Aalborg Universitet

Understanding land administration systems

P. Williamson, Ian; Enemark, Stig; Wallace, Judy; Rajabifard, Abbas

Published in: Coordinates

Publication date: 2008

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Link to publication from Aalborg University

Citation for published version (APA): P. Williamson, I., Enemark, S., Wallace, J., & Rajabifard, A. (2008). Understanding land administration systems. Coordinates, IV(11), 29-32.

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 | November 2008 November 2008 |  colophon and contents

In this issue Volume 4, issue 11, November 2008

Articles

Accurate geo-referencing and DSM generation with HRSI Armin Gruen 6, Navigation in India: smooth sail or a bumpy ride Amit Prasad, Shivalik Prasad, Ashutosh Pande, Raghvendra Krishnamurthy Shashank N Dhaneshwar, Alok Shankar 11 Yes, we can! Chandrayaan-1 18 Is surveying a dying profession? Francis W Derby 27 Surveying is not a dying profession AW Mir 28 Understanding land administration systems Ian P Williamson, Stig Enemark, Jude Wallace, Abbas Rajabifard 29

Columns My Coordinates Editorial 5 His coordinates Magnus Nilsson 15 News LBS 34 Galileo update 36 Remote Sensing 37 GIS 38 Industry 40 Mark your calendar December 2008 to September 2009 42

This issue has been made possible by the support and good wishes of the following individuals and companies Abbas Rajabifard, Alok Shankar, Amit Prasad, Ashutosh Pande, Armin Gruen, AW Mir, Francis W Derby, Ian P Williamson, Jude Wallace, Magnus Nilsson, Raghvendra Krishnamurthy, Shashank N Dhaneshwar, Shivalik Prasad, Stig Enemark, Carlson, Deimos, FOIF, HP, Hemisphere GPS, Sanding, Magellan, Navcom, Novatel, Spirent, Javad, Leica, South; and many others

Mailing Address Coordinates is an initiative of cGIT that aims to broaden the Editor Bal Krishna 11C Pocket A scope of positioning, navigation and related technologies. SFS Mayur Vihar Phase III cGIT does not neccesarily subscribe to the views expressed Owner Centre for Geoinformation Technologies Delhi 110 096, India. by the authors and advertisers in this magazine and may not Phones +91 11 22632607, 98102 33422, 98107 24567 be held liable for any losses caused directly or indirectly due Designed at Thomson Press India Ltd. Fax +91 11 22632607 to the information provided herein. © cGIT, 2008. Reprinting with permission is encouraged; contact the editor for details. Printer Thomson Press India Ltd., B 315, Okhla Phase I, Email New Delhi-110020, India [information][email protected] Annual subscription (12 issues) [India] Rs.1,200 [editorial][email protected] [Overseas] US$80 This issue of Coordinates is of 44 pages, including [advertising][email protected] cover [subscriptions][email protected] Printed and published by Sanjay Malaviya on behalf of Centre for Geoinformation Technologies at A221 Mangal  | November 2008 Web www.mycoordinates.org Apartments, Vasundhara Enclave, Delhi 110096, India. Mycoordinates

Yes, we can!

The moon mission of India.

A display of technological prowess.

And willingness.

On November 4, Chandrayaan-1 has entered the Lunar Transfer Trajectory with an apogee (farthest point to Earth) of about 380,000 km.

All getting set for a 3D atlas of moon.

That too with a single camera - Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC).

Again a unique demonstration of scientific innovation and capabilities.

A significant step towards space exploration.

Let us rejoice the success.

And work harder for future.

Bal Krishna, Editor [email protected]

CHIEF ADVISOR Muneendra Kumar PhD, Chief Geodesist (Retired), US National Geospatial Intelligence Agency, USA ADVISORS Naser El-Sheimy PEng, CRC Professor, Department of Geomatics Engineering, The University of Calgary Canada, George Cho Professor in GIS and the Law, University of Canberra, Australia, Dr Abbas Rajabifard Director, Centre for SDI and Land Administration, University of Mel- bourne, Australia, Luiz Paulo Souto Fortes PhD Associate Director of Geosciences, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics -IBGE, Brazil, John Hannah Professor, School of Surveying, University of Otago, New Zealand

November 2008 |  Mapping Accurate geo-referencing and DSM generation with HRSI Satellite images are an interesting source for 3D mapping. However, they still do have a number of substantial disadvantages when compared to aerial images

Armin Gruen arth-observation techniques attract their own earth-observation programs, ETH Zurich, Institute Ecurrently a substantial amount of others are strengthening their existing of Geodesy and interest and open fresh research and ones. With WorldView-1 and GeoEye-1 Photogrammetry, Zurich, business opportunities for the geospatial we have reached the 50 cm footprint level Switzerland community. They offer nowadays a broad and the development will not stop here. [email protected] spectrum of diverse platforms, sensors and products. UAV systems are paving VHRSI sensors differ from each other. their way into novel applications. The They are characterized by a number of development of large format digital geometric, radiometric, spectral and aerial camera systems has triggered a operational specifications. This raises renewed interest in aerial photogrammetry. questions concerning the appropriate use This is all in line with a general trend of those devices. 3D mapping is a hot of turning the attention “back-to- topic under discussion. But whatever earth” in science and development. application may be envisioned, at the beginning of every value-adding procedure With the advent of very high-resolution stands the problem of geo-referencing satellite imagers (VHRSI) this and (in many cases) DTM generation. development is strongly supported and enforced. We are witnessing presently worldwide many activities in space, fueled Processing of VHRSI by environmental, resource management, with SAT-PP security and also military concerns. Many countries are getting involved, setting up All high-resolution satellite sensors acquire panchromatic and/or multispectral images in pushbroom mode for photogrammetric and remote sensing applications. They use Linear Array CCD technology for image sensing and are equipped with high quality orbital position and attitude determination devices like GPS, IMU systems and/or star-trackers.

For the full exploitation of the potential of the Linear Array CCD sensors’ data, the “classical” satellite image analysis methods must be extended in order to describe the imaging geometry correctly, which is characterized by nearly parallel projection in along- track direction and perspective projection in cross-track direction.

We have developed a full suite of new algorithms and the related software package SAT-PP (Satellite Image Precision Figure 1: Workflow of the SAT-PP software system Processing) for the accurate processing Figure 2: DSM of Piemont testfield, derived from an ALOS/PRISM triplet with SAT-PP

 | November 2008 of high-resolution satellite image data. (e) Automated generation of Digital job self-calibration/orientation. On the The software can accommodate images Surface Models (DSMs) by using a contrary, the generic models, such as the from IKONOS, QuickBird, SPOT5 precise and robust image matching Rational Polynomial Function (RPF) HRG/HRS, Cartosat-1, ALOS/PRISM, approach, combining area-based, Model, Direct Linear Transform, 2D/3D WorldView-1 and sensors of similar feature-based and relational matching affine transformation, etc. do not require type to be expected in the future. techniques. Stereoscopic checking of a-priori knowledge of the sensor location, the automatically matched features altitude, and interior geometry for the user. The software package SAT-PP consists They basically provide an approximate of the following components (Figure 1): (f) Generation of orthorectified images solution and the model parameters do not correspond fully to the physical state of (a) User interface for project and (g) Mono-plotting functions with the sensor. However, these models are data management, image format existing or automatically derived easier to implement, generic for various conversion and pre-processing DTMs. Stereoscopic measurement sensors, easy to transfer from one software (with an edge-preserving smoothing and collection of objects with package to another, and more suitable for filter) and image display / roaming particular emphasis on 3D city inexperienced users. However, depending in mono and stereo modes modeling by using the semi- on the procedures used for the generation automatic 3D modeling software of RPF-parameters there is usually the (b) Sensor and trajectory models CyberCity ModelerTM need to post-correct the orientation with (rigorous and generic ones some GCPs and low-order polynomials. such as the rational polynomial (h) Pan-sharpened image generation This technique may also be interpreted function model – RPF), designed to enhance the visual information as self-calibration (of RPF models). for the high-resolution Linear of multispectral imagery by Array sensor geometry fusing it with the detailed spatial The image processing level, which is information of panchromatic imagery. often denoted in product levels (1A, (c) Orientation of single stereo models Fully automated sub-pixel image 1B, etc.), should be considered when and triangulation of larger units. registration between multispectral choosing a particular geo-referencing On-line quality control and error and panchromatic imagery technique. For example, the rigorous analysis via interaction with graphics models should be applied to geometrically elements. Ground control point raw data. A number of pre-processing (GCP) and tie point measurement in Geo-referencing methods are always applied in order to manual and semi-automated modes correct the radiometric and geometric The increased spatial resolution of the systematic errors, at least partially. The (d) Derivation of quasi-epipolar HRSI and the stereo capabilities demand raw (original from the acquisition) satellite images for stereo mapping accurate methods for geo-referencing. images are usually processed internally and feature collection The methods used for geo-referencing can and not provided to the users. A high be categorized in two main processing level increases the data costs groups: rigorous (“physical”) inevitably. The user needs depend on the and generic models (also required geometric accuracy and intended called “parameterized” applications. Advanced users can handle and “non-parameterized” raw data for sophisticated analysis, while models, respectively). These end-users and non-photogrammetrists approaches have several prefer the high-level processed and advantages and disadvantages already geo-referenced images. against each other. In order to make full use of the sensors’ Recently, as Member of the Calibration/ geometrical potential in terms Validation Team of JAXA’s ALOS/ of geolocation accuracy, PRISM mission we have validated our a rigorous modeling of geo-referencing and DSM generation the sensor and trajectory approaches using ALOS/PRISM images geometry is to be favoured. over several testfields (Saitama, Okazaki, Physical sensor models Sakurajima, all Japan; Piemont, Italy; require precise knowledge Haiphong, Vietnam; Bern/Thun and of interior and exterior Zurich/Winterthur, both Switzerland;, orientation parameters. Wellington, South Africa; Adana, Turkey). The information may be The results are very consistent over all acquired through laboratory testfields. We achieve from checkpoint Figure 2: DSM of Piemont testfield, derived from an ALOS/PRISM triplet calibration and/or on-the- analyses 0.5-0.8 pixel planimetric with SAT-PP

