what the cruch said. If people made a work which contradicted with cruch, they would get punishment.

First, the writer re-reads to make sure every data obtained in accordance with the epic and biography of author. This steps leads the writer in revealing level of hells that show in this poetry. Furthermore the writer examines every data with a variety events that occurs in this epic. In this case, the writer applies the character, setting, and plot to uncover the level of hell of the main characacter‟s journey.

Moreover, the writer continues to the next stage of analyze and compres the epic and bioghraphy of author. In this stage, the writer analyze the data by considering background of author, culture, society of author and theology. When the writer read the novel, writer also choose some dialogue of this novel can support the writer‟s statement about mysticism. After that, the writer choose the best of the statement to support opinion of the writer. Finally the writer shows how far author influencing his works on conclude at the end of this research.

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

Boccaccio’s life of Dante is a biography that described Dante's life. The description begins with the origin of Dante's ancestors. Dante's ancestor is came from

Rome and helped in liberating Italy. His families do not use clans of male ancestors but they use their female clans by removing a single word of his name‟s clan and becoming Alighieri. Because his ancestor was a knight in the past, his family becoming one of the nobles in Italy.

Dante‟s family lives in simplicity. Dante gets some knowledge from several masters in several fields of science at some places. He once analyzed some famous poets when he was young, such as Virgil, Ovid, Horace and others. Not only learning and analyze poet, Dante also joining in some discussion at the schools of theology in

Paris. He has a wife and three children.

Italian politics have two party, they are Guelphs and Ghibellini. Dante‟s ancestors joining in Guelphs party which supporting the Papacy. Ghibellini is party which supporting the Emperor. He was exiled and moving from one place to others.

When he was exiled he wrote several epics in which he got inspiration from his first love and political life. In his epics, he used Tuscany language where the language is still on use in and become as national in Italy.

One of famous Dante‟s epic is Divine comedy. This epic divided into three parts which is talking about Dante‟s journey to meet God and his first love. Inferno

Universitas Sumatera Utara has meaning hell and talking Dante‟s journey around the hell. He is guided by Virgil.

He meets some famous people he known when walking on every circle of hell.

Hell which described in Inferno has nine circle and centre. Every circle has characteristic of sinner. In first circle, Dante is described people who never had baptism and not believed Christ. Second circle is describe people died in lust. Third circle is placed of gluttons. The next circle is a place where the greed get their punishment. Fifth circle is place of anger. People who spread heresies are guaranteed in the sixth circle. Seventh circle called as house of violence because there the place of punishment who like to curse god, attacking others and making war and suicide.

Eight circle is where people get punishment because they are cheating. The last circle of hell is place where betrayal‟s live. Hell is described like a upside down cone.

Center of hell is place Satan live. Satan is symbols of sin which has three heads.

Each of heads is chewing the main betrayal. They are Brutus, Cassius and Judas

Iscariot.

4.1 Literary Works Elements

Kind of genre literary works is poetry, prose and drama. Each of them has elements. Elements of prose is theme, plot, character and setting. Theme is idea of whole story. Plot is events of story which close and existence with main character.

Character is person who presented in a story and doing something. Setting is place, time or condition of a story.

4.1.1 Theme

Theme is a main idea and controlling intrinsic elements of a story. Theme also represents whole parts of the story. Actually it is not easy to find out the theme

Universitas Sumatera Utara of a story before read whole the story and understand what the story tells about. If a story starts from begin until the end more talking about love, it can be conclude that theme of this story is love.

Boccaccio’s life of Dante is a literary work which talking about Dante‟s life.

It starts from his ancestors who come from Rome, his life when he was a young boy, his first love and married, his contribution to his country, his literary works and exile.

So, theme in Boccaccio’s Life of Dante is talking about Dante‟s life until his died.

One of Dante literary works is Inferno. This story is talking about Dante in hell and meets sinner who he knows in real life . He must through hell to meet God.

Hell has some circle and each of it has different punishment to the sinners. Theme of this an epic is Dante‟s journey in hell.

4.1.2 Plot

Plot is a series of an event in a story which close to the existence of a characters. Plot divided into three criterion. They are progressive, flashback and mixed. Progressive plot is a plot in a story when the events are shown chronologically, the first event is followed by the next events. It starts from introduction, conflict, climax, solution. Flashback plot is the plot in a story when the time order of the event is regressive or not chronologically. It starts from the middle or from the last step and then back to the beginning before reach the final. Mixed plot is mixture between progressive and flashback plot.

This biography using progressive plot which is telling about Dante‟s family background, his life until died. Conflict in this biography between Dante and his society, Dante and himself. Conflicts between Dante and his social is Dante joining

Universitas Sumatera Utara in a party in his country but he gets an exile. He never returning to Florence until his died.

Together with them Dante, degraded in a moment from the highest places of rule in the city, saw himself not only fallen to earth, but thrust out. Not many days after this, the mob having already rushed to the houses of the exiles and madly gutted and sacked them, the victors reorganized the city according to their will, and all the leaders of the opposite party, and with them Dante, not as one of the less but as almost the chief, were, as capital enemies of the republic, condemned to perpetual exile, and their estates either confiscated for the public benefit, or alienated to the victors.

