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Observvations on the Ecology a Humid F Ra Pre Alice Justin Alice Roy‐Bolduc Justine Alexander Guillaume Peterson‐St Laurent Internship Report: Observations on the Ecology and Behavior of Saguinus geoffroyi and Aotus zonalis in a Semi Humid forest located in Charges National park. Under the Supervision of Rafael Samudio and MaribelTejada Presented to Rafael Samudio and Keisha Kerr Envr 451‐ Research in Panama McGill University April 24th, 2009 Observations on the Ecology and Behavior of Saguinus geoffroyi and Aotus zonalis in a Semi Humid forest located in Charges National park. Authors: Alice Roy‐Bolduc (School of Environment, McGill University) Justine Alexander (Department of Biology, McGill University) Guillaume Peterson‐St Laurent (School of Environment, McGill University) Supervision: Rafael Samudio, Jr. Ph.D. Presidente de SOMASPA and director of the Programa de Biodiversidad de Mamíferos [email protected] MaribelTejada Licenciada en Biología Number of full days dedicated to the project (1 full day = 8 hours) In the field: 12,31 Not in the field: 7,16 April 2009 Cover: Danylo Bobyck 2 ABSTRACT The destruction of Neotropical forests disturbs and puts the livelihood of many species in Panama at great risk. Arboreal neotropical primates are particularly threatened by habitat conversion. The presence of primates in Panama has important economic and cultural significance and is essential for the functioning of ecosystems. Action should therefore be taken in order to protect primates. More information on primate species could help facilitate conservation practices. The objective of this project was to gather and evaluate data on two primate species which are currently understudied, the Panamanian night monkey (Aotus zonalis) and Geoffroy’s tamarin (Saguinus geoffroyi). ln addition, we realized a brochure on the ecology and conservation of primates in Alto Chagres conservation area and Panama. The investigation was carried out in Campo Chagres, a site located within the conservation area of Alto Chagres, Panama. The site consists of a lowland semi‐deciduous forest with areas of dry forest and young moist tropical forest. Despite protective efforts by ANAM, the area is marked by important human disturbances. The study took place during the dry season (January to April 2009). Four transects, totalling 7,2 km, were established in Campo Chagres along pre existing paths. These transects were surveyed by two or three observers for both primate species at different times. Observations for Saguinus geoffroyi took place during the day and observations for Aotus zonalis took place during the night. When a group was encountered, data regarding the animals and habitat were gathered. Information on troop size and composition, behaviour, habitat use, interaction with other animals and the presence of predominant tree species vegetation were recorded. To obtain more precise data on the troop composition and individuals’ behaviour, the observers could leave the transect line. After the 4 months of field study, 64.65 km of transects in total were travelled and nine different groups of Geoffroy’s tamarin were localized and observed. No Panamanian night monkey was sighted. The areas where the Geoffroy tamarin was localized are characterized by predominantly dry semi‐deciduous vegetation. Tamarin abundance in Campo Chagres was found to be 0.2 groups per km, which is fairly similar to results of other studies done in Chagres national park. Groups ranged on average between three to seven individuals. An analysis of their activity indicated that travelling was by far the most important activity accomplished. The primates were also continually communicating vocally with birdlike squeals and whistles. Since the study was carried out during the dry season, there was an absence of food sources in Campo Chagres. The fact that Geoffroy’s tamarin was successfully observed suggests that there is a difference in the ecology and behaviour of the two primate species. We hypothesized that the night monkeys migrated to richer more elevated and humid regions of Chagres National Park. In conclusion, this investigation highlights the need to consider migration patterns and various scales in the assessment of population abundance and distribution in a dynamic tropical forest. This is essential in order to develop adequate conservation strategies. 