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The Phosphoria, Park City and Shedhorn Formations in the Western Phosphate Field

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The Phosphoria, Park City and Shedhorn Formations in the Western Phosphate Field The Phosphoria, Park City and Shedhorn Formations in the Western Phosphate Field GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 313-A This report concerns work done as part of the program of the Department of the Interior for development of the Missouri River basin and work done partly on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. It is published with the permission of the Commission The Phosphoria, Park City and Shedhorn Formations in the Western Phosphate Field By V. E. McKELVEY and others GEOLOGY OF PERMIAN ROCKS IN THE WESTERN PHOSPHATE FIELD GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 313-A With Sections by JAMES STEELE WILLIAMS, R. P. SHELDON, E. R. CRESSMAN, T. M. CHENEY, and R. W. SWANSON This report concerns work done as part of the program of the Department of the Interiorfor development of the Missouri River basin and work done partly on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. It is published with the permission of the Commission UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1959 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price $1 (paper cover; PREFACE Phosphorus is vital to the national economy because were measured and sampled, however, where natural it is required to sustain the agricultural productivity of exposures and prospect pits permitted. our soils. It is also used extensively in the chemical Similar work continued intermittently and on a re­ industry, particularly in the manufacture of detergents. duced scale until World War II. During W. W. Nearly all the phosphorus and phosphate compounds Rubey's work in the Afton quadrangle of western produced in this country are derived from sedimentary Wyoming the Public Works Administration provided phosphorites, such as those in the western field. In funds to sample the phosphatic beds and associated addition to phosphate, some phosphorites contain minor rocks. Several trenches were dug in 1938. Analyses amounts of certain elements that are now or may even­ of some of the samples collected from these trenches tually be recovered during the production of phosphate. showed the presence of as much as 1 percent V2O5, 0.3 Chief among these are fluorine, uranium, vanadium, and percent NiO2, and 0.1 percent Mo2O3 in a nonphos- rare earths. Some of the black shales associated with phatic black shale zone. Because of the strategic im­ the phosphorites also contain vanadium, zinc, nickel, portance of vanadium at that time, an extensive molybdenum, selenium, and distillable hydrocarbons. sampling program was begun in 1942 under Mr. Moreover, the oil in some important fields may have Rubey's direction to explore the vanadium content of the been derived from source beds associated with phos­ Phosphoria formation. A well-defined vanadiferous phorites. For these several reasons, then, phosphorite zone was found in several areas in western Wyoming formations are among our most valuable natural re­ and southeastern Idaho; this zone was explored in sources. more detail in some areas by the Bureau of Mines and The most extensive phosphorite beds in the United the Wyodak Coal and Manufacturing Co., agent for States are in the Phosphoria formation of Permian age, the Metals Reserve Corporation. Analyses of samples which crops out in many areas in Idaho, Montana, collected showed the vanadiferous zone to contain as Wyoming, and Utah. The importance of the phos­ much as 1.3 percent ZnO and some of the phosphate phate deposits in this formation was recognized early beds to contain 0.01 to 0.02 percent U. in the present century, and in 1908 the Secretary of the As a result of the great wartime expansion in agri­ Interior withdrew from public entry large areas in the culture, domestic consumption of phosphate fertilizer region in which the phosphate deposits are found. increased sharply in the early 1940's. Most of this in­ Ownership rights to phosphate and certain other min­ crease was supported by production from the Florida erals were separated from the surface rights in 1914 and field, but by 1946 it was clear that production in the leasing laws were passed later to permit mining of the western field also would undergo considerable expan­ phosphate deposits. As a result of the 1908 land with­ sion. Because better information on the distribution, drawal, it was necessary to classify the phosphate lands quality, and thickness of phosphorite beds in different and separate them from nonphosphate lands as expedi- parts of the field would facilitate this expansion, and tiously as possible. With this as the main objective because the phosphorite and associated rocks evidently the Geological Survey undertook much geologic map­ contained other minerals of great potential importance ping in the western