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“Is El Dorado Green? Opportunities for the Silicium Revolution in Colombian

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“Is El Dorado Green? Opportunities for the Silicium Revolution in Colombian “Is El Dorado green? Opportunities for the silicium revolution in Colombian landscapes” D.G. Debouck Cali@Bogotá, July 6, 2021 El Dorado in the Old World: • metallurgy invented by 6,000 years b.P. • gold/ silver used as money 4,500 y b.P. • in the trade of goods/ services in the New World: • metallurgy invented by 3,500 years b.P. • gold and silver used as jewelry photo: Coe et al. 1988 • goods/ services are swapped According to Fray Pedro Simón (1625): Muisca chief taking office covered with gold dust made offerings in Lake Guatavita; it was a celebration to ensure the continuance of rain for maize and potato crops. ‘El Dorado’: magnet for hundreds of adventurers in 16th and 17th centuries; obligation to reimburse the ship, the journey; poverty and hunger at home Additional reading: Arango-Cano 1985, Diamond 1997, Dunn & Kelley 1989, Friede 1984, Harari 2014, Williams et al. 1999 2/32 Death and hunger at home Spain • Andalusia, 1489-1490: typhus • Barcelona, 1489-1490: bubonic plague • Sevilla, 1485: bubonic plague • Zaragoza, 1486, 1490: bubonic plague Portugal • Oporto, 1486: bubonic plague Italy • Florence, 1417: bubonic plague • Milano, 1477-1479: bubonic plague • Lombardy, 1477-1479: famine • Venice, 1477-1478: bubonic plague • Venice, 1692: famine sources: Grove & Rackham 2003, Kohn 1998, McNeill 1998 Pieter Bruegel the Elder Triumph of Death, ca. 1566 3/32 The beginning of some ecological mismatch Cristoforo Colombo (1451-1506) • only mean of transportation = the horse (and adding status) The American tropics invaded by inter alia• : no domestic animals in the Antilles • repetition of a cultural lack of understandingexcept of the forest dog, thus no meat! • steel sword and steel axe (never in the New World before 1492) • the four beasts of Apocalypse: cattle, goat, pig, sheep Additional reading: Bergreen 2011, Crosby 1991, Debouck 2017, Diamond 1997 4/32 Out of context? Bi-national park ‘La Amistad’ Costa Rica Panama Cattle: 1/5 of performance or less, but producing methane! Buffer zone: degraded pasture 47% * has the farmer been in-formed how to get out of the poverty trap? * percentage of degraded pastures in Brazil: Jank et al. 2014 photo: Debouck 2019 The flowering of human addictions (1) Dates of introduction of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) heliophilous grass from river margins on alluvial soils sugar Andalucia, 1000 Sicily, 800 Iran, 500 China, 3200 b.P. Canarias, 1480 Tunisia, 800 Louisiana, 1673 Indochina, 2000 b.P. Nicaragua, 1540 Haiti, 1494 Colombia, 1540 SaoTomé, 1493 India, 3000 b.P. Brazil, 1530 Madagascar, 400 saccharose (= sucrose) = glucose (only form of energy used by the brain) + fructose sources: Patiño 1969, Nicora & Rúgolo 1987, Mintz 1991, Sauer 1993, Roach 1995, Zimmer 2005 6/32 what if ? sugarcane: • sustainable production? water, manpower? • coming conflicts with urban areas for water • burning the leaves = burning money + pollution! • tropical dry forest in Valle = 1.5% left! win-win approaches are possible: • through breeding: better water efficiency • purchase of watershed to ensure water flows • move the crop where there is more rain • through breeding functional abscission • use of leaves for cellulose production