While conflict between Dante and himself, he cannot forget with his first love and using her as character in some his epics. His first love died at the end of her twenty four years. Dante cring day and night. His condition make his friends worried him.

he days were like the nights and the nights the days; and no hour of either passed without cries and sighs and a great quantity of tears.

Although he has a wife and children, he stills love his first love. She is also become his inspiring in his epics. Some of his epics inspired by her is New Life and Divine

Comedy.

In his epic which title Inferno using progressive plot. This epic is talking how

Dante wake up in the place he doesn‟t know. He has journey go around hell to meet

God and his first love. In his journey, he meets people he knows in real life and they are talking what happen in their place and they do when they live. This epic has conflict between individual and society. Peoples who Dante met in hell are sinners who making some mistake in society when they was life.

Universitas Sumatera Utara And he to me: “Thy city, which is full Of envy so that now the sack runs over, Held me within it in the life serene.

You citizens were wont to call me Ciacco; For the pernicious sin of gluttony I, as thou seest, am battered bv this rain

And I, sad soul, am not the only one, For all these suffer the like penalty For the like sin,” and word no more spake he.

4.1.3 Character

Dante in Boccaccio's life of Dante is a real character who described by

Boccaccio. Boccaccio described Dante as a man who does not give up easily in extending his knowledge. He has high curiosity on something, which is why he is learned some knowledge such as history, poet, philosophy, politics and theology from some various master of knowledge, he also joined in a schools of theology and gave his arguments in some conferences. Some people called him as poet, theologian and philosopher. Until he is died he still learn some of knowledge.

he made a proper division of his time, and strove to learn history by himself and philosophy under various masters, not without long study and toil. Such as I have described above was the end of Dante's life, worn by various studies;

He is kind of man who has loyalty in love but also a dastardly . He is loving a women at the first time he met but he never tried to telling her. They are met when they was a child. She is becoming his first love. His first love named is Beatrice who became his inspiring. When she is died after she is married, Dante was crying day and night. His friends trying to cheer him up, but failed. Until he is married with his

Universitas Sumatera Utara wife and has children, he always remembering her. Beatrice also become woman character in his some epics.

The days were like the nights and the nights the days; and no hour of either passed without cries and sighs and a great quantity of tears.

He meets Beatrice for the first time in a festival. Beatrice family invited

Dante‟s father to come to their house. Dante following his father to Beatrice family‟s house and mingling with the boys at that time and playing together.

Among these was the aforesaid Alighieri, who was followed by Dante, who had not yet finished his ninth year, even as small boys are wont to follow their fathers, especially to places of festival. Here, mingling with others of his own age (for there were many such in the house of his host, both boys and girls), the first tables being served, he gave himself up to playing like a child with the others, so far as his tender years permitted.

Beatrice has beautiful and sweet face. She has good attitude. She speaks politely and gentle but emphatic. All of her makes Dante young falling in love became a most fervent slave of love.

Dante in Inferno is a main character who have journey to exploring hell. His character in this an epic as a dastardly man because after he is woke up and walked to go the hill then he is met beasts. He is afraid with them and thinking not to climb the hill. Then he is met his guide to exploring hell. He also afraid when he is met devil.

“Thy soul attainted is with cowardice, Which many times a man encumbers so, It turns him back from honoured enterprise,

As false sight doth a beast, when he is shy.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Dante‟s character make his guide remind that he must be brave person because God predestining him to explore hell. He is also curious hearing the story by the sinners in every circle of hell and what happens in his country in the future. His guide also explain something to him if he is not understand or do not know what will he is doing.

“Thou dost not ask What spirits these, which thou beholdest, are? Now will I have thee know, ere thou go farther,

When Dante is explored and met the sinners in the hell, he is felt sympathy of them. In some circles when the sinners is told their story when they live and what they do, Dante is crying when listening their story. It is make his guide angry with him because the sinners inappropriate by him. The sinners had mistake when they live and God give them appropriate punishment what they did.

As soon as I had heard those souls tormented, I bowed my face, and so long held it down Until the Poet said to me: “What thinkest?”

When I made answer, I began: “Alas! How many pleasant thoughts, how much desire, Conducted these unto the dolorous pass!”

Then unto them I turned me, and I spake, And I began: “Thine agonies, Francesca, Sad and compassionate to weeping make me.

But tell me, at the time of those sweet sighs, By what and in what manner Love conceded, That you should know your dubious desires?”

In the next circles which they are met sinners, Dante tries not to be sympathy to the sinners. He thinks that sinners are must get punishment. It is also reflected by

God.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.1.4 Setting

Setting of the story can mean many things besides the obvious where it takes place. Setting divided into three parts. They are setting of time, place and social condition. From the setting or the story we know the beginning of the story set and setting also affects what the characters do.

In Boccaccio’s Life of Dante, Dante was born in Florence, Italy around

1265s. That years called middle ages. Era of middle age is around 5th until 15th century. This era described relation between science and religion. The church controlled human life. If people not following what church role, they will get punishment.