November 2008 |  accuracy and 0.3-0.8 pixel in height. The next problem we are faced with is the techniques are far away from This corresponds quite well with earlier reduction of the DSM, produced by the delivering reliable results. results which we have obtained with image matcher, to the DTM, as represented SPOT-5, IKONOS and Quickbird in the landscape model. Although images (0.3 pixel in planimetry and 0.5 there are some attempts available to Outlook pixel in height). The ALOS/PRISM automatically perform the reduction, the results are a bit inferior, especially in results are not convincing, because these High Resolution Satellite Images (HRSI) planimetry, because PRISM images are algorithms are purely based on geometrical are used in a wide range of applications suffering under low image quality. considerations. What is needed however and by users from different disciplines. is an image or point cloud interpretation With the increasing spatial resolutions, the All results are based on a sufficiently approach which lets us understand what HRSI can meet requirements of many new high developed sensor model and just kind of objects we are dealing with in the applications where accurate geographical a few (1-5) ground control points (the particular areas of images or point clouds. information is necessary. The temporal required number depends on the used resolutions of the sensors are improved sensor model and the number and with extended viewing and tilting type of self-calibration parameters). 3D mapping capabilities. The average revisit times of the satellites are also increasing, making 3D mapping entails much more than just them applicable even for many disaster DSM/DTM generation geo-referencing and DSM generation. management and process monitoring Since it is generally assumed that high- applications. Thus the HRSI provide This is a key issue in many applications. resolution satellite images with stereo efficient data sources for mapping, GIS If produced in manual mode this does not capabilities provide for an interesting database updating, change detection, and constitute a problem, it only needs time data source for topographic mapping environmental monitoring applications. – a lot of time. Therefore automated DSM we are currently doing a sequence of generation by image matching becomes tests in order to find out to what extent 3D mapping is becoming a buzzword a relevant topic. Image matching - in its sensors like IKONOS, WorldView-, etc. in the geospatial community. However, essence - is still an unsolved problem. are suited for topographic mapping. in an earlier contribution in this With our software SAT-PP, which includes Magazine we have pointed out that an advanced matching module, we Our test with manual measurements of neither the goals nor the procedures of obtain height accuracies between 1 and IKONOS stereo images for 1:25,000 3D mapping are clearly defined yet. 5 pixels from high-resolution satellite topo-mapping in Switzerland revealed The available new technologies require images, depending on the type of terrain, many problems. Small terrain features a totally fresh approach to mapping. land cover, image texture and image did get lost in contours and many quality. In the worst cases – very steep buildings could not be interpreted For efficient utilization of this kind of terrain with strong tree coverage and and mapped appropriately. Also, images, accurate geometric processing shadows in the valleys - we may have the classification of roads turned is needed. Our software package SAT- to expect an accuracy of only 5 pixels. out to be difficult in many cases. PP is a powerful and flexible tool for Validating the performance of image accurate and automatic 3D processing of matchers with VHRSI data requires Modern technologies allow for the new high-resolution satellite images. It has very high accuracy DSM reference concept of 3D mapping, shifting the already been tested in many projects using data (ideally it should be accurate to concept of map generation as the primary the imagery of different high-resolution at least 1/3 of a pixel). We obtain this product to the from laserscans and aerial images. generation of 3D digital landscape While the RMS errors in such tests models. However, show usually quite good results we must many issues of note that in all these cases substantial truly 3D modeling blunders (10 times the RMSE and are not yet well more) still exist in the data. This is not understood. acceptable to the cartographer. This can only be solved by substantial and However, one time-consuming post-editing of the often occurring DSM. Therefore, the avoidance and/or question can detection of blunders in the automatically be answered generated DSM is a critical point for already now: future research and development. Fully automated processing Figure 3: View on the DSM of Arequipa, Peru, derived from a Worldview-1 stereo with SAT-PP

 | November 2008 November 2008 |  sensors. The specially designed matching Sampling Distance (GSD) should not be 3D mapping is becoming component for the imagery of the Linear taken as the only parameter. Especially Array CCD sensors is especially powerful digital aerial images provide us with a buzzword in the for producing high-quality DSMs, in terms a hitherto unsurpassed image quality, of accuracy and completeness. Functions which is very crucial when it comes to geospatial community. like ortho-image generation, monoplotting the interpretation of map features. However, neither the and feature extraction are also available. When used together with the CyberCity However, these statements refer to the goals nor the procedures ModelerTM, 3D city models can be map specifications of Switzerland. In produced efficiently from the images of other countries these specifications of 3D mapping are clearly very high resolution satellite sensors, such may not be as stringent. defined yet as IKONOS, Quickbird, WorldView-1 and others to be expected in the future. References Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Satellite images are an interesting Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, source for 3D mapping. However, they Gruen, A., Wolff, K, 2008. 3D mapping Vol. 37, Part B1, pp. 1363-1368 still do have a number of substantial from space? Coordinates, Vol. IV, disadvantages when compared to aerial Issue 7, July 2008, pp. 18-24 Wolff, K, Gruen, A., 2008: Up-to-date images. In our tests with manual mapping DSM generation using highresolution from IKONOS stereo images we found Kocaman, S., Gruen, A., 2008: Geometric satellite image data. International that IKONOS images were not sufficient modeling and validation of ALOS/PRISM Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote for the production of 1:25,000 map data. imagery and products. International Sensing and Spatial Information But even if we consider that satellite Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sciences, Vol.37, B1-3, pp. 1103-1108 images are already now available at the Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, same spatial resolution as aerial images Vol.37, Part B1-2, pp. 731-738 Zhang, L., Gruen, A., 2006. Multi- (WorldView-1 with 0.5 m GSD) we image matching for DSM generation still have to take into account the lower Kocaman, S., Woff, K., Gruen, A., from IKONOS imagery. ISPRS Journal radiometric quality of satellite data. When Baltsavias, E., 2008: Geometric validation of Photogrammetry and Remote compared to aerial images the ground of Cartosat-1 imagery. International Sensing, Vol. 60, pp. 195-211.

GEO Expo, China 2008 China GEO Forum, 2008

Workshop on: Updates on Global Trend of GPS and RS Technology Development Strategies and Applications of GIS The Project of “Digital City” and 3D on 3S Shanghai Mart Expo Center, CHINA December 2-4, 2008 New Technology on GIS and RS Data Processing Endorsement Shanghai Foreign Trade and Economic Relations Conmmission 3D Image Applications on Cultural Relics Organizer China Information Industry Chamber of Commerce Supporter China Remote Sensing Association

Event Producer AIT Events Co., Ltd. Contact: Mark Liu, Rina Zuo, Allen Yang Exclusive Media Partner GIM International Tel：86-10-85868930 Supporting Publications Fax：86-10-85868931 Official Media E-mail : [email protected] Websites Web：www.chinageo-expo.com

10 | November 2008 Navigation Navigation in India: smooth sail or a bumpy ride Perspectives on key factors aiding and affecting in-car navigation in India. Indian customers want cheap and best

Amit Prasad t SatNav, we have had the privilege services market did over the last few Founder & MD, SatNav Aof seeing the Indian GPS Navigation years. (b) Another problem is that while Technologies Industry from the year 2002, the time we the consumer is very clearly appreciative [email protected] launched our first voice based system, of what he/she is getting, the decision when comments like ‘who needs it?’, makers in the channels which can actually ‘my driver knows all the places’, ‘I prefer bring the product into the market are still asking a panwallah to such devices’ were very pessimistic about what they see. the norm. Today the world has changed where the comments are, ‘why doesn’t it We need to quickly convert those non- tell me the right way to my home?’ and believers and and tell them that GPS is ‘it’s a useful product’, ‘we appreciate here to stay, whether you like it or not. you for bringing this technology to our country’, in the year 2008. So we no And the more time you lose the more longer have the challenge of going into your competition is gaining in the process. OEMs and other organisations to convince So all players need to be realistic in what them of the need to have an In-Car they commit, don’t say things just to make Navigation, the consumer has spoken loud a short term sale, focus on educating and clear, and he definitely wants GPS the market and entrench yourself for in India too. With our direct to consumer the long haul. The company which does online strategy in 2007, we have ensured this best, will have a smooth sail while that the same has happened. True, not others are headed for the bumpy road! in the numbers that are prevalent in the developed economies but surely there is The market is still growing by leaps a demand curve that is getting defined. and bounds there, these are not likely to affect consumer demand as long as Does this mean there will be a smooth the vendors offer value to customers sailing from this point on? In our opinion, I always say, Indian customers want based on extensive interaction with various cheap and best, whoever can give it stakeholders of the industry, definitely to them has a bright future ahead! not. What is going to make the ride ahead bumpy are factors like; (a) Unrealistic promises being made by current vendors to the fledgling consumer base in terms of what the product can or cannot do, this is setting wrong expectations from the technology in general and needs to be rectified if the GPS Navigation market is avoid going the way the Tracking

