LOSSES and REPRODUCTION in REINTRODUCED GOLDEN LION TAMARINS Leontopithecus Rosalia
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Foraging Behavior and Microhabitats Used by Black Lion Tamarins, Leontopithecus Chrysopyqus (Mikan) (Primates, Callitrichidae)
Foraging behavior and microhabitats used by black lion tamarins, Leontopithecus chrysopyqus (Mikan) (Primates, Callitrichidae) Fernando de Camargo Passos 2 Alexine Keuroghlian 3 ABSTRACT. Foraging in the Black Lion Tamarin (L. chrysopygus Mikan, 1823) was observed in the Caetetus Ecological Station, São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, during 83 days between November 1988 to October 1990. These tamarins use manipuJative, specitic-site foraging behavior. When searching for animal prey items, they examine a variety ofmicrohabitats (dry palm leaves, twigs, under loose bark, in tree cavities). These microhabitats were spatially dispersed among different forest macrohabitats such as swamp torests and dry forested areas. These data indicated that the prey foraging behavior of L. chrysopygus was quite variable, and they used a wide variety ofmicrohabitats, different ofthe other lion tall1arin species. KEY WORDS. Callitrichidae, Leontopithecus chrysopygus, black lion tamarin, ani mai prey, foraging behavior, diet, microhabitats Lion tamarins, Leontopithecus Lesson, 1840, are considered primarily in sectivores and frugivores (COIMBRA-FILHO & MITTERMEIER 1973), or omnivores (KLElMAN et aI. 1988) because of the diversity of their diet. ln the wild, they consume mostly fruits, exudates, nectar, and animal prey. ln comparison to fruits, animal prey make up a relatively small proportion ofthe diet and are costly to obtain, but its nutritional vai ue make it an essential component of their diet. The prey of black lion tamarins (L. chrysopygus) may include a variety ofinvertebrates (insects, spiders, and other arthropods) and small vertebrates, such as anuran frogs (CARVA LHO et aI. 1989; PASSOS 1999). ln this note, we present our observations on prey foraging. We then compare them with studies of other lion tamarin species and discuss some of the unique aspects ofblack lion tamarin foraging in re\ation to the microhabitats they use. -
Behavioral and Ecological Interactions Between Reintroduced Golden
99 Vol. 49, n. 1 : pp. 99-109, January 2006 ISSN 1516-8913 Printed in Brazil BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OF BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Behavioral and Ecological Interactions between Reintroduced Golden Lion Tamarins ( Leontopithecus rosalia Linnaeus, 1766) and Introduced Marmosets ( Callithrix spp, Linnaeus, 1758) in Brazil’s Atlantic Coast Forest Fragments Carlos Ramon Ruiz-Miranda 1,2*, Adriana Gomes Affonso 1, Marcio Marcelo de Morais 1,2 , Carlos Eduardo Verona 1, Andreia Martins 2 and Benjamin Beck 3 1Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais; Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense; Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000; Horto; 28013-600; Campos dos Goytacazes - RJ - Brasil. 2Associação Mico Leão Dourado; C. P. 109968; 28860- 970; Casimiro de Abreu - RJ - Brasil. 3Department of Conservation Biology; National Zoological Park; Smithsonian Institution; 20008; Washington, DC - EUA ABSTRACT Marmosets (Callithrix spp.) have been introduced widely in areas within Rio de Janeiro state assigned for the reintroduction of the endangered golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia ). The objetives of this study were to estimate the marmoset (CM) population in two fragments with reintroduced golden lion tamarin to quantify the association and characterize the interactions between species. The CM population density (0,09 ind/ha) was higher than that of the golden lion tamarin (0,06 ind/ha). The mean association index between tamarins and marmosets varied among groups and seasons (winter=62% and summer=35%). During the winter, competition resulted in increases in territorial and foraging behavior when associated with marmosets. Evidence of benefits during the summer was reduced adult vigilance while associated to marmosets. Golden lion tamarins were also observed feeding on gums obtained from tree gouges made by the marmosets. -