sources: Díaz-Merlano 2006; Patiño 1969 7/32 Potential and use of Genetic Resources in Saccharum (Poaceae, Andropogoneae, 6 species; C4 photosynthesis) Hybrids with S. spontaneum (India, SE Asia) Traits POJ-2878 (1921) yield resistance to sereh and to SMV mosaic resistance to red rot, and to root rot (Pythium arrhenomanes) resistance to smut (Ustilago scitaminea) resistance to gummosis (Xanthomonas vasculorum) Hybrids with S. robustum (New Guinea) vigor and straight stems Hybrids con ? ? ? water efficiency, leaf abscission (crosses with Erianthus, Miscanthus) sources: Stalker 1980; Prescott-Allen & Prescott-Allen 1983; Oldfield 1989; Roach 1995 8/32 The flowering of human addictions (2) Dates of introduction of coffee plant small tree growing in altitude forests of NE Africa coffee photo: West 2002 botanic garden of Amsterdam (founded in 1682) 1706 Paris Yemen Martinique Surinam 1722 Ethiopia Colombia 1713 1000 1660 Java 1758 Brasil 1696 1730 Isla Bourbon 1717 caffeine: alkaloid, keeps the brain active, causes the heart to beat rapidly originally, a defence mechanism against insects in no-frost climates sources: Hobhouse 2005, Koehler 2017, Patiño 1969, Pendergrast 1999, Smith et al. 1992, Wrigley 1995 9/32 Movement of coffee leaf rust, Hemileia vastatrix photo: Charrier 1982 India Cameroon 1869 Mexico Puerto Rico 1903 1983 1957 Ethiopia Colombia 1868 Java 1894 Ceylon 1980 Tanzania * 1876 Brazil Fiji 1970 1879 * direct introduction of living germplasm [works of Louis Pasteur: 1865-1885] sources: Avelino et al. 2015, Charrier 1982, Koehler 2017, Sauer 1993, Smith et al. 1992 10/32 Potential and use of Genetic Resources in Coffea resistance to leaf rust: C. canephora, C. pseudozanguebariae drought tolerance: C. racemosa resistance to berry disease: C. arabica, C. canephora resistance to leaf miner: C. stenophylla absence of caffeine: C. perrieri C. canephora C. congensis C. liberica C. arabica C. canephora o C. humilis 12 N C. arabica C. liberica C. eugenioides C. fadenii o C. canephora 0 C. pseudozanguebariae C. humilis C. sessiliflora C. liberica o C. stenophylla 12 S C. costatifructa C. anthonyi C. mufindiensis C. brevipes C. pocsii C. anthonyi C. canephora C. pseudozanguebariae C. charrieriana C. canephora C. congensis C. congensis C. racemosa C. perrieri C. liberica C. liberica C. salvatrix C. mayombensis C. mayombensis + > 40 sp. C. zanguebariae sources: Anthony 1992, Anthony et al. 1993, Anthony et al. 2007, Charrier 1982 Crops feeding Africa Foreign Native • maize 19+ • finger millet 19+ • Asiatic rice • pearl millet • barley • Guinea millet • emmer wheat • sorghum • common bean • African rice • Lima bean • fonio • peanut 12oN • tef • soybean • cowpea • cassava • bambara groundnut • potato 0o • hyacinth bean • sweet potato • yam • plantain/ banana • coffee • tomato 12oS • enset • cocoa • yam bean • papaya • oil palm • sweet orange • sesame • mango • watermelon • sugarcane • melon • chili pepper • gombo sources: Harlan 1992, Harlan & Stemler 1976, Portères 1976, Purseglove 1976, Vietmeyer 1996, Westphal 1974 12/32 Hevea brasiliensis (Willd.) Müll-Arg. Uses before 1492: • detoxified seeds for food • seeds used as baits for fishing • latex coagulated with acid to make a ball to play • latex used to start a fire • syringes to inject intoxicant in the nostril • headbands to keep feathers in ceremonies photo: Schultes 1945 sources: Hobhouse 2005; Métraux 1963; Patiño 1967; Schultes 1984; Smith et al. 1992 The wheel of