November 2008 | 11 We may see a repeat of the Telecom for example in Germany 10 years ago. story in the navigation space The user in India is still new to navigation, slowly but surely we are seeing that Shivalik Prasad, the user is using map tools be it via Vice President, more and more players enter the Indian the internet, or PND or mobile phones. MapmyIndia, navigation marketplace, the overall In the last one year there has been India market will expand and one should not a definite increased consumption of [email protected] be surprised if we see a repeat of the navigation products in India. The user Telecom story in the navigation space. wants the product to be highly local (my landmarks, my school, restaurants serving rowth - India is going through rapid Impediments - Navigation is given fact in my favorite cuisines etc) such that the Gurbanization and the connectivity the western world and also in countries experience is much more enhanced. across cities is rapidly expanding with lots like Japan, Korea. The biggest issue of new highways being built. More and facing navigation today in India is lack Navigation is here to stay be it on more people are buying automobiles and of awareness. We believe since the large dedicated devices or connected mobility traveling to near by hill stations, resorts, telecom operators and handset OEM are devices as long as it serves a purpose outlying townships etc. One can see a lot entering this space, the issue of awareness from safety, security and convenience of movement of people across the county. about navigation and GPS related products point of view. Navigable map data is the will soon be history and with the advent heart and soul of all navigation solutions As movement increases it is our belief of 3G networks, navigation will be part and MapmyIndia is proud to provide to that navigation products will become of the mainstream solution on all sorts the Indian consumers what we believe an integral part of the lifestyle of the of mobility devices. Since India does is the best available map data in India. people at large for the reasons such as not have legacy navigation products, the As we speak many new point of interest convenience, safety, security and comfort. products will be based on the latest and (landmarks) are being added which is Indian navigation industry is here to greatest technology at prices that will be a hybrid combination of user content stay and grow. MapmyIndia believes as much more reduced than what they were which is validated by field surveys.

The last mile is still a challenge

Ashutosh Pande MD Indian Operations, Delhi – having to still stop at a few not ready for PNDs. The chasm between Sirf Technologies places to get onto the right road segment. early adopters and mass adoption is However, once in Nainital, how do I get huge – PNDs as single function device [email protected] to House # 4 in Joy Villa or to 15 Vernon will have to compete with MP3 players Cottage Annex? Alas, I do have to resort and In-car video players. In India, when to the neighborhood ‘Bhai Sahab’ for it comes to choices ‘Bollywood’ wins hai-sahab – a familiar salutation directions. This will change over time over others and in portable music and Bas one tries to find his or her as content is created. With widespread video players will win over PNDs. way around towns in India. Can an infrastructure projects coming in Tier In-car navigator replace this living 1 and Tier 2 cities, navigable roads in Not all is doom and gloom and efforts breathing direction finder? India are changing weekly if not daily. to date are not lost. New classes of How does a Portable Navigations Device PNDs, with media playing capability, As one observes the entry of in car (PND) navigate one through this mess? are being launched. These devices can navigation systems into the Indian Isn’t a navigation system designed to play music, video, pictures as well as market one has to look at the next best accord this convenience to its owner? offer navigation capability. Navigation alternative and try to differentiate their is a ‘secondary’ function as opposed to a product offering against that alternative. Kudos to the pioneers like SatNav and ‘primary’ function. The channel for sales In India this alternative is the proverbial MapmyIndia for introducing Indians to of these devices is also different. These ‘Bhai Sahab’ – the last mile navigator. PNDs and in-car navigation. Techno- devices, if positioned properly, have Some will even hitch a ride with you enthusiasts have gobbled up these products the potential to catch tailwind and ride to your destination and you don’t have and early adopters are experimenting smoothly blaring ‘Suhana safar aau yeh to worry about leaving the charger at with them. But is India ready for these mausam hasin, hamen dar hai ham kno home! The last mile is still a challenge products? I have to say that PNDs in na jayen kahin’ while the navigator stops – I can navigate myself to Nainital from India will have a bumpy ride. India is one from getting lost on country roads.

12 | November 2008 November 2008 | 13 Those who survive the initial bumpy ride From an entrepreneurial angle, ironically, these very challenges and unique would be there to reap the benefits later business opportunities in the areas of LBS (Location Based Services), Raghavendra Krishnamurthy Remote Assistance, Telematics, Toll Group Manager, Bosch convergence with Consumer Electronics Collection etc, offer enough reasons Raghavendra.R@ and corresponding decrease in the prices to conduct business in India. in.bosch.com has resulted in car multimedia devices forcing their way into entry- & mid-car Finally, adopting out-of-the box business segments. Entry of Navigation systems is models to keep the volumes high and at one such recent development in India. the same time cost of ownership to the customer low would be another critical ndian consumers have always been From the outset, being one of the fastest success factor. For example, cost/mode Ivery open in adapting to affordable growing automotive markets in the world, of the map updates will be one of those new technology products. Be it Walkman the market opportunities appear very decisive factors. Other factors such in 80’s, Radio Pagers in 90’s or Cell attractive for Navigation systems in India. as Licensing & Government Policies, Phone in this decade - the gadgets have Also, relatively few players in this space Forums & Bodies influencing the always adorned the life style like never offer unparallel advantages to the early policies, would also play a significant before. The latter half of this decade entrants. However, vendors may not find role in determining the journey next. saw the prices of products like Blue it very easy to sustain the opportunities. tooth, Mobile Camera, GPRS, Wireless In summary, Indian context offers etc plummeting and eventually they This is primarily due to the combination enough challenges early-on. Those reaching the commodity status. of infrastructure & technological reasons. who survive the initial bumpy ride Essential requirements, for a Navigation would be there to reap the benefits With improved lifestyles in India, unit to calculate route properly, such later, for it is hard to ignore India! automotive market has witnessed a big as comprehensive road network data, boom in the recent years. The recent reliable street information (one ways, It is even more interesting that Blaupunkt, trend has been that of incorporating parking areas, speed limits, signals etc), the Inventor of Car Navigation has cutting edge technologies in the areas of structured address format, rule-compliant entered the market at this stage in India. Safety (ABS, ESP, Airbags etc), Engine traffic behavior etc, are not default It gives me a feeling that we can expect Management (Common Rail, Hybrid, parameters in India. This poses a huge very interesting developments for the Exhaust etc) and Multimedia (Audio, challenge to the technical community and Indian consumer in the near future. Video, Bluetooth) in the cars. Increased calls for creating innovative solutions.

Providing accurate and useful maps for Indian roads and cities is a formidable challenge

Shashank N Dhaneshwar and review of regulatory policies on use to work together for the common goal of D.G.M.(Electronics) of Digital Maps are some of the factors satisfaction and safety of the customer Electronics, E & E, ERC, which have resulted into introduction of From customer’s perspective, although Tata Motors, Pune, India several “Navigation and Route Guidance” availability of international grade systems shashank.dhaneshwar@ solutions for passenger cars in the Indian is a desirable situation, it is necessary to tatamotors.com market. Major players have entered in the scrutinize the utility of various features Indian market with products based on both provided and the cost of ownership of a car dedicated Personal Navigation Devices navigation system. In addition to accurate With unveiling of the revolutionary Tata and mobile handsets with built-in GPS. and reliable route guidance system , the “Nano” small car having a huge market customer will expect features like traffic potential, India has captured attention In order to enable a smooth ride for the and weather information, voice based of all major automotive technology customer when using the navigation navigation in Indian languages, localized vendors. The satellite based land-vehicle technology, various stakeholders like travel related information, hands-free navigation is one such technology. The navigation device vendors, vehicle voice communication, seamless integration improving roadways infrastructure, rapidly manufacturers, service providers and with devices like i-pod and so on. The increasing number of mobile phone users government regulatory agencies will have device vendors will have to meet these

14 | November 2008 “The whole industry has been overly optimistic”

