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Sleeping Sites and Lodge Trees of the Night Monkey (Aotus Azarae) in Bolivia

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Sleeping Sites and Lodge Trees of the Night Monkey (Aotus Azarae) in Bolivia Intemational JoumaJ 01 Primalology, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1993 Sleeping Sites and Lodge Trees of the Night Monkey (Aotus azarae) in Bolivia Juan E. Garcial and Francisco Brazal Received June 21, 1990,. accepled January 7, 1992 Between 1984 and 1987, we recorded the sleeping-site and lodge tree preferenees of night monkeys at the Beni Biologieal Station, Bolivia. We eharaeterized the strueture of sleeping-site compared lodge trees to nonlodge trees, and determined the frequency of their use. Aotus azarae used braneh and liana platforms on trees of the middle strata of the forest as sleeping sites, but the lodge trees provided sparse caver. Monkeys may manipulate either natural aecumulations of material or bird nests to serve as sleeping sites. The eharaeteristies of the sleeping site and of the Iodge trees may be related to proteetion against predators and to thermal advantages. The distribution of lodge trees appeared to be re/ated to aeeess to food. Aetivities around the sleeping site eould be re/ated to marking behavior. KEY WORDS: Aolus azarae,. behavioral ecology; sleeping siles; lodge lrccs; marking bchavior. INTRODUCTION Sleeping sites have been doeumented for sorne neotropieal primates of the genera Callieebus (Kinzey, 1981; Kinzey et al., 1977; Mason, 1966, 1968), Leonthopiteeus (Coimbra-Filho, 1977), and Alouatta (Braza, 1980). Night monkeys (Aotus spp.) are repoTled to sleep in tree holes (Napier and Napier, 1967; Thorington et al., 1976; Hershkovitz, 1983; Aquino and Encarnacion, 1986, 1992) and to sleep on frameworks of branches and li­ anas (Thorington et al., 1976; Rathbun and Gache, 1977; Wright, 1978, 1981, 1983; Hershkovitz, 1983; Garcia, 1988). We provide data about night monkeys sleeping si tes, describe their structura! characteristics, and com­ lEslacion Biologica de Doñana, Aparlado 1056, 41080 Sevilla, Spain. 467 OI64·0291I'J3106OO-0467S07.00I0 o 1993 Plenum PuDli.shlng Corporation 468 Garda and Bram pare sleeping with nonsleeping sites and lodge trees with nonlodge trees in order to evaluate the functional basis for their microhabitat preferences. STUOY AREA ANO METHOOS The study area is =135,000 ha of the Beni Biological Station, in the Department Beni, Bolivia (66°18'30"W, 14°38'00"S), which is at an =270-m altitude. The area is part of the Llanos de Moxos, which are among the largest flooded neotropical savannas. The area is markedly seasonal, with a rainy season from November to May (summer) and a dry season from June to September (winter). Data from the village of San Borja 50 km from our observation area, show that, during the study period, the mean maximum temperature in the rainy season was 30°C and the mean mini­ mum temperature was 22°C (range variation from 20 to 34°C). During the dry season the mean maximum temperature was 28°C and the mean mini­ mum temperature was 18°C (range, 8-31°C), with differences reaching 15°C between the maximum and the minimum daily temperatures. For 3- to 5­ day periods during the dry season ambient temperatures were ~6°C for the locality of Espiritu (Beck, 1984), depending on the strength of cool pre­ vailing winds from the south. These periods are locally known as surazos. The average annual precipitation is 1450 mm. The vegetation of the area ineludes tropical and subtropical evergreen seasonal lowland forest (Ellen­ berg and Mueller-Dombois, 1965) and island forest and gallery forest (Liberman, 1985); =10% of the area is an open savannah. We identified the sleeping si tes of approximately six groups of mon­ keys and studied two groups intensively. Data on their use of space and activity panerns are published (Garcia, 1988; Garcia and Braza, 1987). Group 1 inhabited island forest, corresponding with the type defined as "island linle altered" by Beck (1984), with macrophanerophites, ineluding Ficus ob/usiuscula, Capai/era reticulata, Guazuma u/mi/oUa, pairo trees (Scheelea prineeps), and thickets of Genipa americana and Rheedia spp. Group 2 inhabited a low riverine forest characterized by tropical species subject to seasonal inundation from December to May. The most common tree species are piraquina (Xylopia sp.), aehachairu (Rheedia sp.), bibosi (Fieus sp.), paeai (Tnga sp.), and chonta (Astrocaryum chonta), and the un­ derstory ineludes lianas - uña de gato (Maefadena unqui-eat) and other Bignonaceae - in abundance. We observed possible sleeping sites and lodge trees in island forest and gallery fores!. We observed the subjects from down to dusk during moonlit nights. We rarely used artificial light since the monkeys' outlines were e1early visible against