3 RESUMEN La destrucción de los bosques Neotropicales perturba y pone en peligro el sustento de muchas especies de Panamá. La conversión de hábitat pone particularmente los primates arbóreos Neotropicales en peligro. La presencia de primates in Panamá tiene una importancia cultural y económica y es también esencial para mantener el funcionamiento del ecosistema. Entonces, acción debe ser entrepernada para proteger primates. Más información sobre las especies de primates podría ayudar a mejorar las prácticas de conservación. El objetivo de este proyecto fue de reclutar y evaluar los datos sobre dos especies de primate que son actualmente “understudied”, el mono titi (Saguinus geoffroyi) y el mono nocturno (Aotus zonalis). Además, realizamos un folleto sobre la ecología y la conservación de primates en la zona protegida del Alto Chagres y de Panamá. La investigación sucedió en Campo Chagres, un sitio ubicado en la zona protegida de Alto Chagres, Panamá. Campo Chagres es une zona de tierras bajas cubierto de un bosque semicaducifolio joven donde se encontra un mosaico de vegetación seca y húmeda. Aunque es una área protegida por ANAM, este sitio esta bastante perturbado por actividades humanes. El estudio se realizó en Panamá durante la temporada seca (enero abril 2009). 5 transectos fueron establecidos en Campo Chagres por senderos que ya existían. Estos transectos fueron inspeccionados por dos o tres observadores para estudiar los dos especies de primate en tiempos diferentes. Las observaciones del mono titi sucedieron durante el día y observaciones del mono nocturnos sucedieron durante la noche. Cuándo un grupo fue encontrado, los datos con respecto a los animales y el hábitat fueron registrados. Para obtener datos más precisos sobre la composición de tropa y del comportamiento de los individuos, los observadores dejaron la línea de transecto. Después de los 4 meses de estudio de campo, 64,65 Km. de transectos fueron viajados y 9 grupos diferentes de mono titi fueron localizados y observados. Ningún mono nocturno fue observado. Las áreas donde el mono titi fue situado fueron caracterizadas por un bosque bastante seco con una vegetación media caducifolia. La abundancia de mono titi en Campo Chagres fue calculada a 0,2 grupos por km. Este es bastante similar a resultados de otros estudios hechos en áreas del parque nacional Chagres. Los grupos recorrieron en el promedio entre 3‐7 individuos. Una análisis de su patrón de actividades indicó que el movimiento fue de lejos el más importante de las actividades realizada. También, los mono titi estaban continuamente comunicando con chillidos y silbidos parecido a sonidos de aves. El estudio fue llevado durante la temporada seca, entonces había una ausencia de alimentos en Campo Chagres. El hecho que el mono titi fue observado exitosamente soporta que haya una diferencia en la ecología y el comportamiento de las dos especies de primate. Formamos una hipótesis que el mono nocturno emigró a otras regiones más húmedas en el Parque Nacional Chagres. En conclusión, esta investigación revela la necesidad de considerar varios escalas y patrones de migración en la evaluación de la abundancia y distribución de 4 populaciones animales en un sistema tan dinámico con el bosque tropical. Eso es esencial para el desarrollo de estrategias de conservación adecuadas 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank our host institution SOMASPA who provided us with materials and the needed support from the very beginning of our study. We would especially like to thank Maribel Tejada, Julieta Carrión de Samudio and Rafael Samudio who have always been supportive throughout our research and who without which this investigation would have not been possible. We are also truly grateful and would like to thank the ANAM staff at Campo Chagres and in particular the rangers who would accompany us during our nightly observations. We are also grateful to Parque Municipal SUMMIT, who allowed us to take pictures of their primates for the creation of our pamphlet on Alto Chagres and Panamanian Monkeys. We are thankful to Danylo Bobyk who allowed us to use his pictures for the Pamphlet. Additionally we would like to thank The Smithsonian Tropical Institute and McGill for providing the facilities, material and support for this investigation. Finally, we are grateful to our Envr 451 professors Rafael Samudio and Roberto Ibanez along with the courses teaching assistant Kecia Kerr for their continual enthusiasm and help. 6 HOST INSTITUTION INFORMATION SOMASPA: Parque Lefevre, Vía Cincuentenario, Edificio INVESA, Local 3‐A [email protected] The Sociedad Mastozoológica de Panamá (SOMASPA) is dedicated to the conservation of biodiversity. It is specifically concerned about the preservation of Panamanian mammals. They carry out scientific investigations, education programs, and cooperated with other institutions. SOMASPA’s aim is to obtain the necessary knowledge on biodiversity in order to promote sustainable development and to increase conservation efforts in the country. They believe their work is essential in order to maintain the ecological integrity of Panama, particularly in the context of Panama’s national development strategy. They are already very active in the region of
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