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Chapter 6, Section 1 Chapter Overview Visit 61tl""-'-=~"-" and cl ick on Chapter 6-Chapter Overviews to preview chapter information. Section 1: The Early Years Essential Question What challenges did the American revolutionaries face at the start of the war? Summarizing Information Section 2: The War Continues Make this Foldable to help Essential Question How did the United States gain allies you summarize what you learn about the and aid during the Revolutionary War? Revolutionary War. Section 3: The War Moves West and Step 1 Begin with a South 11" x 17" piece of Essential Question How did fighting in the West and South paper. affect the course of the Revolutionary War? Step 2 Fold the sides Section 4: The War Is Won of the paper into the Essential Question How did the Battle of Yorktown lead to middle to make a American independence? shutter fold. Step 3 Label the tabs as shown. Reading and Writing As you read the chap­ ter, list important battles, people, and other facts under the correct tabs. Continental infantryman .... The Early Years : What challenges did the : American revolutionaries : face at the start of the • ? .• American Diary ... war. ....... On the night of]uly 9, 1776, General Reading Guide George Washington asked that the Content Vocabulary mercenary (p. 155) recruit (p. 155) Declaration ofIndependence be read to his Academic Vocabulary assembled troops in New York City. Later transfer (p. 155) previous (p. 155) that night, a crowd ofAmerican soldiers Key People and Events Hessian (p. 155) and civilians marched to a park, where they Molly Pitcher (p. 155) toppled a gold-leafed statue of Britain's king General William Howe (p. 156) Nathan Hale (p. 156) George III on horseback. '1n it were 4,000 Lemuel Hayes (p. 157) Pounds of Lead," a lieutenant in the Peter Salem (p. 157) Benedict Arnold (p. 159) Continental Army said, "~ .. to be run up General Horatio Gates (p. 159) into Musquet Balls [bullets] for the Reading Strategy use of the Yankies." Taking Notes As you read, use a diagram like the one below to l1st -from the Journal of Lieutenant Isaac Bangs the Patriot defeats and victories during the early years of the American Revolution. The Opposing Sides had an experienced, well-trained army and the wealth of a worldwide empire. Great 1M311 ,1nt¥1 The British and American forces each Britain also had a much larger population had advantages and disadvantages during the war for than the United States. More than 8 million American independence. people resided in Britain, compared with only 2.5 million in the United States. History and You What qualities should a leader have? Read to learn how George Washington's The colonists suffered serious disadvan­ leadership qualities were an advantage for the Patriots. tages. They lacked a regular army and a ............................. .. ....... strong navy. American soldiers also lacked experience. Weapons and ammunition were A s the toppling of the king's statue demon­ in short supply. Many Patriots belonged to strated, tensions between the colonies and militia groups-local forces. However, they Great Britain had reached a critical point after were volunteer soldiers who fought for short years of disagreement and negotiation. After periods of time before returning home. the colonies declared independence from The Patriots faced another obstacle. Not Britain in July 1776, the war for freedom was all Americans supported the struggle for inde­ unavoidable. pendence. Some people were neutral,taking Both sides expected the war for independ­ neither side in the conflict. The Quakers, for ence to be short. The British planned to crush example, would not participate in the war the rebellion by force. Most of the Patriots­ because they opposed all armed conflict. Still Americans who supported independence­ other Americans remained loyal to Britain. believed the British would give up after losing one or two major battles. Few Patriots The Loyalists believed John Adams when he predicted in Those Americans who remained loyal to April 1776: "We shall have a long ... and Britain and opposed the war for independ­ bloody war to go through." ence were called Loyalists or Tories. At least At first glance the British had an over­ one American in five were thought to be whelming advantage in the war. They had Loyalists-perhaps as many as one in three. the strongest navy in the world. They also Some people changed sides during the war, \'rimary Source The Liberty Bell Symbol of Freedom "Get us a good bell;' wrote Isaac Norris, a Pennsylvania political leader to an aide in London in 1751. Arriving in 1752, the Liberty Bell was hung in the Pennsylvania State House (now Independence Hall). Its most famous ringing, on July 8, 1776, announced the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence. The Liberty Bell was rung every Fourth of July and for many public events until a crack appeared