Florence at that time has two parties. They are Guelphs and Ghibellini.

Guelphs is supported the Papacy but after Guelphs won Florence politic, it is divided into two parties, Black and White. Dante is joined in White Gulphs party but he gets an exile. He never returning to Florence until he is died. In his an exile, he is going to some place. He goes to Tuscany, Verona, Bologna, Paris, Romagna, Ravenna. He is died in Ravenna. In Paris, he is joining at school of theology and become the participants in some conferences.

Furthermore, in order that these words might appear to have more efficacy, they desired that they should be composed according to laws of rhythm, by which pleasure might be felt and resentment and annoyance removed.

he went to Ravenna, where he was honorably received by the knight, who revived with kindly encouragement his failing hopes, gave him in abundance all that was fitting, and kept him there for many years,— indeed, to the end of his life.

Setting of Inferno is a hell which has many different condition in each circles, such as in the seventh circle, setting of place in this circle is desert and rain

Universitas Sumatera Utara fire but in the ninth circle, setting of place is glaze which drowning and freezing peoples. This an epic written by Dante Alighieri around at the end of 12th century and early of 13rd century. He writes this an epic in exile. When he writes this an epic,

Europe is in the middle age which the church has rules that literary works must be based on religion.

4.2 Mysticism

When someone talking about mysticism, concept in our mind is negative context such as shamanism or magic. It is not only has negative context but also has positive context. Mysticism in positive context is talking relation between human and God. It can be someone journey to meet God, vision of hell or get revelation.

Mysticism in Boccaccio’s Life of Dante is talking about relation between

Dante and God in his really life. He feels more religion after his joining in schools of theology and his arguments when he is joining in some conferences. In Inferno,

Dante as main character is showing his journey to try meets God and see heaven but he must through hell which has nine circles and has a centre that a Satan lives.

According concepts of mysticism which talking relation between human and

God, Evelyn Underhill divided characteristics of mysticism into four point that we can find in Dante‟ life in Boccaccio’s Life of Dante and Inferno.

4.2.1 True mysticism is active and practical, not passive and theoretical.

The first characteristic of mysticism is active and practical, not passive and theoretical. It is told that mysticism must be doing in daily activities and life.

Mysticism is not coming from theory which only understanding by opinion but it is

Universitas Sumatera Utara understanding by emotion, heart and positive thinking. It is also become balancing process of life. If someone only understand what is mysticism without practicing in his daily life, he cannot be called people who have good relation with God. Human must be practicing something which they believe to make they always remember.

In Boccaccio’s Life of Dante shows the reader that Dante is religious man.

Dante is implementing what his know about his religion and meaning of God in his daily life. He is learning theology and little not care with mortal world. He is focusing with life after died and heaven. Because he is though that life after died is more interesting than mortal world. He is practicing what he is know about God with making his literary works and joining in some conference in schools of theology.

he came to know whatever the human intellect can here know of the Divine Essence and of the other separate intelligences.

Dante in Inferno pay attention to sinners and make himself believe that bad behavior will get punishment in the life after dead and those punishment would be based by the weight of someone‟s sin. It can be they never meet and never get punishment such as punishing in rain fire or using heavy robe but they will live forever in hell or they will live forever in freeze and never get forgiveness by God.

In the third circle am I of the rain Eternal, maledict, and cold, and heavy; Its law and quality are never new.

Huge hail, and water sombre-hued, and snow, Athwart the tenebrous air pour down amain; Noisome the earth is, that receiveth this.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.2.2 Transcendental and Spiritual

Transcendental and spiritual are included in mysticism‟s characteristics, which are used as human habit. It will become a habit if someone does it repeatedly.

After human practicing what he knew how to has relation to God in his daily life continuously if someday he will not or forget do how he makes relation with God, then there will be unfulfilled feeling.

In Boccaccio’s Life of Dante, Dante is preferring to devote himself to God and heaven by studying theology. He is leaving everything about mortal world and focusing deepen faith of God. Leaving after died and God is more interesting and valuable than anything in the world.

And seized by the sweetness of knowing the truth about heavenly things, and finding nothing else in life dearer than this, he put completely aside all other earthly cares, and devoted himself entirely to it. And in order that he might leave no part of philosophy uninvestigated, his acute mind explored the most profound depths of theology. Characteristics of mysticism in Inferno describe about people who has good behavior can live in heaven and meet him. Sinners who get punishment in hell can classify according how heaviness their crime make when their life. Heavier the crimes that sinner made when they live is further from the surface which have punishment they get is miner.

People were running naked and affrighted. Without the hope of hole or heliotrope.

They had their hands with serpents bound behind them; These riveted upon their reins the tail And head, and were in front of them entwined.

And lo! at one who was upon our side There darted forth a serpent, which transfixed him

Universitas Sumatera Utara There where the neck is knotted to the shoulders.

Nor O so quickly e‟er, nor I was written, As he took fire, and burned; and ashes wholly Behoved it that in falling he became.