Golden Lion Tamarin (GLT) Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Callitrichidae Genus & Species: Leontopithecus Rosalia
savetheliontamarin.org facebook.com/saveglts twitter.com/savetheglt Golden Lion Tamarin (GLT) Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Callitrichidae Genus & Species: Leontopithecus rosalia About GLTs Weight: about 1 pound or 500 grams Head and Body Length: about 8 inches or 20 cm Tail Length: about 14 inches or 36 cm Golden lion tamarins (GLTs) are small, New World primates, primarily identifiable by their reddish-gold fur and characteristic lion-like mane. These monkeys have a long tail which they use to balance as they leap on all four limbs from tree to tree. Their slim fingers and claw-like nails aid their movements and help them to extract food from crevices and holes - a behavior known as micromanipulation. Like other marmosets and tamarins, they have claws instead of nails and do not have prehensile tails. There is no sexual dimorphism in this species, which means that males and females are similarly sized and cannot be easily distinguished by physical characteristics alone. GLTs are social animals, living in family groups that consist of two to ten individuals, but average about five to six to a group. A family group is typically comprised of a breeding pair (mom and dad) and their offspring (usually twins) from one or two litters. The group may also include an aunt or uncle. Individuals in family groups share food with each other and frequently spend time grooming and playing. These are diurnal monkeys (awake during the day), seeking out tree holes within their range to sleep at night as a group. GLT family groups are territorial, protecting a home range that averages 123 acres or 50 hectares-- quite a large area for such small animals. -
Gorilla World and Jungle Trails PRIMATE EVOLUTION
ALL ABOUT PRIMATES! Gorilla World and Jungle Trails PRIMATE EVOLUTION The ancestors of primates show up in the fossil record around 85 to 65 million years ago. The first true primates fossil was discovered in China and dates back 55 million years! The idea of the “missing link” is very misleading. Evolution is not a linear chain, but more like a complicated tree with many branches. THE MODERN PRIMATE Primates are a taxonomical Order of related species that fall under the Class Mammalia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates From here primates tend to fall into 3 major categories THE THREE PRIMATE CATEGORIES Prosimians Monkeys Apes PROSIMIANS Prosimians represent the more “primitive” of primates General Characteristics: Small Size Nocturnal Relatively Solitary Grooming Claws and Tooth Combs Well-developed sense of smell Vertical Clingers and Leapers This group includes all lemurs, galagos, lorises, and tarsiers MONKEYS Monkeys are the most geographically diverse category of primates, spanning throughout South and Central America, Africa, Asia, and even one location in Europe General Characteristics Long Tails Diurnal (one exception) Increased sense of sight More complex social structures Increased Intelligence Quadrupedal Monkeys are classified as either New World or Old World NEW WORLD VS. OLD WORLD MONKEYS New World Monkeys span Old World Monkeys span throughout Central and throughout Europe, Africa, and South America. Asia. Characteristics: Round, flat Characteristics: Narrow, nostrils. Smaller in size. downward -
The Smallest of the Monkeys
The Smallest of the Monkeys The Smallest of the Monkeys In a dense jungle down in the Amazon there are small squirrel like creatures scampering around in the trees, do you know what they are? They’re the smallest of the New World monkeys – the marmosets and tamarins. These vocal monkeys are very intelligent and are known for their beauty. They’re very fun and interesting to study. These cute little monkeys live in South America and parts of Central America. They are arboreal so they need lots of trees to hide in and to get their food, which means they can only live in dense jungles. Since people are cutting down the rainforests the monkeys have nowhere to live and now 23% of the Callitrichidae group is vulnerable. It’s sad how people will hurt animals and their homes for their own benefit. These little monkeys range in sizes but not big sizes. From the smallest to the biggest it’s the 40 cm. Pygmy Marmoset to the 75 cm. Golden Lion Tamarin. They’re only the size of a kitten and the Pygmy Marmoset only weighs 100 grams. That’s a little monkey. The Callitrichidae group is not only known for their small size, but also their hair. Each monkey has tufts of hair or manes that make them unique. The Common Marmoset has white tufts of hair on its ears, the top of the Cotton-Top Tamarin’s head is covered in white hair, and the Golden Lion Tamarin is named after its golden mane. These monkeys are beautiful. -