Magnus Nilsson have much more integrated offerings at maps – it is more an educational type of Chief Executive Officer, together with them. On the device side, product I would say. But we are growing Wayfinder Nokia has their own solution, so the volumes for Wayfinder Active and other focus with them is in areas in which products as well, so we plan to have a they do not have their own solutions. host of location applications utilizing our location aware server to produce What kind of solutions are compelling user experiences utilizing How crucial is India for Wayfinder? you providing to map data location as the common denominator. providers in India? India is a very promising market. How do you see China vis-à-vis Inida? Our services are all based around the We produce applications built around our mobile phone as the delivery vehicle server as well as our client technology China will come. It has some difficulties in so to speak. India is not very big today and then we make an agreement with terms of how the government is working – from a revenue point of view, but we MapmyIndia, which utilizes their they encrypt their map data, so it requires believe that in the next two years it is navigable maps for delivering those a different approach to the market where going to become very important. services. So they are supplying maps you need to encrypt all the material. to us and we then sell applications to You have your present tie up with the end user. This is the way we work If you look at the GPS and the map MapmyIndia, Nokia and Airtel with Tele Atlas and Navteq as well. you might see a different place then in India. Please comment. where you actually are which makes Could you please highlight one of it a bit tricky. Other than that China is With MapmyIndia we have a mutually Wayfinders killer application? a very interesting market, but we have exclusive agreement on the server found it less cumbersome in the initial based navigation site. With the others Right now it is within navigation - stages to start the service in India. It it is more a matter of gaining trust and Wayfinder Navigator. That is the most is not only to do with the need of the confidence with one another and working important from a revenue standpoint. From market because that is equally big in out a relationship. With Airtel, we now a user perspective, Wayfinder Earth is China, but more the regulatory issues hope to expand beyond the Blackberry actually bigger – in that it is a free product that make it more difficult to enter devices, to really push forward and to you can download, test and use for looking China. And not the least the language!

What about the market potential?

We have always been, I personally feel, overly optimistic, the whole industry has been overly optimistic. You might have heard that our company was founded in 1989 based on a notion that every expectations at an affordable cost and The role of mobile telephone network single phone will have GPS in 1995. But also maintain high quality performance providers and location based service what I see now is that we do not need to required for automotive applications. providers will be important to offer value guess anymore; every series phone S60 added services mentioned above. The coming out from Nokia for example has The vehicle manufacturers will have to government regulatory agencies can act as a GPS. Because you know the official design vehicle infotainment architectures catalyst in standardizing and establishing market share, and how many phones which can host personal navigation Emergency Help system as a basic feature they are going to come out with, you can devices, mobile phones or dedicated of any navigation system. Providing sit down and count how much it might black boxes. The vehicle system will accurate and useful maps for Indian roads mean. Regarding Nokia, it might be about open a communication channel with the and cities is a formidable challenge due 35 to 45 million phones and then the navigation device to share its information to different addressing systems followed question is about the rest of the industry. on vehicle parameters and its hardware and the on-going construction of new like visual displays. The integration roads and buildings. The map provider We believe it might be about 75 million process should also cater to safety can ensure the accuracy of maps by taking – somewhere between 50-100 million I considerations like driver distraction and help from government agencies and meet think is a fair guess for the mobile market protection from injury in event of crash. requirements for reliable navigation. in 2008. And most of that is going to happen in the second half of the year.

November 2008 | 15 PND in India definitely holds a lot of potential, but it will not be “bed of roses”

Alok Shankar Managing Director, t is still too early to say about the in- the market leader in the distribution Brightpoint Icar navigation’s success in India, as of navigation devices’, Brightpoint India the navigation segment is in its infancy has developed great relationships with stage here. Globally, the PND (Personal leaders like Garmin in the PND space. In Navigation Device) is a promising India, a lot has to be done to educate the product category with market penetration market about the benefits of navigation. of only about 6%, thus offering a big Consumers ask – “why should I buy opportunity for all the players in the this navigation device?” PND devices supply chain of this industry. Western are still rather expensive for an average Europe and North America currently Indian consumer, and people are confused stand at 15% and 4% respectively. about the cost of navigation. PND can help finding a way to a destination and to With the rapid growth of the GPS market reduce the travel time, but directions can in countries like China and India, majority also be sought by asking any passerby. So, of the navigation devices are anticipated what will be the influencing factor for a to be shipped in the Asia-Pacific region consumer to make the purchase decision? by 2012. Lack of high quality map data and regional variances in navigating set To create that “value for money” some obstacles for navigation market’s proposition, synergies have to be met. growth in Asia. As an example, in some Indian government has to reduce import countries people are accustomed to & local taxes and navigation companies navigate by landmarks rather than the have to promote the benefits such as safety street names, which might not even exist. for women travelers, route planning, effective time utilization etc. Furthermore, In India, people are still unaware of Value Added Services such as live traffic GPS, but the navigation industry is updates and on-line hotel bookings can expected to grow as new improved increase the attention for PND devices. maps and navigation products are being Today Nokia is creating the navigation launched in major cities. Though the category in mobile phones, and it could satellite navigation industry has high well be so that Indian consumers will opt barriers of entry; the enormous market to skip the PNDs and go with the improved opportunity is attracting a slew of navigation experience offered by mobiles. players. Few leading players who are early to market with the best quality Worldwide statistics from 2007 show maps, large geographic coverage, user- that PNDs dominated the GPS device friendly UI and a good after-sales market with more than 90% market support, are to dominate the market. share. So, PND in India definitely holds a lot of potential, but it certainly Brightpoint India is also looking at this will not be a “bed of roses”. opportunity. Having the vision ‘to be

16 | November 2008 November 2008 | 17 Yes, we can!

The Terrain Mapping camera (TMC) on board Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was successfully operated on October 29, 2008 through a series of commands issued from the Spacecraft Control Centre of ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Bangalore. Analysis of the first imagery received by the Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) at Byalalu and later processed by Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC) confirms excellent performance of the camera. The image taken from a height of 70,000 km shows Australia’s Southern Coast. TMC is one of the eleven scientific instruments (payloads) of Chandrayaan-1. The camera can take black and white pictures of an object by recording the visible light reflected from it. The instrument has a resolution of about 5 metres. Besides TMC, the other four Indian payloads of Chandrayaan-1 are the Hyper spectral Imager (HySI), Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI), High Energy X-ray Spectrometer (HEX) and the Moon Impact Probe (MIP). The other six payloads of Chandrayaan-1 are from abroad. It may be recalled that the 1380 kg Chandrayaan-1 was successfully launched into an initial elliptical orbit around the Earth by PSLV-C11 on October 22, 2008. This was followed by four orbit raising manoeuvres, which together raised Chandrayaan-1’s orbit to a much higher altitude. The spacecraft is now circling the Earth in an orbit whose apogee (farthest point to Earth) lies at 267,000 km (Two lakh sixty seven thousand km) and perigee (nearest point to Earth) at 465 km. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 takes about six days to go round the Earth once. The spacecraft performance is being continuously monitored and is normal. www.isro.gov.in

18 | November 2008 November 2008 | 19 20 | November 2008 November 2008 | 21 22 | November 2008 November 2008 | 23 24 | November 2008 November 2008 | 25 26 | November 2008 Surveying Is surveying a dying profession?

Surveyors need to adopt the new technologies and to expand their operations beyond traditional activities

Dr Francis W Derby emerging technologies, sophisticated Professor of Surveying and more capable equipment, and a Engineering and Geographic decline in the number of new graduates Information Systems at Penn into the profession. Others have even State University considered it a less rewarding profession. [email protected] But are these reasons valid and if so, is there a solution to the problem? To address these questions, one needs to look at current challenges to the that the starting salaries are comparable he future of the surveying profession profession as well as the possible impact among all the categories. Also, among Tis an issue that has been lingering of any factors that could adversely those people who are employed by for many years. Recently, the concern impact the future of the profession. the government, the surveyor’s salary has been growing wider and louder increases at a faster pace than some among surveyors. Some surveyors To begin, let us look at the public members of the same categories. One contend that the surveying profession, perception of the surveyor. It is would expect that salaries alone should in its current form, is heading towards clear that compared with architects, encourage people to choose careers in extinction. Their reasons include a engineers, computer scientists and other surveying. Unfortunately, in the US, the gradualColors: declineCyan, Magenta in the number, Yellow of, Black. qualifiedFiles notprofessionals, trapped or preflighted. surveyors have a low social Carlsonaverage Survey person 2009 does AD, not 8-7-08 see surveying Position Magazine Half Page 130mm x 180mm andPrepress licensed company, professionals, please Preflightimpact of and Trap thisstatus, art as atneeded. least in the US, despite the fact as a profession. Most people in the US Take Your Choice!! Carlson Survey 2009 with built-in IntelliCAD® or Carlson Survey 2009 for AutoCAD or Carlson Survey 2009 Embedded AutoCAD® with AutoCAD OEM engine built-in Top New Features: Area Labels: Overhaul for complete LotNet: Ability to place flexibility plus overlap avoidance buildings within the lots Field-to-Finish: Fixed parameter Export/Import: Export to coding to streamline field entry Google Earth & convert Mr. Sid images Drawing Explorer: Manage and access project data files Work with ESRI: Coordinate conversion, layer control, SurvNet: New EDM calibration field selection, area filter function Find Out More NOW! Free Technical Support Call or Email Michael By Phone, Email, and Web Manning, Director,