And when he on the ground was thus destroyed, The ashes drew together, and of themselves Into himself they instantly returned.

4.2.3 Not merely the Reality of all that is, but also a living and personal

Object of Love

God is real love that without being asked will love his servant without expecting anything. He is controlling human life and all the things in both of worlds.

Loving of God is coming from by personality and guidance by heart without get influence of knowledge. It has not reason why human loving of God is. Dante who describes by Boccaccio leaves over everything he has to God because he knows that

God controlling everything in his world and only God knew what the best for him.

He leaves all everything that he considers to be temporary and approaching the eternal God.

let then our hearts be raised to heaven, in whose perpetual law, in whose eternal splendors, in whose veritable beauty can be recognized without obscurity the stability of Him who rules both worlds by reason, in order that, leaving transitory things

In Inferno, God is more powerful because he controlled all everything from there. Only chosen people can live happily in his kingdom. It isshowed that God will protect who has good behave when he was life.

“Since thou wouldst fain so inwardly discern, Briefly will I relate,” she answered me, “Why I am not afraid to enter here.

Of those things only should one be afraid Which have the power of doing others harm;

Universitas Sumatera Utara Of the rest, no; because they are not fearful.

God in his mercy such created me That misery of yours attains me not, Nor any flame assails me of this burning

4.2.4 Living Union with this One

Mystics in this character ever get adventure to meet God or got a revelation. Dante in Boccaccio’s Life of Dante tells to have journey of hell.

He is writing an epic Inferno which has meaning hell. People is talking about him because in he is wrote his journey in hell and he can comeback to the world safety. Some of they believe that Dante really comeback from the hell by saying that his beard is crisped and his skin is heat and smoke.

" See the man who goes to hell, and returns when he pleases, and brings back news of those that are below." To which one of the others responded naively, " Indeed, thou must speak the truth. Dost thou not see bow his beard is crisped and his complexion browned by the heat and smoke that is below ?"

In Inferno, if Dante must be following his guide to meet God and reach heaven. Before he is met God, he must through some place such as hell and met sinners. He had journey to meet God. In hell he saw punishment that sinners got.

Therefore I think and judge it for thy best Thou follow me, and I will be thy guide, And lead thee hence through the eternal place,

Universitas Sumatera Utara Literary works element that found in Boccaccio’s Life of Dante and Inferno

1. Theme

Boccaccio’s Life of Dante Inferno

Dante‟s life Dante‟s journey in hell

2. Plot

Boccaccio’s Life of Dante Inferno

Progressive plot Progressive plot

3. Characteristic

Boccaccio’s Life of Dante Inferno

 Curiosity  Curiosity

Dante in real life who described is Dante as main character

curious with many kind of described is curious with story

knowledge. It makes him learned from the sinner in each circle of

from some various master. hell.

 Dastardly  Dastardly

Dante loves a girl. Until the girl Dante is afraid when he met beast

died, he never confess his feeling, and devils in the hell.

but when the girl died, he cried

day and night.

 Loyalty  Sympathy

Until Dante married with other Dante sympathy to the sinners

girl and have a family, he stills after he heard their story when

Universitas Sumatera Utara love his first love and their live. It makes his guide

remembering using his literary angry with him.

work which she is become a girl

helping him.

4. Setting of Place

Boccaccio’s life of Dante Inferno

 Florence  Hell

Dante born and grew up in Dante as main character exploring

Florence. Until he died he wished hell which has nine circle and a

that he can come back to his city. centre. He listening and seeing

 Tuscany what punishment of each sin they

 Verona made when they lived.

 Bologna

 Paris

 Romagna

Dante exile from Florence and never

come back again. In exile, he went to

some city

 Ravenna

Dante died in Ravenna

Universitas Sumatera Utara 5. Setting of Time

Boccaccio’s Life of Dante Inferno

Middle Age Middle age(around 13rd century)

Mysticism characteristics that found in Boccaccio’s Life of Dante and Inferno

1. True mysticism is active and practical, not passive and theoretical.

Boccaccio’s life of Dante Inferno

Dante is religious man. And Dante as main character pay attention

implementing what his know about to sinners and make himself believe

his religion and meaning of God in that bad behavior will get

his daily life. punishment in the life after dead and

those punishment would be based by

the weight of someone‟s sin

2. Transcendental and Spiritual

Boccaccio’s life of Dante Inferno

Dante is preferring to devote himself People who has good behavior can

to God and heaven by studying live in heaven and meet him. Sinners

theology. He is leaving everything who get punishment in hell can

about mortal world and focusing classify according how heaviness

deepen faith of God their crime make when their life.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 3. Not merely the Reality of all that is, but also a living and personal Object

of Love

Boccaccio’s life of Dante Inferno

Dante who describes by Boccaccio God more powerful because he

leaves over everything he has to God controlling all everything from

because he knows that God heaven.

controlling everything in his world

and only God knew what the best for

him.

4. Living Union with this One

Boccaccio’s life of Dante Inferno

Dante tells to have journey of hell Dante must be following his guide to

and come back safety. meet God and reach heaven.