industrial revolution! Uses after 1492: • pencil eraser • hot-air balloons (1770) vulcanization (Charles Goodyear, 1839) 1850-1880: • rubber boots • hose-pipes, seals • raincoats 1818: Karl von Drais: “draisine” 1839: Kirkpatrick Macmillan: pedals and gear 1880-1895: 1868: Clément Ader: solid rubber tyre • tyres for bicycles 1885: John Kemp Starley: sprocket and chain • electric wires 1888: John Dunlop: rubber pneumatic tyres • telegraphic cables 1900- today: • versatility (p.ej. to take it on the train) • individual mobility (gender, age, society classes) • tyre for cars sources: Herlihy 2004, Hobhouse 2005; Métraux 1963; Patiño 1967; Schultes 1984; Smith et al. 1992; Williams et al. 1999 Hevea Aublet (Euphorbiaceae) Hevea benthamiana Müll.Arg.* Amazonas (Col.) Hevea brasiliensis (Willd.) Müll. Arg.* S Amazonas (Bra.) Hevea camargoana Pires Isla Marajó (Bra.) Hevea camporum Ducke Pará (Bra.) Hevea guianensis Aubl.* Amazonas, Caquetá (Col.) Hevea microphylla Ule N Amazonas (Bra.) Hevea nitida Mart. ex Müll.Arg. N Amazonas (Bra.) H. pauciflora (Spruce ex Benth.) Müll.Arg. Vichada (Col.) Hevea rigidifolia (Benth.) Müll.Arg. Vaupés (Col.) Hevea spruceana (Benth.) Müll.Arg. E Amazonas, Pará (Bra.) 1876: mapa: Wycherley 1995 fuentes: Langenheim 2003; Smith & Schultes 1990; Smith et al. 1992; Wycherley 1995 15/32 While we are in an Interglacial period of the Holocene, . Vostock, Antarctica . the Industrial Revolution is quickly changing the air we breath sources: IPCC 2014, Petit et al. 1999 16/32 Change in global mean annual temperature in 1860-2005 20/21 highest temperatures, in the last 25 years May 2013: Since 1850: 400 ppm! carbon dioxide: 35% increase methane: 150% increase nitrous dioxide: 20% increase pre-Industrial Revolution: air CO2 level: 280 ppm additionnal information: Gore 2006, National Research Council 2008 Occuring now at Lake Mead, Hoover Dam, Nevada, USA source: CNN June 6,2021 Human-induced global warming can make periodical droughts worse! Additional reading: McKinnon et al. 2021, Stokstad 2021, Williams et al. 2020 18/32 Impact of climate change on crop productivity from simulations in 2010 source: World Bank 2010 Traditional ‘bread baskets’ (France, Ukraine, Near East, southern China) at risk! New ‘bread baskets’ (USA, Brazil, Argentina, Australia) at risk! Recent ‘hunger beaters’ (Mexico, South Africa, India, south east Asia) again at risk! 19/32 Impact of climate change on crop productivity in different regions by 2050 Crops maize sorghum millet rice wheat West Africa - 12% n.s. n.a. n.s. n.a. Sahel - 11% n.s. - 11% n.s. n.a. East Africa n.s. n.s. - 3% n.a. n.a. Central Africa - 15% -3% - 5% - 3% n.a. South Africa - 11% - 5% n.a. n.a. n.a. South Asia - 9% - 9% n.a. - 3% n.a. China n.a. n.a. n.a. - 3.7% - 10.2% S-E Asia n.s. n.a. n.a. n.s. n.a. U. S. A. - 23% - 2.2% n.a. n.a. - 5% Europe - 5.8% n.a. n.a. n.a. - 2.1% n.s. non significant change; n.a. not applicable/ no data in these studies, sugarcane and cassava non affected in any of such areas where grown sources: Knox et al. 2012, Lobell & Gourdji 2012, Malhi et al. 2021 20/32 A light at the end of the tunnel: an opportunity for plant genetic resources Can we reverse the coming severe climate change? Alternatives for carbon capture Strategies, Efficiency Ecological risks CO leakage Employment Costs GR factors 2 Reforestation + afforestation Soil sequestration Direct air capture Ocean fertilization Others .
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