the sky. We also located family groups and SleeplnK Sltes and Lodge Trees or the NIKht Monkey 469 sleeping si tes via direct visual contact at twilight and predawn census. If monkeys used a site, we noted the species of tree in which the sleeping site was located (Iodge tree), its height, and the structure of the forest in its immediate vicinity. We recorded aloo its structural characteristics and the posilion of the site in the lodge tree (height, distance between the sleep­ ing site and the tip of the longest horizontal bough, and site to central trunk distance). We conducted more detailed observations on the structure and material used to construct sleeping sites by group 1 (n = 5 sites) and group 2 (n = 3 si tes) and their location in the groups' home ranges. In order to estimate the nature of a preference, we compared the habitat features around each lodge tree used by our two main study groups with those around each of 47 randomly selected points in the groups home range. We measured nine variables. In four 10 x lO-m quadrants, defined about each randomly selected point or lodge tree, we counted (variable 1) the number of trees and the number of lianas (variable 2). We noted the tree which was next to the randomly selected point in each quadrant and recorded the maximum distance from one of the four trees to the randomly selected point (variable 3) and the minimum distance (variable 4); the maxi­ mum perimeter of the four trees (variable 5) and the minimum perimeter (variable 6); and the maximum height among the four trees (variable 7) and the minimum height (variable 8). FinaHy, we measured cover as the proportion of ground occupied by perpendicular projection of the aerial parts of the trees on the ground (variable 9) (Greig-Smith, 1980; cited by Mateucci and Colma, 1982). We measured aH variables in meters and em­ ployed stepwise discriminant analysis (Oixon, 1975, 1981). On 59 nights, we measured the time between commencement of ac­ tivity at the sleeping si te and leaving the sleeping site (TA) at dusk. On 44 occasions we measured the period between entering the sleeping site and the time activity ceased (TO). 'o" RESULTS found 16 sleeping sites, which consisted of thickets of branches lianas that formed compact support platforms <2 m in diameter. One of them was composed of bamboo (Arundo donax). They also occa­ . sionaÜy rested during the daytime on exposed branches, which are excluded from our analyses due to their infrequent use and different fundian: The lodge trees, where the sleeping sites are located, were in ihe. middle stratum of the forest, the mean height of which is 12.8 m (n = 15, SO = 2.7). The mean height of the sleeping sites is 10.8 (n = 13, SO = 2.7); they were situated on the main axis of the tree, with a mean 470 Gllrcia and Braza distance of 0.9 m (n = 13, SD = 1.1) from the central trunk and 1-4 m from the tip of the longest horizontal bough of the lodge tree (n = 13, SD = 0.9). The sleeping sites were always located among branches with a diameter $10 cm, and never at the top of a tree. We always found one sleeping site in each lodge tree. Selection of the Lodge Tree Table 1 lists mean values and standard deviations for eaeh of the nine variables that we measured on the 8 lodge trees of our study groups and on 47 randomly seleeted trees. Lodge trees exhibit signifieantly less eover and more lianas than those in the general habitat (F = 17, 28, gl = 3, 47, P < 0.01, stepwise discriminant analysis). Tbe eight lodge trees are situated <10 m from the edge of the island forest (group 1) and a stream (group 2) (Figs. 1 and 2). Utilization of the Sleeping Sites and Lodge Trees Figure 3 shows the frequeney of use of eaeh group's sleeping sites. In both cases, sorne sleeping sites were used more frequently than oth­ ers (X' = 22.406, gl = 4, and X' = 27.486, gl = 2, P < 0.01, respeetively). Further, we analyzed how often the sleeping sites were ehanged. We eonsidered 34 pairs of days for group 1 and 39 pairs for group 2. Group 1 always slept in the same site during the dry season, but they ehanged sleeping sites on 50% of oeeasions during the rainy season. Group 2 ehanged sleeping sites eaeh night during the dry sea­ son (X' = 11.266, gl = 1, P < 0.01), while during the rainy season, 'they slept in the same place on eonseeutive days (X' = 10.666, gl = 1. .p.<.,p:Ol). •,: 'Activities of the Monkeys Around the Sleeping Sites 'íl.. .. '.~ :~'" :".[.,:' , 00 Eaeh of the eight lodge trees of the two study groups had between ·.,,~.o~<t"~nd three fixed routes of aeeess. The monkeys left their sleeping sites ;:,n:'~?byo tlÍe branehes of neighboring trees at the same height or frequently by 'h~f¡me'ÚIS of lianas to a lower level and from there to other trees. Tbey always ,':/>,e,me;ed their sleeping sites fmm a c10se tree at the same height.
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