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER V CONCLUTION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

Based on the analysis this thesis from the previous chapter, the writer would like to make the following conclusion in order to help students of English Literature in understanding the epic entitled Inferno by Dante AlighieriandDante’s Biography by Boccacio. From the both of literary works have been explained that mysticism in

Dante‟s life portrayed in his work‟s Inferno. Characteristics in Boccaccio’s Life of

Dantecan found in his epic Inferno. They are mysticism is active and passive, transcendental and spiritual, not merely living the Reality of all that is, but also a living and personal Object of Love, and living Union with this one. Some of Dante‟s character in his real life and Dante as main character of his epic has same similarity.

It is showed that Dante as a dastardly and curiously man. The similarity of both this literary works is setting of time which middle age. Middle age is a time that goes on around 5th-15thcentury. In middle age, church controlled all literary works and science.

5.2 Suggestion

Finally, the author has finished completing this thesis, and hopes that readers can understand the contents of this paper, and can take the moral values and understand what mysticism is that influence in Dante‟s life and portrayed in his epic

Inferno.Relation between human and God is about faith and feeling. The readers also strengthen the belief in God and all rewards for the deeds do.

Universitas Sumatera Utara REFERENCES

Abrahams, M.H. 1999. A Glossary of Literary Terms. United States of America: Earl

McPeek

Alighieri, Dante. 1306. The Divine Comedy.

Carpenter. G.R. 1900. A Translation Of Giovanni Boccacio’s Life of Dante With An

Introduction and A Note On The Potraits Of Dante. New York: The Glorier Of

The City

Cuddon, S. A. 1996. Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. New York:

Penguin Reference.

Endraswara, S. 2013. Metodologi Penelitian Sastra: Epistemologi, Model, Teori, dan

Aplikasi. Yogyakarta: Center for Service Academic Publishing

Grant, Patrick. 1983. Literature of Mysticism in Western Tradition. London. The

Macmillan Press Ltd.

Kasim, Razali. 1996. Sastra Bandingan: Ruang Lingkup dan Metode. Medan: USU

Press

Klarer, Mario. 2004. An Introduction to Literary Studies. London: Routledge

Meleong, Lexy J. 2005. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, Edisi Revisi. Bandung: PT.

Remaja Rosdakarya

Meyer, Michael. 1990. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Boston: St. Martin‟s

Press.

Muchtar, Muhizar et.al. 2012. Pedoman penulisan Proposal dan Skripsi. Medan: FIB

USU.

Norton, Charles Eliot. 1895. The New Life of Dante Alighieri. USA: H .O. Hougton

& Co

Universitas Sumatera Utara Peck, John and Martin Coyle. 1984. Literary Terms and Criticism. London:

Macmillan Education Ltd.

Show, Henry. 1972. Dictionary of Literary Terms. USA: Mc Grow-Hill Inc.

Taylor, Richard.1981. Understanding the Elements of Literature. New York:

St.Martin‟s Press Inc.

Underhill, Evelyn. 1912. Mysticism; A study The Nature and Development of Man’s

Spiritual Consciousness. New York: E. P, Dutton and Company .

Warren, Austin and Rene Wellek. 1995. Theory of Literature. New York: Harcour

Brace and Company Inc.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism http://en.wikisource.org http://www.shmoop.com/inferno/summary.html http://www.gradesaver.com/divine-comedyi-inferno/study-guide/summary

Universitas Sumatera Utara APPENDICES

AUTHOR AND HIS WORK

i. Biography of Dante Alighieri

Dante Alighieri was born in 1265, between May 14 and June 13, under the name “Durante Alighieri.” His family was prominent in Florence, with loyalties to the Guelphs, a political alliance that supported the Papacy and which was involved in complex opposition to the Ghibellines, who were backed by the Holy Roman

Emperor. Dante pretended that his family descended from the ancient Romansbut the earliest relative he can mention by name is Cacciaguida degli Elisei of no earlier than about 1100. Dante has brother and sister. They are Francesco and Tana (Gaetana).

Dante fought in the front rank of the Guelph cavalry at the battle of. This victory brought forth a reformation of the Florentine constitution. To take any part in public life, one had to be enrolled in one of “the arts”. So Dante entered the guild of physicians and apothecaries. In following years, his name is frequently found recorded as speaking or voting in the various councils of the republic.

When Dante was 12, in 1277, he was promised in marriage to Gemmadi

Manetto Donati, daughter of Messer Manetto Donati. Contracting marriages at this early age was quite common and involved a formal ceremony, including contracts signed before a notary. Dante had already fallen in love with another girl, Beatrice

Portinari (known also as Bice). Years after Dante’s marriage to Gemma he met

Beatrice again. He had become interested in writing verse, and although he wrote several sonnets to Beatrice, he never mentioned his wife Gemma in any of his poems. Dante had several children with Gemmathey are Jacopo, Pietro, Giovanni,

Universitas Sumatera Utara Gabrielle Alighieri, and Antonia were truly his children. Antonia became a nun with the name of Sister Beatrice.

