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Nathan Hale: Icon of Innocence Nathan Hale: Icon of Innocence MARY BETH BAKER NewLondon, Connecticut Most stateshave official birds, flowers, insects- evencookies. Connecticutalso has a state hero, Captain Nathan Hale, who in 1985 temporarily beat out Prudence Crandall for the title. Hale was already considereda national figure and included in numerousschool texts by 1833 when Crandall openedher conffoversialschool for African-American girls in Canterbury, not far from Hale's birthplace in Coventry. "NathanHale" by N.C. Wyeth,by kind permissionof the Hill School,Pottstown, Pennsylvania. Mary Beth Baker is the Director of the Stonington Historical Society. She worked as historic site manager of the Antiquarian & Landmarl<sSociety's Nathan Hale Homestead in Coventryfor many years, as well as other Connecticut museumhouses over a 2S-year career. Her other historic charges have included the Glebe House in Woodbury, the Hempsted Houses in New Landon, and the Avery-Copp House in Groton. i;?jCoN Nr-.c'r'rc'r,r Hrs'rr rr<r Btirn in 17,55.Flale entered Yale Ciollegcaf the age of firurteenancl, after gradu- ating.taught school before 3oinrng the arrnl rn 1775. Having serveclat the Siegeof Ilostorrund perhapsas a secretagent in New Yolk firr the firr-rrmonths preceding the llattleol'lrrng lsland,Hale passcd behind eucn]y lines in Septembcrof lll6 anclwas quickly apprehendeclas a spy. On 22 St:ptcrnberhc was hangedin what is today midtown N{anhattan.He'uvas thc l'irsi;\nrericanexecutecl bv the Britishin tlreWar lirr Inrlcpendence. Many haveconsidercd Nathan Hale a rood guy br-rta bad spy.1'his has been lrue almostsince Hale's unfirrtunate rlenrise at theuge of twcnty-one.Thc usualline g<les lus firllous: Hale. u young schoolteacher-turnecl-captairrin Wasl'rincton's hastily lbrmed unclercovernetwork, was llrerepitorrrc o1' selfless patriotisrn, Arnerican style. His Inckof expericnccand cunning.his rclirsll to lie aboutwho he was and what he ri,asdoing, made hirn lnil as an undercovclugcnl but sLrcceedas a syrnbcllof Ameri- cnr.rinrroccr.rce ancl sell-sacrifice. Desl'rite his vouth.ut point of deuthhc was as elo- qt-lentas auy olcl-wotldrnaltyr'. Flis last wrlrrlsirrc still clr-loted:"l only regretlhat I huvc but one li1'cto krsc firr nry ('oulrtry." -l'his gooclcul'/bird spy tllenrclias been thc gist of our hero'sappcal firr the last tr.i,'ohurrrllctl yeirrs. lt noncthclcssrnuclc rrational hcirdlincs in Scpternbelol'2(X)3 r.r,i'tcua respectecllristoliarr cchoc<l the s{arrclardconclusion yet again: Halc was a u'ell-in{crttioned.innocent clupc. lri rtewsstolics acloss the countly.Dr. Janres}lrrl- son.('hicl'of the ManuscliptI)ivision at lhc l.ibraryol'Congress. rrrrnouncecl thc accirrisitiortof an urtprrblisheclrnanuscript wliich. he saicl.would "solvc a rnysteryas old ls thc Arttericurtltevolutiorr: How lhr-rIlrrtish caugh{ arrcl cxcrcutctl Nathan l{ale iirr spvinu."l Hutsoncanlc upon his revclutioncor.rcclnirrg lJalc throughu,hat he culletlsclcnclipity. Across his dcsk haplrcnctlr papefrvritten by a pcrsnickctyCon- rtr:cticrrtsltopkeeper, Consirlt:r"l'il'lirny ( 1733-96). Afier lhe Revolr-rtiorr.this Loyalist 'l'he look tr;loulrinrsclf thc writing ol'a hir;trlryol Arnelicu. manuscriptw:rs passed dorvn in the f il'l'urrylunrily until il u,asclcpositcd at thc NationalArchivcs in 2(X)2. Sucltrliscove'ries. Flutson notccl, nriL1,'"altcl lr lont acccptedintelprctlrti()n. cxl)()\c r-l -l'if'firny's hypoclitctlr vindicatca hcro." With consiilcrltrlepless coverage. version til tlrc Hulc stoly lcti rnanyrcurlcls worrclcrirrg.iust whal ('onneclicul'sofl'icial statc ht'rohltl tlonctri carrthis l'arttc.exccpl gcl cxecutedirt rnidtowrtManhattan at thc age rlf tllcntl-orrein thc early stagcsol the [icvolLrtion.] WltcrtLi.S. Ilcp. Ilob Sinrrrronr;o1'(bnrrccticut spokc rln the sul-r.jectof espionlrge in l {lrlktrntitled "Nalhrn I'lalclo Osarnullin l.aden"at the HartlirclPublic l-ibraly in the llrll o1'f(X)3.lre couclurlccl us nratiyollrcls havc that Hale w'usa rrnk anratL)ur: llis corrrrlry.in its t,or.rtlrfLlinnoccrrcc. sirrrpl;, hld no tutorsor trainingfirr deception suchas urc neccssarylirt ef'ltctivccspionugc. lncpt as a spy, Hale was "the cluirr(es- sLrntialpatliot" wlto suve his li{c with c<lrrrplctcclisregard lbr his ou,rrlate or l'arne. Furthelnrole,he huil becn tirolccll-r1' a r.ioLrblc-agent,R()bel't Rogcrs l "As nruchas IirtlrttileNathun Hlle." Sirnirrrinsconcluded. ". .. hc was a litilurt:. rrn(lAnlcricll can't iLl'fbrdl'ailtrles." A lirlrrierrCIA opcrativein thc Viet Nirm era, ConglessnranSimnrotts got his irlcalboul Huic thrr Hu(s<x'sdiscove'ry. "As a peo- CoNNecrrcur Hrsronv # ple we don't like liars," Simmons explained, "but as a nation, we need them." Nathan Hale had, after all, agreedto spy but not to lie, and that, Simmons concluded, is not what America needs,at least not in the tenor-filled world of the twenty-first century. Narratives on the subject of Hale have almost invariably made similar calcula- tions about his failure as a spy, noting his lack of experience,guileless demeanor, and considerablegood looks, the former two attributes setting him in considerable contrastto