EAZA Husbandry Guidelines for Callitrichidae – 2nd Edition – 2010 1 EAZA Husbandry Guidelines for Callitrichidae – 2nd Edition – 2010 2 EAZA Husbandry Guidelines for Callitrichidae – 2nd Edition – 2010 Editor Eric Bairrão Ruivo Beauval Zoo 41110 Saint Aignan sur Cher France Tel. +33 254 757 435 [email protected] Contributors Eric Bairrão Ruivo1 ZooParc de Beauval – 41110 Saint Aignan – France [email protected] Hannah M. Buchanan-Smith² University of Stirling – Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland – United Kingdom [email protected] Morgane Byrne3 Zoo d’Asson – 6 chemin du Brouquet, 64800 Asson – France [email protected] J. Bryan Carroll4 Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation & Bristol Zoo Gardens – Clifton, Bristol BS8 3HA – United Kingdom [email protected] Aude Desmoulins5 ZooParc de Beauval – 41110 Saint Aignan – France [email protected] Yedra Feltrer6 Zoological Society of London – Regent’s Park NW1 4RY – United Kingdom [email protected] Peter Galbusera7 Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp – Konigin Astridplein 26, B-2018 Antwerpen – Belgium [email protected] Tine Griede8 Hogeschool van Hall Larenstein – Postbus 1528, 8901 BV Leeuwarden – The Netherlands [email protected] 3 EAZA Husbandry Guidelines for Callitrichidae – 2nd Edition – 2010 Pierre Grothmann9 Zoologischer Garten Magdeburg – Zooallee 1, D-39124 Magdeburg – Germany [email protected] Warner Jens10 Apenheul Primate Park – PO Box 97 7300 AB Apeldoorn – The Netherlands [email protected] Kristin Leus11 CBSG Europe – Copenhagen Zoo & EAZA – p/a Annuntiatenstraat 6, 2170 Merksem – Belgium [email protected] & [email protected] Nick Lindsay12 Zoological Society of London – Regent’s Park NW1 4RY – United Kingdom [email protected] Agustin Lopez Goya13 Faunia Zoo – 28 Avenida Comunidades, 28032 Centro, Madrid – Spanish [email protected] Luc Lorca14 Zoo d’Asson – 6 Chemin du Brouquet, 64800 Asson – France [email protected] Stewart Muir15 Newquay Zoo – Trenance Park Newquay, Cornwall TR7 2LZ – United Kingdom [email protected] Thierry Petit16 Zoo de la Palmyre – 17570 Les Mathes – France [email protected] Anthony B. Rylands17 Conservation International – 2011 Crystal Drive, Arlington 22202, VA – United States [email protected] Christoph Schwitzer18 Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation – Bristol Zoo Gardens, Clifton, Bristol BS8 3HA – United Kingdom [email protected] Tai Strike19 Zoological Society of London – Regent’s Park NW1 4RY – United Kingdom [email protected] 4 EAZA Husbandry Guidelines for Callitrichidae – 2nd Edition – 2010 Dominic Wormell20 Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust – Les Augres Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, Channel Islands – United Kingdom [email protected] Melissa Yaxley21 Animal Centre – Reaseheath College, Nantwich, Cheshire CW5 6DF – United Kingdom [email protected] Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Dr Ken Gold and Dr Gabor Gosi for their contribution to the 1st edition of these husbandry guidelines. The authors would also like to thank Dr Eluned Price for reviewing the document. It has been considerably strengthened as a result of her efforts. The Editor would like to thank Aude Desmoulins and Laure Pelletier for their help in the edition of these guidelines. Illustrations and distribution maps All drawings and distribution maps used in these guidelines (including in the cover) were done by Stephen Nash who kindly gave permission to use them in this publication. All copyrights of these drawings and maps belong to Stephen Nash and they cannot be used or reproduced without his authorisation. Stephen Nash’s e-mail address: [email protected] Cover and design Mafalda Simões MAF Design 6, rue Constant Ragot, 41110 Saint Aignan sur Cher – France [email protected] 5 EAZA Husbandry Guidelines for Callitrichidae – 2nd Edition – 2010 Copyrights Copyrights (September 2010) by EAZA Executive Office, Amsterdam. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in hard copy, machine-readable or other forms without advance written permission from the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA). Members of the European Association of Zoos and Aquariums (EAZA) may copy this information for their own use as needed. The information contained in these husbandry guidelines has been obtained from numerous sources believed to be reliable. EAZA and the EAZA Callitrichid TAG make a diligent effort to provide a complete and accurate representation of the data in its reports, publications, and services. However, EAZA does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information. EAZA disclaims all liability for errors or omissions that may exist and shall not be liable for any