Callitrichines 85
PIPC02b 11/7/05 17:20 Page 85 Callitrichines 85 Niemitz, C. (1984). Biology of Tarsiers. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart. Schultz, A. (1948). The number of young at a birth and the number Niemitz, C., Nietsch, A., Warter, S., and Rumpler, Y. (1991). of nipples in primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 6:1–23. Tarsius dianae: a new primate species from central Sulawesi Shekelle, M. (2003). Taxonomy and biogeography of eastern (Indonesia). Folia Primatol. 56:105–116. Tarsiers [PhD thesis]. Washington University, St. Louis. Nietsch, A. (1999). Duet vocalizations among different popu- Shekelle, M., Leksono, S., Ischwan, L., and Masala, Y. (1997). lations of Sulawesi tarsiers. Int. J. Primatol. 20:567–583. The natural history of the tarsiers of north and central Sulawesi. Nietsch, A., and Kopp, M. (1998). The role of vocalization in species Sulawesi Prim. News. 4:4–11. differentiation of Sulawesi tarsiers. Folia Primatol. 69:371–378. Sherman, P., Braude, S., and Jarvis, J. (1999). Litter sizes and Nietsch, A., and Niemitz, C. (1992). Indication for facultative poly- mammary numbers of naked mole-rats: breaking the one-half gamy in free-ranging Tarsius spectrum, supported by morpho- rule. J. Mammal. 80:720–733. metric data. In: International Primatological Society Abstracts. Simons, E., and Bown, T. (1985). Afrotarsius chatrathi, the first International Primatological Society, Strasbourg. p. 318. tarsiiform primate (Tarsiidae) from Africa. Nature 313:4750– Pallas, P. S. (1778). Novae Species quad e Glirium Ordinae cum 477. Illustrationibus Variis Complurium ex hoc Ordinae Animalium, Simpson, G. G. (1945). The principles of classification and a W. Walther, Erlangen. classification of mammals. -
Golden Lion Tamarin Nutrition.Pdf
Husbandry Protocol for Golden Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia) Revised June, 1996 Compiled by the Golden Lion Tamarin Management Committee with the Assistance of Beate Rettberg-Beck Food and Water Lion tamarins are primarily omnivorous. In the past, many captive animals suffered from protein and vitamin D3 deficiencies since captive diets were heavily biased towards fruit. In recent years more balanced diets have been achieved. Both zoos and laboratories, however, usually supplement these diets since the actual requirements of the species are not known. Vitamin D3 supplementation is required since callitrichids cannot synthesize this in the absence of sunlight (most marmoset diet now include Vitamin D3 supplements). A. Food – Adults: Animals should be fed twice a day. The morning feeding (8:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m.) should consist of a prepared nutritionally complete diet; commercial marmoset diet alone, e.g. Science Diet for Marmosets (Riviana Foods), is offered at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., so that the animals are encouraged to eat a balanced diet first thing in the morning. In the afternoon (1:30 p.m. to 2:30 p.m.), the animals receive apples, bananas, raisins, oranges, and marmoset diet. Crickets and mealworms are fed to the animals once a week on different days (insects could be maintained on a high calcium feed mixture several days before being fed to tamarins). Additional sources of protein are recommended in case the marmoset diet used is deficient in protein (seeds, eggs, cottage cheese and milk). Food items should be varied to provide social stimulation. Some institutions offer small amounts of fruit in the a.m. -
CALLITRICHIDS: NUTRITION and DIETARY Husbandrya Authors