Not much is known about Dante’s education, and it is presumed he studied at home. It is known that he studied Tuscan poetry, at a time when the Sicilian School

(Scuola poetica siciliana), a cultural group from Sicily, was becoming known in

Tuscany. His interests brought him to analyze some Latin poetry of classical. Dante are known (the so-called Rime, rhymes), others being included in the later Vita

Nuova and Convivio. Other studies are reported, or deduced from Vita Nuova or the

Comedy, regarding painting and music. When he was nine years old he met Beatrice

Portinari, daughter of Folco Portinari, with whom he fell in love “at first sight”, and apparently without even having spoken to her.In many of his poems, she is depicted as semi-divine, watching over him constantly. When Beatrice died in 1290, Dante tried to find a refuge in Latin literature. He then dedicated himself to philosophical studies at religious schools like the Dominican one in Santa Maria Novella. He took part in the disputes that the two principal mendicant orders (Franciscan and Dominican) publicly or indirectly held in Florence, the former explaining the doctrine of the mystics and of

Saint Bonaventure, the latter presenting Saint Thomas Aquinas’ theories.

Dante was embroiled in the Guelph-Ghibelline conflict. He fought in the battle of Campaldino (June 11, 1289), with the Florentine Guelphs against Arezzo

Ghibellines, then in 1294 he was among the escorts of Charles Martel d’Anjou (son of Charles of Anjou) while he was in Florence. To further his political career, he became a pharmacist. He did not intend to actually practice as one, but a law issued in 1295 required that nobles who wanted public office had to be enrolled in one of the Corporazioni delle Arti e dei Mestieri, so Dante obtained admission to the

Universitas Sumatera Utara apothecaries’ guild. This profession was not entirely inapt, since at that time books were sold from apothecaries’ shops. As a politician, he accomplished little, but he held various offices over a number of years in a city undergoing political unrest.

After defeating the Ghibellines, the Guelphs divided into two factions: the White

Guelphs (Guelfi Bianchi) – Dante’s party, led by Vieri dei Cerchi – and the Black

Guelphs (Guelfi Neri), led by Corso Donati. Although initially the split was along family lines, ideological differences rose based on opposing views of the papal role in Florentine affairs, with the Blacks supporting the Pope and the Whites wanting more freedom from Rome. Initially the Whites were in power and kicked out the

Blacks. In response, Pope Boniface VIII planned a military occupation of Florence.

In 1301, Charles de Valois, brother of Philip the Fair king of France, was expected to visit Florence because the Pope had appointed him peacemaker for

Tuscany. But the city’s government had treated the Pope’s ambassadors badly a few weeks before, seeking independence from papal influence. It was believed that

Charles de Valois would eventually have received other unofficial instructions. So the council sent a delegation to Rome to ascertain the Pope’s intentions. Dante was one of the delegates.

Boniface quickly dismissed the other delegates and asked Dante alone to remain in Rome. At the same time, Charles de Valois entered Florence with Black

Guelphs, who in the next six days destroyed much of the city and killed many of their enemies. A new Black Guelph government was installed and Messer Cante dei Gabrielli di Gubbio was appointed

Podest`a of Florence. Dante was condemned to exile for two years, and ordered to pay a large fine. The poet was still in Rome, where the Pope had “suggested” he stay, and was therefore considered an absconder. He did not pay the fine, in part because

Universitas Sumatera Utara he believed he was not guilty, and in part because all his assets in Florence had been seized by the Black Guelphs. He was condemned to perpetual exile, and if he returned to Florence without paying the fine, he could be burned at the stake. The poet took part in several attempts by the White Guelphs to regain power, but these failed due to treachery. Dante, bitter at the treatment he received from his enemies, also grew disgusted with the infighting and ineffectiveness of his erstwhile allies, and vowed to become a party of one. At this point, he began sketching the foundation for the Divine Comedy, a work in 100 cantos, divided into three books of thirty-three cantos each, with a single introductory canto.

He went to Verona as a guest of Bartolomeo I della Scala, then moved to

Sarzana in Liguria. Later, he is supposed to have lived in Lucca with Madame

Gentucca, who made his stay comfortable. He was also in Paris. In 1310, the Holy

Roman Emperor Henry VII of Luxembourg, marched 5,000 troops into Italy. Dante saw in him a new Charlemagne who would restore the office of the Holy Roman Emperor to its former glory and also re-take

Florence from the Black Guelphs. He wrote to Henry and several Italian princes, demanding that they destroy the Black Guelphs

In Florence, Baldo d’Aguglione pardoned most of the White Guelphs in exile and allowed them to return; however, Dante had gone too far in his violent letters to

Arrigo (Henry VII), and he was not recalled. In 1312, Henry assaulted Florence and defeated the Black Guelphs, but there is no evidence that Dante was involved. Some say he refused to participate in the assault on his city by a foreigner; others suggest that he had become unpopular with the White Guelphs too and that any trace of his passage had carefully been removed. In 1313, Henry VII died, and with him any hope for Dante to see Florence again. He returned to Verona, where Cangrande I

Universitas Sumatera Utara della Scala allowed him to live in a certain security and, presumably, in a fair amount of prosperity.

