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Gorilla World and Jungle Trails PRIMATE EVOLUTION

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Gorilla World and Jungle Trails PRIMATE EVOLUTION ALL ABOUT PRIMATES! Gorilla World and Jungle Trails PRIMATE EVOLUTION The ancestors of primates show up in the fossil record around 85 to 65 million years ago. The first true primates fossil was discovered in China and dates back 55 million years! The idea of the “missing link” is very misleading. Evolution is not a linear chain, but more like a complicated tree with many branches. THE MODERN PRIMATE Primates are a taxonomical Order of related species that fall under the Class Mammalia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates From here primates tend to fall into 3 major categories THE THREE PRIMATE CATEGORIES Prosimians Monkeys Apes PROSIMIANS Prosimians represent the more “primitive” of primates General Characteristics: Small Size Nocturnal Relatively Solitary Grooming Claws and Tooth Combs Well-developed sense of smell Vertical Clingers and Leapers This group includes all lemurs, galagos, lorises, and tarsiers MONKEYS Monkeys are the most geographically diverse category of primates, spanning throughout South and Central America, Africa, Asia, and even one location in Europe General Characteristics Long Tails Diurnal (one exception) Increased sense of sight More complex social structures Increased Intelligence Quadrupedal Monkeys are classified as either New World or Old World NEW WORLD VS. OLD WORLD MONKEYS New World Monkeys span Old World Monkeys span throughout Central and throughout Europe, Africa, and South America. Asia. Characteristics: Round, flat Characteristics: Narrow, nostrils. Smaller in size. downward nostrils. Larger in Exclusively arboreal. Some size. Some terrestrial. Sitting have prehensile tails. pads, Some have cheek pouches. APES Apes are often known as the most “advanced” group of primates General Characteristics No Tail Large in size Broad Chests Move through brachiation High intelligence Dependence on learning and tool use This group includes gibbons, siamangs, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans While a lot of diversity exists among the living primates, there are some very unique characteristics that are shared by almost all of the primate species WHAT • Large Brain Size CONNECTS • Prehensile Hands and Opposable Thumbs ALL • Stereoscopic/binocular vision PRIMATES? • Fingernails • Long Life History • Complex Social Structures Let’s look at these in more depth! LARGE BRAIN SIZE OPPOSABLE THUMBS Compared to other Opposable thumbs are one of the mammals, most primates most defining features of primates. have a large brain relative Thumbs help them to manipulate to their body size small and complex objects BINOCULAR VISION FINGERNAILS Most primates have more Most primates have nails on their forward-facing eyes, this allow fingers and toes as opposed to for increased depth perception. claws. These nails help to protect That’s important when you live the digits, and allow for a high up in the canopies! heightened sense of touch. Vs. LONG LIFE HISTORY Given their size, primates have an extended life history compared to other Newborn mammals. They grow slowly, have long dependence on their parents, mature later, and live longer life spans. Newborn 2 years COMPLEX SOCIAL STRUCTURES Most primates live in large social groups. Living in groups with other individuals facilitates the formation of close bonds and friendships. These bonds help to protect primates from danger. Group living can also bring about competition and conflict, complex hierarchies are often established to mediate this tension. JUNGLE TRAILS! ORANGUTAN As of 2017, there are three recognized species of orangutans Tapanuli: Pongo tapanuliensis Bornean: Pongo pygmaeus Sumatran: Pongo abelii Both the Bornean and Sumatran species can be found in zoos, at the Cincinnati Zoo we house two Sumatran Orangutans ORANGUTAN RANGE All orangutans species are found throughout two islands in Indonesia, Borneo and Sumatra Sumatran: rainforest of Northern Sumatra Bornean: lowland rainforests, swamp and mountain forests of Borneo Tapanuli: isolated forest of Northern Sumatra ORANGUTAN DIET Orangutans are primarily fruit eaters, making them an important seed dispersers in their habitats. When fruit is scarce, orangutans will also consume flowers, insects, bark, leaves, eggs, and occasionally small mammals Orangutans are especially adapted to store fat to help them survive the seasonal fluctuation of fruit availability ORANGUTAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE Unique amongst the great apes, orangutans are primarily solitary. The basic social unit consist of an adult female and their dependent offspring. Males hold large territories that overlap multiple females Orangutans, while solitary, are still social. Mothers are known to come together in