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November 2008 | 27 erroneously think of surveying in terms similar manner, it is the belief that upon the licensure in the US place emphasis on of boundary or construction activities, maturation of parcel-based GIS technology, boundary surveying, to the detriment which makes surveying a trade rather than when banks and mortgage institutions no of other areas. Most importantly, the a profession. This misconception makes longer need a surveyed plan of the land to requirements for licensure discourage it is difficult to encourage high school ascertain its extent ownership, and value, students from pursuing advanced students to pursue careers in surveying. boundary surveying will also be curtailed. degrees in surveying. This is causing This public perception of the surveyor is However, the notion that these new low enrollments in graduate education different in places like Canada or Europe technologies are catalysts to the demise programs in surveying, lack of faculty where surveying is viewed as a profession. to the surveying profession is completely with advanced degrees in surveying, and false. It is important to know that job therefore, lack of research in surveying. In the US today, the average age of a losses will only come to those who fail surveyor is over 55 years. This means to adapt to these new technologies. This Although the decline in enrollments into that within the next fifteen years many requires continuous education and training surveying programs is causing some surveyors are going to retire. With of current professionals and adaptation of institutions to reconsider the cost benefits declining numbers of students graduating existing curricula in surveying institutions. for offering surveying education, the from surveying programs, there is a strong prognosis is not all gloom and doom. possibility that the current shortage of Every new technology requires some The new technologies are bringing surveying professionals is going to worsen. additional training. For example, exciting opportunities for the surveyor to whereas application of GPS technology in expend beyond the traditional surveying Often cited, but least convincing, is the surveying requires some knowledge least activities. Surveyors need to adopt the emergence of enabling technologies and squares solution principles, the surveyor new technologies and to expand their associated equipment such as Global who provides data for GIS analyses operations beyond traditional activities. Positioning Systems (GPS), Robotic Total needs to understand GIS principles and Students of today are technology oriented Stations, Geographic Information Systems the importance of metadata. The same and therefore more excited by the (GIS), powerful computers and database goes for digital photogrammetry, remote emerging technologies in surveying. management systems. An argument sensing and other technologies. Surveying has been made that application of GPS institutions that offer associate degrees The downward trend in enrollments technology in the construction industry is have difficulty introducing these important will change if high school students are impacting the extent to which surveyors topics into their curriculum. Furthermore, informed about the emerging opportunities are needed on construction projects. In a the requirements for professional in surveying beyond boundary surveying.

The surveying profession is not a dying profession

Surveying was there when Egyptians were building pyramids

A W Mir urveying which has been even called increased the efficiency and rate of Chief Executive the foundation of civil engineering output of surveyors but it has not reduced Geomatics and Engineering S profession has been into existence far their number. The technical schools Services (Pvt.) Limited longer than some of the high tech and and universities are producing more Lahore, Pakistan highly paid glamorous professions of surveyors and survey engineers now [email protected] recent times. Surveying was practiced than they did ever before, yet there are when Egyptians were building Pyramids. global shortage surveyors. The demand for information about our mother earth Demand for surveyors has been increasing and what is on it or immediately below with the advancement of technology and it ever more. It is surveying profession invention of new instruments. When which is providing such information. photogrammetry became the prime tool of map making and the use of Plane GIS and related other information systems, Table diminished, many said that the are very powerful tools for planners need for surveyors will decrease and and decision makers, are the products their number will diminish. But the facts of surveying profession. The surveying are the opposite. The new technology profession is not a dying profession. and electronic instruments have indeed Instead, it is an evolving profession.

28 | November 2008 LIS Understanding land administration systems

This paper introduces basic land administration theory and highlights four key concepts that are fundamental to understanding modern land administration systems. Readers may recall the first part of the paper in October issue of Coordinates. Here is the concluding part that focuses on the changing role of ownership and the role of land markets.

Ian P. Williamson he rapid growth of restrictions on land broader common good. The long history Professor of Surveying and in modern societies is paralleled by of rural villages in Denmark and public Land Information, Centre for T a change in the nature of land ownership. support for the Danes who live in rural SDI and Land Administration, Nations are building genuine partnerships areas also encourages collaboration. University of Melbourne between communities and land owners, so [email protected] that environmental and business controls The Australian mining industry provides are more mutual endeavors. Rather than typical examples of collaborative approach controls as restrictions, the engagement of local people, aboriginal nature of ownership is redesigned to owners and the broader public. The Stig Enemark define opportunities of owners within Australian National Water Initiative and President of the International a framework of responsible land uses the National Land and Water Resources Federation of Surveyors, FIG. for delivery of environmental and other Audit reinforce the realisation that [email protected] gains. This stewardship concept is activities of one land owner affect familiar to many Europeans long used to others. The development of market based the historical, social and environmental instruments (MBI), such as EcoTenders importance of land. For these Europeans, and BushTenders, is an Australian attempt the social responsibilities of land owners to build environmental consequences into have a much longer heritage, with the land management. Australia’s initiatives Jude Wallace exemplar provision in the German in “unbundling” land to create separate, Lawyer and a Senior Research Constitution insisting on the land owner’s tradable commodities, including water Fellow, Centre for SDIs social role. The nature of land use in The titles, are now established and are and Land Administration, Netherlands, given much of the land mass built into existing land administration University of Melbourne is below sea level, presupposes high levels systems as far as possible. As yet a [email protected] of community cooperation, and integrates comprehensive analysis of the impact land ownership responsibilities into the of unbundling land interests on

Abbas Rajabifard Director of the Centre for SDIs and Land Administration, Department of Geomatics, University of Melbourne [email protected]

Figure 4: Evolution of Land Markets (Wallace and Williamson, 2006)

November 2008 | 29 property theory and comprehensive an increasing focus on achieving systems. Figure 4 shows the various land management is not available. sustainable development objectives. stages in the evolution of land markets from simple land trading to markets in Whatever the mechanism, modern As with simple commodities such as complex commodities. The growth of a land ownership has taken on social land parcels, all commodities require complex commodities market showing and environmental consequences, quantification and precise definition (de examples of complex commodities is at odds with the idea of an absolute Soto, 2000). While LAS have not yet presented diagrammatically in Figure 5. property owner. Australia and European incorporated the administration of complex approaches to land management are commodities to a significant degree, these inherently different. While Europe is modern complex land markets offer many A land management vision generally approaching land management opportunities for LAS administrators as a comprehensive and holistic and associated professionals, if they are Developed countries use LAS to support challenge requiring strong government prepared to think laterally and capitalise their land markets and accelerate wealth information and administration systems, on their traditional measurement, legal, creation by systematically converting land Australia is creating layers of separate technical and land management skills into an open-ended range of commodities, commodities out of land and adapting as described above. Internationally, existing LAS as much as possible to This complexity is compounded by the market advancement will remain the accommodate this trading without a “unbundling of rights in land” (ie water, driver for LAS change. But it should national approach. In these varying biota etc) thereby adding to the range not be. Sustainable development is national contexts, the one commonality, of complex commodities available for more urgent – economic wealth is only the need for land information to drive land trading. For example, the replication one part of the game. Unless countries management in support of sustainable of land related systems in resource adopt the land management paradigm development, will remain the universal and water contexts is demanding new informed LAS, they cannot mange their land administration driver of the future. flexibilities in our approaches to land future effectively. Our argument is that administration. These emerging demands planned responses to land and resources The land market of 1940 is unrecognisable will stimulate different approaches will help manage the social, economic in today’s modern market (Figure to using cadastral information. and environmental consequences of 4). Modern land markets evolved human behaviour. Only then will nations from systems for simple land trading Our understanding of the evolution be able to deal with the water, salinity, to trading complex commodities. of land markets is limited, but it must global warming and cooling, and land and New trading opportunities and new be developed if LAS administrators resource access issues facing the globe. products were, and continue to be, are going to maximise the potential of invented. The controls and restrictions trading in complex commodities by Thus this theory of land administration over land became multi-purpose with developing appropriate land administration assumes that resources applied to building a cadastre can pervasively improve an entire LAS, and eventually public and private administration in general, while simultaneously improving land based services to government, business and the public. Whether the question is how to set up a LAS, or how to adapt an existing system, designers need to take into account the dynamism in land, people’s attitudes, institutions, technologies used, and its potential. A capacity to predict aspects of the future is helpful for managing this dynamism.

Figure 6: A land management vision that incorporates a spatially enabled land administration system and builds on the land management paradigm. This vision presents another major challenge for LAS designers - that is, for a jurisdiction to understand and accept the vision and the operation and interaction of the key components Figure 5 Complex commodities market (Wallace and Williamson, 2006).