in about 1846. Today, the Liberty Bell is a symbol of freedom in the United States and throughout the world. Speculating Why do you think symbols, such as statues, flags, and bells, are important to the people of a country? T In 1776 women could not officially join the army. Yet their contributions proved critical to the war effort. Some women spied on British soldiers while others traveled with the troops, serving as cooks, seamstresses, and nurses. A few women even disguised themselves as men in order to become soldiers. <IIIII Female Continental soldier Colonist Lydia Darrah spied on the British and passed information to the Continental Army. ~ depending on which army was closer. Loyalist PRIMARY SouRCE support varied from region to region "Neighbor [was] ... against neighbor, father against throughout the war. In general, it was son and son against father, and he that would not strongest in the Carolinas and Georgia and thrust his own blade through his brother's heart was weakest in New England. called an infamous villain:' Loyalists supported Britain for different -from Less Than Glory, by Norman Gelb reasons. Some people remained loyal because African Americans in the War they were members of the Anglican Church, Some African Americans also sided with headed by the British king. Others depended the Loyalists. At the start of the war, the on the British for their jobs. Some Loyalists British appealed to enslaved Africans to join feared the disorder that might break out from them. Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of challenging the established government. Virginia, announced that enslaved people Others simply could not understand what all who fought on the British side would be the commotion was about and why the colo­ freed. Many men answered his call. Eventually nies wanted independence. No other country, some of them ended up free in Canada. one Loyalist complained, "faced a rebellion Others settled in the British colony of Sierra arising from such trivial causes." Leone in Africa. Friends and families were divided over their loyalty to Britain. For example, William Patriot Advantages Franklin, son of Patriot Benjamin Franklin, The Americans held some advantages. was a Loyalist who had served as a royal They were fighting on their own ground and governor. As one Connecticut man observed: fought with great determination to protect 154 Chapter 6 The American Revolution Raising an Army The Americans placed great value on liberty and personal freedom for citizens. MOW Today, women play a critical role in the After throwing off the rule of the British U.S. military. By the mid-1990s, Congress had opened Parliament, they were unwilling to transfer­ nearly all military jobs to women, including combat roles. or move-power to their own Continental Today, about one in every seven soldiers on active duty is Congress. In some ways the American a woman, and many women hold leadership positions throughout the armed forces. Revolution was really 13 separate wars, with each state pursuing its own interests. As a result, the Congress experienced difficulty enlisting soldiers and raising money to fight the war. The militia played an essential role in the Patriots' forces. However, the Americans also needed well-trained soldiers who could fight anywhere in the colonies. The Congress established the Continental Army but depended on the states to recruit, or enlist, soldiers. At first, soldiers signed up for one year of Analyzing The Revolutionary War was fought army service. General Washington appealed on American soil. How do you think this fact for longer terms. "If we ever hope for suc­ influenced the role of women in the war? cess," he said, "we must have men enlisted for the whole term of the war." Eventually the Continental Congress offered enlistments for it. The British, however, had to wage war in a three years or for the length of the war. Most faraway land. They were forced to ship sol­ soldiers, however, still signed up for only diers and supplies thousands of miles across one year. the Atlantic. It was also difficult to recruit officers. The Another advantage for the Americans was best officers in the Continental Army were vet­ the type of soldiers fighting for the British. erans of previous, or earlier, wars or young The British relied on mercenaries-hired men who were recruited from the ranks. soldiers-to fight for them. The Americans Women also fought with the Patriot forces. called the mercenaries Hessians, after the Margaret Corbin of Pennsylvania went with region in Germany from where most of them her husband when he joined the Continental came. The Patriots were fighting for the Army. After he died in battle, she took his freedom of their own land. They believed place. Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley also they had a much greater stake in winning the joined her husband in battle.
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