Fact Sheet 013 April 2003 CALLITRICHIDS: NUTRITION AND DIETARY HUSBANDRYa Authors Susan D. Crissey, PhD Mauvis Gore, PhD Barbara A. Lintzenich, MS Brookfield Zoo Royal Zoological Society, Scotland Brookfield Zoo 3300 Golf Rd Edinburgh, Scotland 3300 Golf Rd Brookfield, IL 60513 Brookfield, IL 60513 Kerri Slifka. MS Brookfield Zoo 3300 Golf Rd Brookfield, IL 60513 Reviewers Vince Sodaro Michael L. Power, PhD Duane E. Ullrey, PhD Brookfield Zoo Nutrition Laboratory Comparative Nutrition Group 3300 Golf Rd Department of Zoological Research Michigan State University Brookfield, IL 60513 National Zoological Park East Lansing, MI 48824 Washington, DC 20008 Meeting the nutritional needs of Callitrichids is essential to their survival and reproduction in captivity. Development of appropriate dietary guidelines involves information on 1) feeding ecology, 2) published nutrient requirements, often from studies of laboratory primates, 3) food preferences, and 4) foods available in zoos for diet formulation. This monograph is meant to provide a general overview of the feeding of Callitrichids. Several SSPs have published husbandry manuals for individual species, including species-specific recommendations. Please refer to these for additional and sometimes more specific information on nutrition and feeding. _____ aAdapted from the AZA Callitrichid Husbandry manual. AZA Callitrichid SSP. 1 Feeding Ecology Information on feeding ecology of Callitrichids has increased significantly in recent years. This has expanded our knowledge of food ingested in the wild, but most studies provide qualitative information rather than detailed quantitative data on amounts of food and nutrient concentrations in the foods selected. It has been reported that, in natural ecosystems, larger Callitrichid species tend to select insects and fruits whereas the smaller species tend to select insects and exudates (gums, saps, and latex). -
Golden Lion Tamarin
Golden Lion Tamarin Description This small monkey takes its name from the vivid, gold-orange mane of long hair that surrounds its face. Its body and tail are also reddish while its face is dark and hairless. Fast Facts Diet Golden Lion Tamarins are omnivores. They eat fruit, flowers, nectar, plant gum, small insects, frogs and lizards. In the wild Other Names: Golden Marmoset Predators find it hard to track Golden Lion Tamarins because they move around so Scientific Name: Leontopithecus rosalia much. Tamarins never nest in the same spot for more than one night. However, they do scent mark their territory as a warning to other groups of tamarins and to Conservation Status: Endangered indicate their social status (particularly among males). The breeding males and Extinct Threatened Least Concern females scent mark more often than the non-breeding members of the group. Threats EX EW CR EN VU NT LC Golden Lion Tamarins were once distributed through a much greater part of Brazil Body Length: 19–22 cm than they are today. Logging and habitat conversion were the greatest contributors to their decline and in the 1970s there were fewer than 200 in the wild. Weight: 400–800 g A reintroduction program coordinated by the Smithsonian National Zoo in the USA for Golden Lion Tamarins began in 1984. Over 30 years, zoo-born Golden Lion Gestation: 125–132 days Tamarins were reintroduced into two nature reserves. Thanks to the program, Golden Lion Tamarins can still be found in the wild and there are now about 1,600 Number of young: 1 –2 Golden Lion Tamarins in Brazil. -
Monkeys AZA AB 2020
Tale of Two Monkeys: Behavioral Compatibility Between a Golden Lion Tamarin and Goeldi’s Marmoset K. Fernandez1, R. Lyons1, J. Cahill1, J. Knox2, R. Tomas2, and A. Byun1 1Fairfield University, Department of Biology and 2 The ConneCtiCut’s Beardsley Zoo ABSTRACT RESULTS We observed the behavioral compatibility between a newly introduced male Goeldi’s Monty was introduced into Zag’s enclosure Feb 2, 2019. Zag initially exhibited behaviors indicative of aggression and territoriality such as arch walking and Marmoset, Monty, and a female Golden Lion Tamarin, Zag, at the Connecticut’s scent marking. Monty continued to self groom but began to groom Zag as well. Beardsley Zoo. The loss of Zag’s mate of fourteen years in 2019, and Monty’s mother and sister in 2018, raised concerns that the lack of social contact would cause mental Initial Behaviors from Zag Included Initial Behaviors from Monty Included distress and negative behaviors. Monty, in particular, had started engaging in excessive self grooming resulting in the loss