incidental, consequential, or other damages (whether resulting from negligence or otherwise) including, without limitation, exemplary damages or lost profits arising out of or in connection with the use of this publication. Because the technical information provided in the Husbandry Guidelines can easily be misread or misinterpreted unless properly analysed, EAZA strongly recommends that users of this information consult with the editors in all matters related to data analysis and interpretation. Publication Published by Beauval Zoo in 2010 6 EAZA Husbandry Guidelines for Callitrichidae – 2nd Edition – 2010 EAZA Husbandry Guidelines for the Callitrichidae Preamble for the EAZA Husbandry Guidelines Right from the very beginning it has been the concern of EAZA and the EEPs to encourage and promote the highest possible standards for husbandry of zoo animals. For this reason, quite early on, EAZA developed the “Minimum Standards for the Accommodation and Care of Animals in Zoos and Aquaria”. These standards lay down general principles of animal keeping, to which the members of EAZA feel themselves committed. Above and beyond this, some countries have defined regulatory minimum standards for the keeping of individual species regarding the size and furnishings of enclosures etc., which, in the opinion of the authors, should definitely be fulfilled before allowing such animals to be kept within the area of the jurisdiction of those countries. These minimum standards are intended to determine the borderline of acceptable animal welfare. It is not permitted to fall short of these standards. How difficult it is to determine the standards, however, can be seen in the fact that minimum standards vary from country to country. Above and beyond this, specialists in the EEPs and TAGs have undertaken the considerable task of laying down guidelines for keeping individual animal species. Whilst some aspects of husbandry reported in the guidelines will define minimum standards, in general, these guidelines are not to be understood as minimum requirements; they represent best practice. As such the EAZA/EEP Husbandry Guidelines for keeping animals intend rather to describe the desirable design of enclosures and prerequisites for animal keeping that are, according to the present state of knowledge, considered as being optimal for each species. They intend above all to indicate how enclosures should be designed and what conditions should be fulfilled for the optimal care of individual species. Introduction Welcome to this, the Second Edition of the EAZA Husbandry Guidelines for the Callitrichidae. The first edition was published in 2002. The review that has led to this second edition was started in 2008 and completed in 2010. In some places the changes from the first edition are considerable. This includes a modified structure, to reflect the standard EAZA husbandry guidelines format, introduced in 2008. There has been a considerable revision of Section 1, Biology and Field Data which results from both changes in taxonomy and the discovery of a number of new species over the last decade. Changes in Section 2 reflect advances in husbandry and our greater understanding of diets, health care and social behaviour. The EAZA Regional Collection Plan for the Callitrichidae highlights the need for sound husbandry and population management in order to maintain our populations of callitrichids in captivity. Some species require considerable management due to small population sizes and difficulties in establishing multiple-generation breeding. Some programmes are vital for conservation reasons, such as those for the pied tamarin and the lion tamarins. Furthermore, our experience over the years tells us that we need constantly to seek advances in the care, wellbeing and welfare of the animals in our breeding programmes. This second edition of the husbandry guidelines has been written by experts in husbandry, taxonomy, social behaviour, nutrition and animal health and reflects what we see as best practice for our animals. We hope it is helpful not only for EAZA zoos, but also 7 EAZA Husbandry Guidelines for Callitrichidae – 2nd Edition – 2010 for zoos in other regions. In particular we hope these guidelines are useful for zoos in Latin America, in countries that are fortunate enough to have wild callitrichids. Most primate species are declining in number as their habitat diminishes and zoos have an increasing part to play in helping species in the wild. Best practice husbandry, in all its aspects, is vital to fulfilling that role. Lastly, if you feel some aspects are not clear, or perhaps missing, or indeed if you have experiences that you feel would be useful to include, please let us know so that we can improve future editions of