times when fruit is plenty. They will maintain social relationships over long periods of time Males have two mature morphs: Flanged Un-flanged ORANGUTAN BEHAVIOR Orangutans are the largest arboreal mammal in the world, they practice quadrumanous locomotion and use their large weight to sway the trees. After chimpanzees, orangutans have the most diverse tool culture of all non- human primates. Much of what we know about orangutans comes from the research of Birute Galdikas. Today, this research continues at Camp Leakey in Borneo! ORANGUTAN CONSERVATION Currently, orangutans are considered to be Critically Endangered. It is estimated that around 120,000 individuals exist in the wild. The Tapanuli orangutan is the most endangered great ape, with a population of only 800. Deforestation rates in Borneo and Sumatra are some of the worst on the entire planet. Much of this is due to the creation of palm oil plantations. Sustainable palm oil production helps to conserve orangutan habitat. Today, around 20% of all palm oil production is certified sustainable by the RSPO. ORANGUTANS IN ZOOS Throughout North America, 55 AZA institutions house orangutans, representing 216 individuals. All of these individuals are managed through a SSP. Henry Alex LION TAMARINS Tamarins are a family of small monkeys found throughout the rainforests of South America. The lion tamarins make up four of these species Golden-headed Lion Tamarin Golden Lion Tamarin Black Lion Tamarin Black-faced Lion Tamarin Leontopithecus chrysomelas Leontopithecus rosalia Leontopithecus chrysopygus Leontopithecus caissara At the Cincinnati Zoo, we have two Golden-headed Lion tamarins LION TAMARIN RANGE All lion tamarin species are found throughout the South- Eastern coastal regions of Brazil Golden-headed: forests of the Bahia state Golden: lowland coastal regions of Rio de Janeiro Black: forest patches of Sao Paulo Black-faced: costal regions of Paraná LION TAMARIN DIET Tamarins eat a wide variety of foods such as fruits, flowers, nectar, tree sap (exudate), insects, and small vertebrates. Modified claws, instead of nails, help tamarins to cling vertically to the sides of trees. Lion tamarins have elongated hands and feet that are partially webbed which allow them to catch prey from confined areas. LION TAMARIN SOCIAL STRUCTURE Lion tamarins live in small family groups of up to 8 individuals. Groups consist of one breeding female and multiple males who will help care for the offspring. Females almost exclusively give birth to twins. Tamarin families share the responsibility of raising the young, however, the adult males will usually provide most of the care. LION TAMARIN BEHAVIOR Strictly arboreal, lion tamarins rarely come down to the ground and spend most of their time in the forest canopy. Lion tamarins are highly territorial, of both their mates and their home ranges. Tamarin groups defend territories the size of 100 to 250 acres. They use scent marking to communicate this ownership. LION TAMARIN CONSERVATION All four species of lion tamarin are listed as Endangered or Critically Endangered. This is mostly due to deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and the pet trade. In the 1970’s there were as few as 200 Golden Lion Tamarins left. Due to the hard work of AZA institutions, their international partners, and captive breeding program, it is estimated that there are 1500 living in the wild. LION TAMARINS IN ZOOS Most of the focus in zoos center around the conservation of Golden Lion Tamarins, this has been very successful. However, there are breeding programs for two of the other species. Worldwide, there are 150 zoos who participate specifically in Golden Lion Tamarin breeding programs. In 2003, the Golden Lion Tamarins were downgraded from Critically Endangered to Endangered. Lucio and Uknown Female BONOBO A close cousin to the chimpanzee, the bonobo was once known as the pygmy or dwarf chimp, but is now recognized as its own species. Chimpanzee Bonobo Chimpanzee: Pan troglodytes Bonobos differ from chimps both Bonobo: Pan paniscus physically and behaviorally. BONOBO RANGE Bonobos are only found in the forests south of the Congo River in the Democratic Republic of Congo. There is no overlap with the chimpanzee’s range. BONOBO DIET In the wild bonobos will feed on fruits, seeds, leaves, terrestrial vegetation, and have been seen eating insects and other vertebrates occasionally. Bonobo groups have been witnessed hunting various monkey species. BONOBO SOCIAL STRUCTURE Bonobos live in large fission-fusion communities with multiple males and females. At times, the larger group will separate into smaller parties. Unique to other great ape species, bonobo females are the ones in charge! Known as the “hippie ape”, bonobo society tends to be peaceful, tension is alleviated through hugs, kisses, and sexual interactions. BONOBO BEHAVIOR While incredibly
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