of fur on the underside of his tail. Monty was introduced into Zag’s habitat February 2, 2019. To assess their behavioral compatibility, we separated monkey behaviors into 17 distinct categories, especially those associated with aggression, such as screeching and arch walking and stress such as excessive self grooming. We monitored and recorded behaviors directly or via two live-stream webcams set up within their habitat from Feb1, 2019 to Mar 1, 2020. Following their introduction, we found a significant decrease in Monty’s self grooming (r = -0.36, p = 0.0069), and Arch walking Self grooming Grooming Zag Zag’s arch walking (r = -0.30, p = 0.026 and screeching (r = -0.40, p = 0.0028). -
The Role of Scent Marking in the Social Communication of Wild Golden Lion Tamarins, Leontopithecus Rosalia
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, 2003, 65, 795–803 doi:10.1006/anbe.2003.2105, The role of scent marking in the social communication of wild golden lion tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia KIMRAN E. MILLER, KATALIN LASZLO & JAMES M. DIETZ Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (Received 29 September 2001; initial acceptance 11 March 2002; final acceptance 18 July 2002; MS. number: A9174) The role of scent marking in the social communication of mammals is widely variable. One reason for this variation is that the function of scent marking may vary with different ecological and social conditions. The purpose of this study was to test four nonexclusive hypotheses explaining the role of scent-marking frequency in different ecological and social contexts for wild golden lion tamarins. Relative to ecological contexts, we compared scent-marking frequency during seasons of abundant and scarce food resources. Relative to social contexts, we compared scent-marking frequency when groups were isolated and when groups were in the presence of neighbouring groups. We found that the tamarins used scent marking to mark the location of food resources. Additionally, males used scent marking to communicate intrasexual dominance within their groups, while females did not. Our results also indicate that alpha females increased their scent-marking frequency to communicate to members of other groups, while the presence of members of other groups did not elicit a similar response by alpha males. We did not find evidence for a territorial function of scent marking in golden lion tamarins. 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. -
Yellow Fever and COVID-19 Endanger 50 Years of Conservation
Yellow Fever and COVID-19 Endanger 50 Years of Conservation Success for Brazil’s Golden Lion Tamarin On International Golden Lion Tamarin Day, Conservationists Cautiously Optimistic for Future of Brazil’s Iconic Species In Midst of Steepest Population Decline in Half a Century For immediate release July 30, 2020 Download photos Among the world’s most celebrated wildlife comeback stories is that of Brazil’s golden lion tamarin, which numbered fewer than 200 individuals in the wild in the 1960s. Thanks to the international efforts of a large team of committed partners since the 1970s—including extensive genetic and reproductive research, a conservation breeding program, reintroductions and translocations—this little Atlantic Forest monkey rebounded to more than 3,700 in recent years. As the fourth annual International Golden Lion Tamarin Day approaches on August 2, these ongoing efforts are on the line as golden lion tamarins face a new threat—a double whammy of diseases, one deadly to the tiny monkeys, the other hindering urgent efforts to immunize them. A wave of yellow fever that began in humans in 2016 unexpectedly started to kill the endangered tamarins in May of 2018, reducing the population by 32 percent to 2,500, according to a study published in the journal Scientific Reports. Although conservationists have finally received approval to move forward with a safe vaccine for the monkeys after a lengthy and bureaucratic political process, COVID-19 has now made such field work less safe for people. “We’ve always included in our strategic plan a response to an unexpected catastrophe, but the mortality rate of yellow fever was worse than what we had imagined by quite a bit,” said James Dietz, vice president of Save the Golden Lion Tamarin.