In 1315, Florence was forced by Uguccione della Faggiuola (the military officer controlling the town) to grant an amnesty to people in exile, including Dante.

But Florence required that as well as paying a sum of money, these exiles would do public penance. Dante refused, preferring to remain in exile.

When Uguccione defeated Florence, Dante’s death sentence was commuted to house arrest, on condition that he go to Florence to swear that he would never enter the town again. Dante refused to go. His death sentence was confirmed and extended to his sons. Dante still hoped late in life that he might be invited back to Florence on honourable terms. He died in 1321 (at the age of 56) while returning to Ravenna.

Dante was buried in Ravenna.

During he lives. He has some books. They are Divine Comedy which divided into three parts (Inferno, Purgatori, and Paradiso), Monarchia, La Vita Nouva and

Convivio.

ii. Biography of Boccaccio Giovanni Boccaccio born in 1313 –1375 was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Boccaccio wrote a number of notable works, including The Decameron and On Famous Women. He wrote his imaginative literature mostly in the Italian vernacular, as well as other works in Latin, and is particularly noted for his realistic dialogue which differed from that of his contemporaries, medieval writers who usually followed formulaic models for character and plot.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Boccaccio grew up in Florence. His father worked for the Compagnia dei

Bardi and, in the 1320s, married Margherita dei Mardoli, who was of a well-to-do family. Boccaccio may have been tutored by Giovanni Mazzuoli and received from him an early introduction to the works of Dante.

Boccaccio returned to Florence in early 134 and producing Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine (also known as Ameto), a mix of prose and poems, completing the fifty-canto allegorical poem Amorosa visione in 1342, and Fiammetta in 1343. The city was hurt further in 1348 by the Black Death, which killed some three-quarters of the city's population, later represented in the Decameron...

In 1350, he was delegated to greet Francesco Petrarch as he entered Florence and also to have Petrarch as a guest at Boccaccio's home, during his stay. The meeting between the two was extremely fruitful and they were friends from then on,

Boccaccio calling Petrarch his teacher and magister. Petrarch at that time encouraged

Boccaccio to study classical Greek and Latin literature. They met again in Padua in

1351, Boccaccio on an official mission to invite Petrarch to take a chair at the university in Florence. Although unsuccessful, the discussions between the two were instrumental in Boccaccio writing the Genealogia deorum gentilium; the first edition was completed in 1360.

In 1360, Boccaccio began work on De mulieribus claris, a book offering biographies of one hundred and six famous women, that he completed in 1374. A number of Boccaccio's close friends and other acquaintances were executed or exiled in the purge following the failed coup of 1361. It was in this year that Boccaccio left

Florence to reside in Certaldo, although not directly linked to the conspiracy, where he became less involved in government affairs. He did not undertake further missions

Universitas Sumatera Utara for Florence until 1365, and traveled to Naples and then on to Padua and Venice, where he met up with Petrarch in grand style at Palazzo Molina, Petrarch's residence as well as the place of Petrarch's library. He later returned to Certaldo. He met

Petrarch only once again in Padua in 1368. Upon hearing of the death of Petrarch (19

July 1374), Boccaccio wrote a commemorative poem, including it in his collection of lyric poems, the Rime.

He returned to work for the Florentine government in 1365, undertaking a mission to Pope Urban V. The papacy returned to Rome from Avignon in 1367, and

Boccaccio was again sent to Urban, offering congratulations. He also undertook diplomatic missions to Venice and Naples.

Of his later works, the moralistic biographies gathered as De casibus virorum illustrium (1355–74) and De mulieribus claris (1361–1375) were most significant.

Other works include a dictionary of geographical allusions in classical literature, De montibus, silvis, fontibus, lacubus, fluminibus, stagnis seu paludibus, et de nominibus maris liber. He gave a series of lectures on Dante at the Santo Stefano church in

1373 and these resulted in his final major work, the detailed Esposizioni sopra la

Commedia di Dante.

His final years were troubled by illnesses, some relating to obesity and what often is described as dropsy, severe edema that would be described today as congestive heart failure. He died on 21 December 1375 in Certaldo, where he is buried.

Universitas Sumatera Utara iii. Summary of the Novel Inferno

Dante finds himself lost in a dark wood and full of fear. He sees a sun- drenched mountain in the distance, and he tries to climb it, but three beasts, a leopard, a lion, and a she-wolf, stand in his way. Dante is forced to return to the forest where he meets the spirit of Virgil, who promises to lead him on a journey through Hell so that he may be able to enter Paradise. Dante agrees to the journey and follows Virgil through the gates of Hell. The two poets enter the vestibule of

Hell where the souls of the uncommitted are tormented by biting insects and damned to chase a blank banner around for eternity. The poets reach the banks of the river

Acheron where souls await passage into Hell proper. The ferryman, Charon, reluctantly agrees to take the poets across the river to Limbo, the first circle of Hell, where Virgil permanently resides. In Limbo, the poets stop to speak with other great poets, Homer, Ovid, Horace, and Lucan, and then enter a great citadel where philosophers reside.