30 | November 2008 being the cadastre, the SDI, the spatially challenge those engaged enabled LAS. Sustainable development in land administration and objectives will then be easier to achieve related activities, and to and evaluate. Adaptability and usability provide a clear direction of modern spatial systems will encourage for excellence in LAS. more information to be collected and made available. For governments, improved information chains will assist Good governance and development and implementation of a land administration suitable land policy framework. The services available to private and public Lastly, good governance sectors, and to community organizations, is at the heart of good Figure 6: A land management vision should commensurably improve. land administration. Ideally these processes are interactive: Governance is the process of governing. management of information. Thus the modern information and communication Land administration is therefore paradigm builds governance directly technology, the engagement of users essentially about good governance. The into land administration. Governance in design of suitable services, and the UNECE land administration principles refers to the manner in which power is adaptability of new applications should (2005) are built on the assumption exercised by governments in managing increase and mutually influence each other. that “sustainable development is a country’s social, economic, and spatial dependent on the State having overall recourses. It simply means: the process The spectacular growth in spatial responsibility for managing information of decision-making and the process by technologies is the basis for predicting about the ownership, value and use of which decisions are implemented. This a future for land administration in land”. The land management paradigm indicates that government is just one of which spatially enabled governments extends this connection by demanding the actors in governance. The concept have much more useful information an even wider approach to governance of governance includes formal as well on which to base their decisions about in land administration, in which the as informal actors involved in decision- sustainable development. This future government builds infrastructures for making and implementation of decisions land management vision is offered to management of land in addition to made, and the formal and informal

November 2008 | 31 structures that have been set in place to exhibit corruption in collection of fees; recent years as they have worked arrive at and implement the decision. multiple rent seeking and unnecessary together on a new book to be titled processes; delivery of multiple and “Land administration and sustainable These general considerations link land ineffective titles to parcels; arbitrary development” to be published by ESRI administration with governance so that allocation of land and negligible capacity Press in the USA in 2009. The article land governance is seen as essential to for planning or controlling building also draws on the research of colleagues successful nationhood and civic capacity. quality. Repeated problems in developing and graduate students in the Centre for In its study on Good Governance in Land countries include legitimation of mass Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land Tenure and Administration, FAO remarks: land theft; failure to police uncontrolled Administration, Department of Geomatics, evictions; inability to manage interaction University of Melbourne. This paper “The message to land administrators between competing tenure holders has been presented at the International is that they cannot pursue technical especially between land owners and Seminar on Land Administration Trends excellence in isolation. Their skills and users and resource takers; and inability to and Issues in Asia and The Pacific techniques should serve the interests of manage state assets. Weak governance will Region, 19-20 August 2008, Kuala society as a whole... Land administrators never be able to manage the transition of Lumpur, Malaysia as part of the 14th act as guardians of the rights to land the world’s populations from rural areas to meeting of the UN sponsored Permanent and the people who hold those rights. urban slums. Simply good governance is Committee on GIS infrastructure for In doing so, they act to stabilize public central to delivery of appropriate, effective Asia and the Pacific (PCGIAP). order and provide the preconditions of and efficient land administration in both a thriving economy.” (FAO, 2007). developing and developed countries. References The major international agencies demonstrate that successful land Conclusion De Soto, Hernando, 2000, The Mystery administration requires accountable of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs government. Sustainable systems require This paper argues that it is difficult if in the West and Fails Everywhere the institutions that interact with the not impossible to design, build and Else, Bantam Press, London, 235 pp citizens who are its intended beneficiaries manage land administration systems that do so in ways that build their confidence, will support sustainable development Enemark, S., Williamson, I., and particularly by negating disputes and unless a there is a good understanding Wallace, J. 2005, Building Modern managing points of tension relating to of the underlying theories and concepts, Land Administration Systems in land ownership, use and availability. particularly as applied to an integrated Developed Economies. Journal land administration framework. The paper of Spatial Science. 50:51-68. The major engagement should involve discusses the basic ingredients of the policy formation and implementation framework being the land management FAO 2007, Good Governance and land to ensure that the system reflects the paradigm, land administration processes, tenure and administration, FAO Land cognitive capacity of the beneficiaries the use of the tool box approach and Tenure Series No 9. Rome. http://www. and their beliefs about land. A national the role of land administration in fao.org/NR/lten/abst/lten_071101_ capacity to create laws through legislation delivering sustainable development. en.htm (Accessed 5 August, 2008) and subordinate legislation is also necessary for sustainable LAS. For The key concepts that are explored in more UNECE 2005, Land Administration in nations on the development track, rule by detail to improve understanding include the UNECE Region Development Trends law, rather than rule by elites or ad hoc the land management paradigm, the role and Main Principles. Geneva. http://www. responses to circumstances, is essential. of the cadastre in land administration, unece.org/env/documents/2005/wpla/ECE- These conditions apply even if the the changing nature of ownership and the HBP-140-e.pdf (Accessed 5 August, 2008) nation’s administration horizon includes role of land markets, and the need for and land held in social tenures that rely on components of a land management vision. Wallace, J. and I.P. Williamson, 2006a. informal systems of land management. The paper concludes by emphasizing the “Building Land Markets”, Journal of need for good governance as an over- Land Use Policy, Vol 23/2 pp 123-135 For successful governance, institutions arching principle otherwise all the other need to be stable, transparent and free components will not be achievable. Williamson, I., Enemark, S., and of corruption. Weak governance in land Wallace, J. (eds.). 2006, Sustainability administration leads to massive over- and Land Administration Systems. regulation, production of conflicting and Acknowledgement Department of Geomatics, University gap-ridden bodies of laws, standards of Melbourne, Australia. http://www. and documents, but with little cohesion This paper draws on the collective geom.unimelb.edu.au/research/ and mutual reinforcement of legal and experience and research of the authors SDI_research/EGM%20BOOK. economic norms. Sadly, LAS more often over many years and particularly in pdf (Accessed 5 August, 2008).

32 | November 2008 Client: Navcom | Agency: Nostrum | Job#: 08-NAV-031 NewStarFire Ad | Description: Full page Bleed Color | Size: 7.83” x 11” | Pub: Coordinates

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Motorola launches GPS-based selling its GPS equipped handsets there. in them for 12 important categories touchscreen phone The laws have been sponsored by the of POIs across 8 major cities in India. Egyptian military on security grounds This is the first time any company has Motorola has launched its touchscreen preventing the use of any device with built content at this magnitude which GPS-enabled phone offering navigation GPS. Existing online maps by the likes will provide a huge value add to the end maps and landmarks of 30 cities in India. of Google, Nokia or TeleAtlas are either customers. www.satnavtechnologies.com http://economictimes.indiatimes.com non-existent or of very poor quality due to the problems of accurate data. It is impossible to use them to develop in- Qualcomm Technology Enables Google Earth for iPhone car mapping systems for instance. Mobile Phone Based on the Android Platform Google Earth is now available for Apple’s iPhone mobile handsets and SatNav Tech to distribute Destinator Qualcomm chipset will enable the iPod touch mobile entertainment for Symbian first Android-powered mobile phone- centre. The application is available in the T-Mobile G1, manufactured 18 languages and in 22 countries. Intrinsyc and SatNav Technologies by HTC. By integrating its chipset have entered into a new agreement hardware and software capabilities with under which, SatNav will distribute the Android, it has played an integral role deCarta to launch LBS API for the re-launched Destinator for Symbian in bringing the first Android handset iPhone software to be used on various models to market. www.qualcomm.com of Symbian smartphones sold in India. LBS platform supplier deCarta has It includes the SatNav ONE-India launched an application programming map that covers all major cities of NAVTEQ announces Industry Strategy interface (API) for deCarta Mobile India. www.gpsbusinessnews.com for Map-Enhanced ADAS that supports rapid development of location-aware applications for the Apple NAVTEQ has developed a new Map iPhone. deCarta previously announced MapmyIndia releases iNav application and Positioning Engine (MPE) strategy. support for J2ME compatible phones. and car navigation devices Making Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) available to all MapmyIndia has released iNav, a GPS- vehicles without an installed navigation Garmin launches car and boat based application for mobile phones. system or navigable map. Behind navigation device It transmits user’s exact location to this strategy is NAVTEQ’s new MPE the ones concerned and vice versa any reference solution, which accelerates Garmin has released a PND, the time of the day or night, eliminating the development of ADAS applications GPSMAP 600 series that combine in-car the need of worried calls to know embedded directly in a vehicle’s electronic and marine navigation on a 5.2 inches whereabouts of the near and dear ones. control unit, often referred to as the touch screen in a rugged casing. The Controller Area Network (CAN) bus, GPSMAP 640 will be available in the or electronic sensor. www.navteq.com US and 620 for the rest of the world. BPCL in India launches vehicle tracking system Orange to provide road traffic data Mio PND gets into Skoda cars Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd has based on GSM signal launched a GPS based vehicle tracking Mio has partnered with Skoda to make system for its 5,200 tanker trucks Wireless operator Orange has recently available a Mio PND as a navigation fleet. It will help the company track unveiled a platform to generate road traffic option to Skoda Fabia, Fabia Combi and the trucks for better logistic efficiency. data based on signal events in its wireless Roomster. The device will be similar It will also prevent pilferage and fuel network. This platform is able to transform to these of the Mio Moov range. adulteration. bharatpetroleum.com its GSM signal data into real time average speed on any road segment. The same kind of technology is used by TomTom for GPS banned but Apple plans to sell. SatNav Technologies adds 1 million its HD traffic service in cooperation with points of interest Vodafone’s European affiliates, Airsage Apple plans to sell its iPhone handset with Sprint in the US and IntelliOne with in Egypt, in defiance on a ban on the SatNav Technologies has enhanced its Rogers Wireless in Canada. However, sale or use of GPS devices by the maps by adding 1 million Points of Interest this is the first time an operator is Egyptian government. Meanwhile, rival (POIs), with important ones also having developing this technology by itself. phone maker Nokia shall refrain from specs like addresses and contact numbers

