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The Geologic History of Subsurface Arkosic Sedimentary Rocks in the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) Borehole, Central California

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The Geologic History of Subsurface Arkosic Sedimentary Rocks in the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) Borehole, Central California Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2007 The Geologic History of Subsurface Arkosic Sedimentary Rocks in the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) Borehole, Central California Sarah D. Draper Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Draper, Sarah D., "The Geologic History of Subsurface Arkosic Sedimentary Rocks in the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) Borehole, Central California" (2007). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 6021. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6021 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 2007 The Geologic History of Subsurface Arkosic Sedimentary Rocks in the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) Borehole, Central California Sarah D. Draper Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Geology Commons This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF SUBSURFACE ARKOSIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS IN THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT OBSERVATORY AT DEPTH (SAFOD) BOREHOLE, CENTRAL CALIFORNIA by Sarah D. Draper A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE m Geology Approved: UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2007 11 ABSTRACT The Geologic History of Subsurface Arkosic Sedimentary Rocks in the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) Borehole, Central California by Sarah D. Draper, Master of Science Utah State University, 2007 Major Professor: Dr. James P. Evans Department: Geology The aim of the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) project, a component of the NSF Earthscope Initiative, is to directly observe active fault processes at seismogenic depths through the drilling of a 3 km deep (true vertical depth) inclined borehole across San Andreas fault. Preliminary subsurface models based on surface mapping and geophysical data predicted different lithologies than were actually encountered. At 1920 meters measured depth (mmd), a sequence of well-indurated, interbedded arkosic conglomerates, sandstones , and siltstones was encountered. We present a detailed lithologic and structural characterization as a step toward understanding the complex geologic history of this fault-bounded block of arkosic sedimentary rocks. We divide the arkosic section into three lithologic units with different iii compositional, structural, and sedimentary _features: the upper arkose, 1920-2530 mmd, the clay-rich zone, 2530-2680 Illtlld, and the lower arkose, 2680-3150 mmd. We interpret the section to have been deposited in a Salinian transtensional basin, in either a subaqueous or subaerial fan setting. We suggest four different possibly equivalent sedimentary units to the SAFOD arkoses, the locations of which are dependent on how the San Andreas fault system has evolved over time in the vicinity of the SAFOD site. Detailed analysis of three subsidiary faults encountered in the arkosic section at 1920 mmd, 2530 mmd, and 3060 mmd, shows that subsurface faults have similar microstructures and composition as exhumed faults at the surface, with less evidence of alteration from extensive fluid flow. (200 pages) - lV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project was made possible through funding provided by NSF Earthscope grant# EAR-0454527, and the Drilling and Observation of the Earth's Continental Crust (DOSECC) student internship program. Scholarships from the Chevron Corporation, the J.S, Williams Fellowship, and the Beryl and Tura Springer scholarship fund were fundamental in the successful completion of this master's project. I want to thank my advisor, Jim Evans, who has taught me so much about the various aspects of the geologic world. He has been an incredible teacher, mentor, and friend. His consistently positive outlook on life has been an inspiration to me. Jim makes the whole master's experience relatively stress-free and downright fun. My committee members, Susanne Janecke and John Shervais, have also been instrumental to my success. I couldn't possibly have asked for a better, more supportive committee. My thesis project has been an incredible experience. Steve Hickman, Mark · Zoback, and Bill Ellsworth, the co-principal investigators of the SAFOD project, need to be especially commended not only for making the SAFOD project possible but also accessible to students, professors, industry professionals, and interested parties of all educations. Their friendly, supportive, and open-door approach to the project made it possible for me and all the other members of the "SAFOD Science Team" to spend our summers learning a ton. The friends I made at the SAFOD site are very important to me and they contributed significantly to my success .as well. These friends include: Naomi Boness, Amy Day-Lewis, Rafael Almeida, Sonata Wu, Simona Pierdominici, V Thomas Wiersberg, Fermin Fernandez-Ibanez, Kelly Mitchell, Dave Kirschner, Alexander MacQuitty, and Sean and Jessica Mitchell. USU alum John Solum and his wife, Marie, very kindly opened their home to me for the month of May and other short trips to Menlo Park, CA. As a result of all the time I spent with these two generous people we've become very good friends. I also learned a lot from John with regards to clay mineralogy and the mineralogy of the SAFOD borehole specifically. Lori Hirschi has been a great, supportive friend. Lori really cares about the students at Utah State, and I think we usually fail to appreciate her the way she deserves. All of the people with whom I have shared an office over the last 2.5 years, Joe Jacobs, Alex Steely, Angela Isaacs, Ben Belgarde, Adam Majeski, and Dave Forand also deserve my thanks for all I have learned from them and their friendship. Corey Barton and Kelly Bradbury have worked with me as a part of the USU SAFOD team and they taught me a ton about microscopy methods and our interesting science discussions have often found their way into this thesis. Finally, I want to thank my fiance, Kellen Springer, who has been nothing but incredibly supportive this whole time, from moving to Utah with me to calming me down when I get especially panicked about whatever stresses me out at the moment. Thanks everyone. Sarah D. Draper Vl CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ..................... ................................ ................... .......................... .................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................... ..................... ............. ................................ ........... iv LIST OF TABLES .................... ........................... ................. .......... ................................ viii LIST OF FIG1JRES ............................ ...................... ..................... .................................... ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................ ............................... ............. 1 References .......... ......................... ..................... ............. .................. ............. 8 2. SYSTEMATIC LITHOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SUBSURFACE ARKOSIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS IN THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT OBSERVATORY AT DEPTH (SAFOD) BOREHOLE, CENTRAL CALIFORNIA .................. .......... ........ ............ 13 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................. 13 2.1 INTRODUCTION ................ ....... ................... ................ .......................... 14 2.2 METHODS ........................................ ........................... ............. ............... 19 2.3 RESULTS ........... ............ .......................................... ............. ...... ............. 30 2.4 SUMMARY OF LITHOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION ..................... 49 2.5 ANALYSIS OF RESlJLTS .................................... ............................. ..... 50 2.6 DISCUSSION .............................. ............... ......................... ..................... 66 i.7 CONCLUSIONS ....................................... ........................ ............ ........... 79 References ........................................ ..................... ................. ................ .. 82 3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND DEFORMATIONAL FEATURES OF THREE SUBSIDIARY FAULTS ENCOUNTERED IN THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT OBSERVATORY AT DEPTH (SAFOD) BOREHOLE, CENTRAL CALIFORNIA ........................................ ...... 123 ABSTRACT ......................................................... .................................. 123 3.1 INTRODUCTION ................. ................................. ................................ 124 3.2 METHODS ......................... .................. .................. ................................ 130 3.3 RESULTS .................................... ........................... ."..... .......................... 132 3.4 DISCUSSION/ANALYSIS ................ ................. ................................... 139
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