Europeanheroes. It is also usual to note his bravery and Yale diploma. To quote Dr. Hutson, Hale must have been "stupid" or at least "naive" to go about Long Island pretendingto be a schoolmasterin an effort to gain information about British forces. Hudson agreed with intelligence experts who describe Hale as a "sacrificial lamb, dispatchedon a mission doomed from the start."4 Even with the new manuscript at the Library of Congress,however, we still do not know what Hale's mission actually was or whether it was his first. How are we to judge his successor failure'? Does our ignorance permit us to assume he had no experienceor training? Basinghistorical judgments on an absenceof evidenceis alwaysproblematic, but assumptionsgrounded upon ideals rather than facts have been the custom when con- sideringstories like Hale's, and his role as a national icon has always been more importantthan the actuality of his life. If only the true motivations of heroes like Halewere understood,reality would stand revealed,according to many writers on the subject.The author of the icon's first full-length biography, IsaacW. Stuart, admitted in 1856that "romance. has beenbusy with Hale," but as long as the "tales" keep his memory alive, "we can pardon almost any idealization. ." 5 Certain elements of Hale's character,plot, and last words were codified as early as Hannah Adams' 1799A Sumnturt:Historv- of New-England. By the early twentieth century his words were literally cast in bronze by the antiquarian, George Dudley Seymour, who be- sidescommissioning a statue, spearheadeda campaign fbr a postage stamp, bought and restoredthe Hale family homestead in Coventry, Connecticut, and wrote the definitive Documentary Li.fe ol Nathan Hale.6 Becauseof the extensiveintelpretation related to Hale's history, his image has much to reveal about American values and character.As the icon of American inno- cenceand self-sacrifice, Hale's characterhas remainednearly inviolate,despite con- flicting details about his undercover lif-e and public death. These details are particularly important becausethey cast doubt on his inexperience and ingenuous- ness,and, thus, complicatethe story. The point of this essay,then, is to examine some of these details against the background of common assumptionsand lay bare the generaltruth behind Hale's story. We begin with one of the earliest sources,the one relied on by Adams, Seymour,and everyoneelse since:William Hull.i William Hull William Hull (1753-1825)of Derby, Connecticut,is one of the most important sourcesof interpretationon Hale's role as a hero. A year ahead of Nathan at Yale College, Hull was with Hale at the siege of Boston, and the two traveled with the it C,rNNEcl-rcrrrHrsrorry army to New York at the same time. Accordin-eto Hull, he and Nathan were close fiiends and confldants.and when Nathan askedfor advice on becoming an under- cover agent.Hull tried valiantly to dissLradehirn frorl a coursethat would likely end in death and disgrace.Successlul spies are never honored,Hull warned Hale, whom he counseledas fbllows: 11'Halewere truly l'atedto die, it should be on the field of battle, not on some ignorniniousgallows. But Nathan persisted,explaining that il' espionagewere the nrostr"rsefirl thing he could do, then personalconsecluences were unimportant. In the Lila of Capruitt Notltun Hulc. I.W. Stuart drarnatizesHull's advice by putting in a fictional scenebetween Hale's comrnandingofficer, Colonel Thornas Knowlton,and his men. Here Halebecclrnes a lonelyvolunteer. the one willing rran to step tbrward on a mission inrpossible: . to play thc spy thc hatcclspy and ln ol'l'iccrto do it! It was t(x) irrcdocnrirblyhunrilrating - and onc alicr unothcrol thc ol'liccfs. dcclincd.No onc was willing to hclp Washirrgton gain the ncctlcdinlirrrnation. whcn suddcnly.thcr-e crmc a i,oiccwith thc painlirlly thrillinr:yet chccringwor'tls'l will undcrtakcitl' . ... Scarcclvycl rccovcrcdlhrrn a scvcrcillncss. hrs lircc still ptle, wrthouthis accustorr)cdstrcngth ol botly,yct lirrn and trdcnt as cverol soul,lllalel voluntcercdat onco, recklcssol'its rlangcr,irnd though tlouhtlessappallctl, not vanquishcdhy its disgracc.to clischurgcthc rcl)u(liirtc(llrLrst.o Later writers. even as recentlyas Davicl McC-'ullouglrin his book 1776 (2005), have treatedthis episodeas if tactual.reading into it Nathan'syouthful ternerity. ThoughHull recountedrro such incidcnt, his l'anrousadvicc to Haleis usuallyrelated in conjunctiorrwith sonreversion ol'Stuart's dranratization.Befbre we weigh the validity of Hull's testintony.however. a cLlrsoryklok at his lil'eis in tlrder.') After a successfulcareer in the Revolution.Willianr Hull settlcclin Massachu- setts,practiced law, and becanrea prorninentlegislator and judge. He was a well- known and popular war hero, and his associationwith Nathan Hale heightenedthe respecthe enjoyed.In lli05 Hull wrs appointedgovernor of the Michiganterritory by PresidentJeff'erson. When war with Gleat Britain broke out, he lbLrndhirrself both governt)rand headol'the alrned lirrceslirr the Territory - a double duty he had been promisedwould not be dernandcdof him.
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