34 | November 2008 November 2008 | 35 GPS Galileo update 100% FDI in GPS units soon in India The Government of India is all set to allow 100% foreign direct investment in global positioning system (GPS)-enabled devices. EU not boldly funding At present, there is 100% FDI in products space ambitions under telecom equipment category. A notification would soon be issued about The European Union wants to become (EC) and its Member States met in bringing GPS-enabled systems under the a major player in space projects, EU their first plenary session to review and list of FDI-approved telecom equipment. ministers agreed, amid concerns that discuss matters of mutual importance Of late, the demand for GPS-based security member states and industry are unwilling regarding cooperation in the use of global systems has gathered steam following to provide the astronomical costs navigation satellite systems. During the recent bomb blasts in various Indian cities. involved. They agreed on “the need meeting, representatives of the Parties to develop instruments and financial reviewed the ongoing work of the U.S.- The GPS is a space-based radio navigation schemes for European space policy,” EC working groups on GPS and Galileo system that provides reliable positioning, announced French Research Minister technical and trade issues and discussed navigation and timing services to civilian Valerie Pecresse, whose country holds various issues related to the emergence users on a continuous worldwide basis. the EU’s rotating presidency. However of global and regional satellite navigation The technology is applied in the areas a statement issued after the ministerial systems in addition to GPS and Galileo. of roads and highways, space, aviation, meeting gave no details on the funding rail, agriculture and public security. needs or means, highlighting the The U.S. intends to continue to operate GPS tags which are installed at various problem. www.spacedaily.com GPS and to provide the Standard locations help track real time movements. Positioning Service for peaceful civil, commercial and scientific use on a According to sources, there was confusion Radiation shut down EU test continuous, worldwide basis, free among the policy makers over FDI in satellite for two weeks of direct user fees. The European manufacture of GPS-enabled systems, even Community has launched the though there is 100% FDI in manufacture A second test satellite for Galileo closed procurement of the Galileo system and of telecom equipment in India. “Once itself down for more than two weeks revised the governance of the European approved, GPS would become part of last month because of space radiation, global navigation satellite systems telecom equipment in list of FDI-approved concurring sources said. The Giove- (Galileo and European Geostationary manufacturing activities,” a source said. B satellite, launched in April, stopped Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS)) operating from September 9 to 24, said which will provide services including The issue of FDI in GPS systems came Franco Bonacina, spokesman at the Paris- open, safety-of-life, commercial, and up recently in a series of meetings held based European Space Agency (ESA), public regulated services. The Parties by the foreign investment promotion which is overseeing the Galileo project. believe that compatibility and civil board (FIPB). Of late, many Indian interoperability not only between GPS companies have evinced interest to and Galileo, but also with other global manufacture GPS devices in joint Joint statement on GPS navigation satellite systems, will promote venture with foreign counterparts. and Galileo Cooperation global economic growth and strengthen http://economictimes.indiatimes.com transatlantic cooperation. Representatives of the Government www.state.gov. of the US, the European Community Russia ready to help Cuba develop its own space center

Russia shall assist Cuba to develop its own space center, announced the head of the Russian Space Agency Roscosmos, Anatoly Perminov recently. He is part of the Russian emissaries who are led by the deputy prime minister, Igor Sechin, on the tour he is making Moscow by different Latin American countries. “During the negotiations with our Cuban colleagues, we have analyzed the fulfillment of agreements reached about two months

36 | November 2008 remote sensing ago. They are preparing agreements on ‘Bhuvan’- India’s answer to Google the market, according to Cao Chong, the cooperation in the use of space for civilian Earth director of Compass Civil Application purposes, on the space navigation system Market and Industrialization Expert GLONASS and navigational aids on the Indian Space Research Organisation Commission, at the recent 2008 China territory of Cuba, “said Prminov. http:// (ISRO) will soon launch ‘Bhuvan’, which (Hefei) Forum on Compass Navigation cast-in-gold.blogspot.com/2008/10/russia- will provide online maps based on GIS Technology and Industrial Development. ready-to-help-cuba-develop-its.html in line of Google Earth, ISRO chairman, http://english.people.com.cn G Madhavan Nair said recently. It is equivalent to the Google Earth, but is Three Glonass satellites launched going to be much more precise .It will India’s plans in satellite provide the latest information on our manufacturing Three Glonass satellites were launched natural resources. We are going to provide into orbit on 25 September from the very accurate maps of the region with With the successful launch of the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Khazakstan. the latest picture. The service likely to Chandrayan 1, with payloads from The satellites are part of a constellation commence in the coming six months, will different countries aboard, India has now currently designed to operate with 16 be available to the people in appropriate the capability of commercially launching satellites. However, only 13 are currently manner. This will provide valuable and satellites from different countries, operating at capacity. The system, which updated information to the people. The opening a new source of income for the is used for both civilian and military software and infrastructure necessary for country in the international space market. purposes, had 9.9 billion rubles allocated the service is being established. Though ISRO has already formed a special team to it by the Russian government last year, most of the information will be online, but for this purpose and will launch two according to a report in RIA Novoski. precision data will be given to selected such small indigenously manufactured users only,” Nair said. www.thehindu.com satellites in 2009 and 2010, along with overseas payloads. www.techtree.com GPS transponders to assist fishermen in distress at sea in Ahmedabad, India Thailand launches Theos NGA purchases offerings from To assist the fishermen in distress when Thailand has successfully launched DigitalGlobe at sea, the Indian Coast Guard along with Theos (Thai Earth Observation System) the Space Application Centre of the Indian on 1 October 2008. It was successfully National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Space Research Organisation (ISRO), placed into a transfer orbit by a Russian- has purchased the entire CitySphere 2.0 Ahmedabad and VXL Technologies Ukranian Dnepr rocket launched from an product, the recently launched, enhanced Ltd, Faridabad, have jointly developed undeground silo at the Yasny space base version of DigitalGlobe’s extensive a low-cost GPS based alert system. in southern Russia.The 750 kg Theos library of on-demand digital satellite and satellite was designed and manufactured aerial imagery of the most populated It transmits the boat’s co-ordinates by French company EADS Astrium. global cities. www.digitalglobe.com to the Coast Guard Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre (MRCC) in Mumbai. The distress alerts sent out China launches two EO satellites GeoEye signs contract with Telespazio by the boats will be picked up by the INSAT 3A satellite which will relay China launched two environmental On October 15, GeoEye, Inc signed a the same to the reception centre at the monitoring satellites recently. These multi-year agreement with Rome-based MRCC. www.indianexpress.com were launched on a single Long March Telespazio S.p.A. appointing Telespazio 2C rocket from the Taiyuan Satellite as GeoEye’s new Commercial Regional Launch Centre in Shanxi Province. Affiliate for the region of Europe and Forestland mapping in Gujarat using They would enhance the country’s North Africa. www.geoeye.com GPS capacity to forecast natural disasters.

Forestland mapping under Scheduled “World Premiere” of a RapidEye Tribes and other Forest Dwellers China’s satellite application industry Satellite Image (Recognition of Forest Right) Act, 2006 to be worth 300 billion yuan will no more be a long-drawn paper The first public release of a RapidEye work in Gujarat. The Gujarat Tribal With the development of the Compass image is being unveiled on the Development Department shall soon Navigation Satellite System, the total company’s website. This demonstration begin a pilot project to survey forestland output of China’s satellite application image highlights the capabilities of claimed by forest dwellers and tribals industry will be 300 billion yuan by 2015, RapidEye imagery in many market using GPS. www.indianexpress.com demonstrating the massive potential of segments. www.rapideye.de