Dante and Virgil enter Hell proper, the second circle, where monster, Minos, sits in judgment of all of the damned, and sends them to the proper circle according to their sin. Here, Dante meets Paolo and Francesca, the two unfaithful lovers buffeted about in a windy storm.The poets move on to the third circle, the Gluttons, who are guarded by the monster Cerberus. These sinners spend eternity wallowing in mud and mire, and here Dante recognizes a Florentine, Ciacco, who gives Dante the first of many negative prophesies about him and Florence.

Upon entering the fourth circle, Dante and Virgil encounter the Hoarders and the Wasters, who spend eternity rolling giant boulders at one another. They move to

Universitas Sumatera Utara the fifth circle, the marsh comprising the river Styx, where Dante is accosted by a

Florentine, Filippo Argenti; he is amongst the Wrathful that fight and battle one another in the mire of the Styx.

The city of Dis begins Circle VI, the realm of the violent. The poets enter and find themselves in Circle VI, realm of the Heretics, who reside among the thousands in burning tombs. Dante stops to speak with two sinners, Farinata degli Uberti,

Dante's Ghibelline enemy, and Cavalcante dei Cavalcanti, father of Dante's poet friend, Guido. The poets then begin descending through a deep valley. Here, they meet the Minotaur and see a river of boiling blood, the Phlegethon, where those violent against their neighbors, tyrants, and war-makers reside, each in a depth according to their sin. Virgil arranges for the Centaur, Nessus, to take them across the river into the second round of circle seven, the Suicides. Here Dante speaks with the soul of Pier delle Vigne and learns his sad tale. In the third round of Circle VII, a desert wasteland awash in a rain of burning snowflakes, Dante recognizes and speaks with Capaneus, a famous blasphemer. He also speaks to his beloved advisor and scholar, Brunetto Latini. This is the round held for the Blasphemers, Sodomites, and the Usurers.

The poets then enter Circle VIII, which contains ten chasms, or ditches. The first chasm houses the Panderers and the Seducers who spend eternity lashed by whips. The second chasm houses the Flatterers, who reside in a channel of excrement. The third chasm houses the Simonists, who are plunged upside-down in baptismal fonts with the soles of their feet on fire. Dante speaks with Pope Nicholas, who mistakes him for Pope Boniface. In the fourth chasm, Dante sees the Fortune

Tellers and Diviners, who spend eternity with their heads on backwards and their

Universitas Sumatera Utara eyes clouded by tears. At the fifth chasm, the poets see the sinners of Graft plunged deeply into a river of boiling pitch and slashed at by demons.

At the sixth chasm, the poets encounter the Hypocrites, mainly religious men damned to walk endlessly in a circle wearing glittering leaden robes. The chief sinner here, Caiaphas, is crucified on the ground, and all of the other sinners must step on him to pass. Two Jovial friars tell the poets the way to the seventh ditch, where the

Thieves have their hands cut off and spend eternity among vipers that transform them into serpents by biting them. They, in turn, must bite another sinner to take back a human form. At the eighth chasm Dante sees many flames that conceal the souls of the Evil Counselors. Dante speaks to Ulysses, who gives him an account of his death.

At the ninth chasm, the poets see a mass of horribly mutilated bodies. They were the sowers of discord, such as Mahomet. They are walking in a circle. By the time they come around the circle, their wounds knit, only to be opened again and again. They arrive at the tenth chasm the Falsifiers. Here they see the sinners afflicted with terrible plagues, some unable to move, some picking scabs off of one another. They arrive at the ninth circle. It is comprised of a giant frozen lake,

Cocytus, in which the sinners are stuck. Dante believes that he sees towers in the distance, which turn out to be the Giants. One of the Giants, Antaeus, takes the poets on his palm and gently places them at the bottom of the well. Circle IX is composed of four rounds, each housing sinners, according to the severity of their sin.

In the first round, Caina, the sinners are frozen up to their necks in ice. In the second round, Antenora, the sinners are frozen closer to their heads. Here, Dante accidentally kicks a traitor in the head, and when the traitor will not tell him his

Universitas Sumatera Utara name, Dante treats him savagely. Dante hears the terrible story of Count Ugolino, who is gnawing the head and neck of Archbishop Ruggieri, due to Ruggieri's treacherous treatment of him in the upper world. In the third round, Ptolomea, where the Traitors to Guests reside, Dante speaks with a soul who begs him to take the ice visors, formed from tears, out of his eyes. Dante promises to do so, but after hearing his story refuses. The fourth round of Circle IX, and the very final pit of Hell,

Judecca, houses the Traitors to Their Masters, who are completely covered and fixed in the ice, and Satan, who is fixed waist deep in the ice and has three heads, each of which is chewing a traitor: Judas, Brutus, and Cassius.

The poets climb Satan's side, passing the center of gravity, and find themselves at the edge of the river Lethe, ready to make the long journey to the upper world. They enter the upper world just before dawn on Easter Sunday, and they see the stars overhead

Universitas Sumatera Utara