November 2008 | 37 GIS

Kathmandu goes digital with online connected through Internet/Intranet allowing farmers to lease their contracted city-guide alongwith security measures. The data farmland. It also allows them to transfer from GWIS will be disseminated as their land-use right to boost the scale of Savant Associates has unveiled per the Map Restriction Policy of the operation for farm production or to provide mapmandu.com, the first online city- Government of India. http://pib.nic.in funds so they can start new businesses. guide of Kathmandu. It uses an interactive mapping engine to facilitate localized search of destinations in Orissa launches geo-spatial data Efficient, information-centered Kathmandu on a digitalized map. It system for disaster management production environment for the provides the users with up-to-date aviation industry by ESRI online information and other extensive Frequently hit by natural calamities services on various aspects of city life like flood, cyclone and heatwaves, The air navigation and aviation industry in Kathmandu. www.nepalnews.com Orissa government has launched a pilot will have an easier way to create and project on mobile-based technology for manage centralized spatial data, increase generation of geo-spatial data system their efficiency, and rely on an end-to-end Indonesia and China implement as part of it’s preparedness to meet the workflow management with the release carbon accounting system challenges. The system designed by of Production Line Tool Set for ESRI’s ISRO, is a combination of a medium ArcGIS 9.3—Aeronautical Solution. The Indonesia and China may soon implement resolution camera, a GPS, a palmtop software continues to be the foundation of a new carbon accounting system to help computer and a mobile phone set. an Aeronautical Information Management fight global warming. Developed in The pilot project was launched in Puri system, using the geographic approach. Australia, the National Carbon Accounting district for the first time in the country System has been designed to provide a for creating a data base of relief shelters, ‘balance sheet’ that indicates the level hospitals and supply godowns. http:// ERDAS Releases Map2PDF of atmospheric pollution caused by land economictimes.indiatimes.com management activities such as forestry, ERDAS Inc has released Map2PDF for land clearing and farming. Among the IMAGINE, a new product combining range of methods used in such calculations Dubai Municipality to introduce New TerraGo Technologies’ Map2PDF with is analysis of maps of the landscape Interactive E-Map the power of ERDAS IMAGINE®, obtained from satellite imagery and the industry’s leading and most remote sensing. www.asmmag.com Dubai Municipality’s GIS department complete collection of software tools has unveiled a new interactive e-map. designed to manipulate, process and According to Mohammed Abdullah understand imagery and vector data. Web Enabled Ground Water Al Zaffine, director of the department, Information System in India the new service titled “Takamul” is an electronic service that offers an CARIS Bathymetric Data Management Central Ground Water Board is developing interactive, comprehensive and high System for Geoscience Australia a “Web Enabled Ground Water Information quality map consisting of geographic System (GWIS)” in view of the data features and attributes for the Emirate Geoscience Australia in Canberra has dissemination. It is an internet based GIS of Dubai. www.middleeastevents.com selected CARIS Bathy DataBASE system which will provide a platform software for management of large for accessing the ground water related bathymetric data sets, interoperability data/maps/information policy planning A new land policy document in China and distribution. Geoscience Australia is and management. GWIS will comprise Australia’s national agency for geoscience the spatial data base infrastructure and a The Communist Party of China has issued knowledge and geospatial information. well established communication system a new land policy document recently

38 | November 2008 November 2008 | 39 Industry news

Hemisphere GPS distribution in India Leica FlexLine Total Stations

Hemisphere GPS has appointed ASB Leica Geosystems has developed Leica Systems Pvt. Ltd., of Mumbai their FlexLine total statios. For the first time, Distributor and Service Centre for the hardware and software options can be Indian market. ASB are also tasked with simply selected so that the FlexLine Real-Time Data Server software growing this network with emphasis on Total Station exactly meets the individual the “Land Based” sector. Hemisphere requirements. It simply enables selection Magellan is also introducing new GPS now have products tailored for all of one of the pre-configured products PC software called Real-Time applications ranging from the Marine – or even compose his own Total Data Server (RTDS) that allows and Hydrography market to the Survey, Station! Adding specific hardware and GPRS communication between GIS, Engineering and Precision RTK software options to a base model makes one base and several rovers. The markets. It also has many differential it the perfect companion for day to base could be a fixed base (with GPS offerings. www.hemispheregps.com day use. www.leica-geosystems.com a direct/local connection to the RTDS) or a mobile base (connected to RTDS through GPRS) Spirent® communications and SGS DIMAC Systems introduces DiMAC Wireless partnership ULTRALiGHT

ProMark™ 500 Spirent Communications and SGS DIMAC Systems has recently unveiled Wireless have signed an agreement to the DiMAC ULTRALiGHT, the smallest Magellan has released a firmware for provide validation and testing services on of the renowned DiMAC™ (Digital ProMark 500 GNSS survey receiver. the Spirent UMTS Location Test System Modular Aerial Camera) product family. It includes backward compatibility (ULTS) at the SGS Wireless laboratory It consists of just a single Camera with the support of Ashtech RTK in Cambridge, UK. SGS will provide Module that captures a footprint of 7,200 data correction format, the ability to Spirent with validation services to ensure pixels across by 5,400 pixels along the use the GSM data mode to receive that the Spirent ULTS stays at the cutting flight line.www.dimacsystems.com RTK corrections from a GSM- edge of Assisted-GPS testing capability. equipped base, and the possibility SGS will also use the ULTS to provide to use an external CDMA or other A-GPS testing services to the cellular AAMHatch wins Spatial Excellence type of cell phone to connect to handset industry. www.spirent.com/go/ults Award real-time correction sources. At the recent 4th Annual Victorian Leica GeoMoS Web Spatial Excellence Awards in Australia, MobileMapper 6 AAMHatch stole the show winning With the new launched Leica GeoMoS two awards: “Victorian Government Magellan has also introduced a post- Web, Leica Geosystems now for the first Award for Spatial Excellence” and processing option and new feature time presents a web based service for best project for “Land Titling and to its low cost handheld GIS/GPS visualization and analysis of monitoring. Development”. www.aamhatch.com.au receiver – MobileMapper 6. It offers Each authorized user, including customers the professional features associated and partners, can access the monitoring with more costly high-end GIS/GPS project anywhere and anytime – just Sokkia Topcon debuts 28-Channel units, yet it is price-competitive using a web browser, pocket pc or mobile GPS/GLONASS Receiver with consumer-grade GPS. phone. www.leica-geosystems.com Japan’s Sokkia Topcon has rolled out its GSR1700 CSX L1 GNSS receiver, New OEM board, the MB 500 Spectra Precision introduces New which incorporates L1 GPS and Office Software Suite GLONASS tracking capabilities and Magellan has launched a new OEM features centimeter-level accuracy. The board, the MB 500. It brings to the Spectra Precision has released Spectra 28-channel L1 GSR1700 CSX receiver embedded GNSS board market Precision® Survey Office 2.0, software eliminates observation range and line- a unique blend of technologies suite. With new total station, digital level of-sight limitations by tracking both that increases RTK reliability and as well as coding and description support, GPS and GLONASS. It also features assures inter-compatibility with the new version is ideal for processing Bluetooth for connecting multiple other brands of GNSS receivers. and analyzing GPS and terrestrial survey peripherals, voice notification in 10 www.pro.magellangps.com. data recorded in the field and exporting languages, and single-button operation. it to a CAD or GIS design package.

40 | November 2008 Florida joins Bentley’s Enterprise License Subscription Program Solutions for Survey, Engineering and Spatial Imaging Applications by Trimble

Florida Department of Transportation Trimble S8 Total Station Models providing a powerful resource for all (FDOT) has joined Bentley’s Enterprise and 4D control software of a surveyor’s Integrated Surveying License Subscription program for a 3 projects. Version 2.0 can verify and year term. FDOT shall be granted access Trimble S8 Total Station models integrate GNSS and optical data to a comprehensive portfolio of civil and Trimble 4D control software into single file as well as output data engineering, architectural, construction, create a powerful solution for real- to a range of applications such as operations, and geospatial software for time monitoring of permanent GIS, photogrammetry and CAD. a single annual fee. www.bentley.com. structures such as dams, short-term construction activities and side slopes Scalable Solutions for Spatial in mines. It provides surveyors with Imaging: New Trimble VX Model East View cartographic launches its capabilities to pursue new business own brand of datasets opportunities in both real-time VX Spatial Station is an advanced monitoring and tunneling applications. positioning system that combines East View Cartographic has introduced optical, 3D scanning and video a brand new series of digital geospatial Business Center 2.0 capabilities to measure objects in datasets, organized under the product 3D and to produce 2D and 3D data lines of EVCmap and EVCdem. It Trimble Business Center is a Quality sets for spatial imaging projects. range from VMAP1-compliant datasets Assurance tool for GNSS data to raster mosaics to digital elevation models, and are only available through East View Cartographic and its satellite navigation systems in emergency Fastrax Collaborates with MediaTek distributors. www.cartographic.com. management, humanitarian aid and law for New High Quality GPS Receivers, enforcement support. GMV coordinated the whole consortium, made up by 11 Chronos Technology wins Ordnance companies of the aerospace sector, Fastrax Ltd.has introduced the new Survey contract technology experts and user communities Fastrax UP500 module based on an ultra of countries as UK, France, Italy, the sensitive GPS chipset by MediaTek Chronos Technology has been awarded a Netherlands and Spain. The project Inc., The cooperation is aimed at contract to install and commission GNSS analyzes current applications and future developing high quality GPS receivers receivers and antennae at Continuously needs with a global vision, analyzing the that are specifically targeted for cost Operating Reference Stations (CORS) technical, operational, financial, regulatory effective end-device manufacturing. throughout Great Britain for Ordnance and legal aspects and also the economic Survey. www.chronos.co.uk and social benefits of the new systems. u-blox releases revolutionary 1.8 Volt GPS module series Use of satellite navigation for France’s Aerial Survey Company emergency management by GMV acquires Intergraph DMC u-blox has released two new low voltage GPS modules NEO5D and NEO5G. HARMLESS project by GMV is an Aéro Photo Europe Investigation has They are the world’s first modules international FP6 project co-funded acquired a complete Intergraph® Z to operate at 1.8 Volt, which reduces by the European Commission and the I Imaging Digital Mapping Camera power by 40% or more compared to participating firms and organizations. airborne and ground processing system. its predecessors. www.u-blox.com. Its main aim is to study and promote It is the first DMC system to be used the use of the Galileo and EGNOS in France. www.intergraph.com. 42 | November 2008 November 2008 | 43 44 | November 2008