field between 1908 and 1916. Much to the Nation, the Geological Survey decided in 1947 to of this work was summarized by G. R. Mansfield in resume investigations of the western phosphate field. Professional Paper 152 and most of the remainder has The aims of the new work were to determine the been published in several Geological Survey Bulletins.1 distribution of the phosphatic rocks, the reserves, the The chief aim of these early surveys was the delineation regional trends of phosphate and other important of the structure and position of the phosphatic rocks minerals, the structures in which the containing beds rather than the determination of their quality, thick­ lie, and the origin of the minerals and the rocks in ness, and detailed stratigraphy. The phosphatic rocks which they are found. These objectives have been ap­ proached by several types of work, chiefly: (1) 1 See Harris, R. A., Davidson, D. F., and Arnold, B. P., 1954, Bibliog­ measurement, description, sampling, and analysis of raphy of the geology of the western phosphate field: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1018, 89 p. the phosphorites and associated rocks in trenches or IV PEEFACE other exposures at intervals of 3 to 25 miles over most form in U. S. Geological Survey bulletins, circulars, of the field; (2) geologic mapping, at scales of and open-file releases.2 The reports that make up 1:12,000 to 1:62,500 of several previously unmapped Professional Paper 313 present the data on the chemi­ areas, mostly in Montana and southeastern Idaho, and cal composition, thickness, and stratigraphy of the remapping at a scale of 1:24,000, of the area in south­ phosphorites and associated rocks in the western phos­ eastern Idaho that contains most of the thickest and phate field, together with estimates of resources of the richest deposits in the field; (3) laboratory studies of valuable minerals and interpretative discussions of the mineralogy, petrography, and chemical composition regional geologic relationships. of the rocks; and (4) reconnaissance examination of The investigations described herein have been sup­ previously unmapped areas in which phosphatic rocks might occur but had not been reported. The work was ported in part by the Raw Materials Division of the designed to acquire geologic information that would U. S. Atomic Energy Commission and the Missouri aid industry in making preliminary selections of de­ Eiver Basin Committee of the Department of the In­ posits and of combinations of beds suitable for mining terior. The contributions of the many individuals who and that would aid the Federal Government in national have participated in the work are described in the in­ planning and in the leasing of phosphate deposits on dividual chapters that follow. the public domain. Most of the field investigations planned have been * For a summary of the status of component investigations see Swanson, R. W., McKelvey, V. E., and Sheldon, R. P., 1953, Progress report on investigations of completed and the results summarized in preliminary western phosphate deposits: U. S. Qeol. Survey Oirc. 297. CONTENTS Page Page Abstract.----_-----_--__-______________________-___ 1 Phosphoria formation Continued Introduction.______________________________________ I Tosi chert member by R. P. Sheldon________ 30 Fieldwork and acknowledgments.___________________ 1 Shedhorn sandstone, by E. R. Cressman and R. W. Swan- Regional stratigraphy and facies__________________ 2 son_____-___-____________________________ 31 Nomenclature, by V. E. McKelvey, E. R. Cressman, Lower member.________________________________ 32 R. P. Sheldon, and T. M. Cheney______________ 5 Upper member___________________-___---_--_ . 33 History...___________________________________ 5 Nomenclature of other units of Park City age, by T. M. Problems._____________________________________ 8 Cheney and R. P. Sheldon.____________._ 33 Plan and justification___________________________ 9 Fauna, age, and correlation of rocks of Park City age, by Park City formation...______________________________ II James Steele Williams--_-____--_-_-_---_---------- 36 General description, by R. P. Sheldon and T. M. Park City formation-___________________________ 36 Cheney ___________________________________ 11 Grandeur member._________-_-__-_----_____ 36 Grandeur member, by T. M. Cheney, R. W. Swanson, Franson member__________________________ 37 R. P. Sheldon, and V. E. McKelvey-_________ 12 Ervay carbonate rock member ___________ 37 Franson member, by T. M. Cheney_______________ 15 Phosphoria formation.________ _______________ 38 Ervay carbonate rock member, by R. P. Sheldon. __ 19 Meade Peak phosphatic shale and lower chert Phosphoria formation_-_---__-_-___-_________________ 20 members______-_-__________________ 3& General description, by V. E. McKelvey___________ 20 Rex chert and cherty shale members __________ 38 Lower chert member, by R. P. Sheldon__________ 22 Retort phosphatic shale and Tosi chert members. 39 Meade Peak phosphatic shale member, by V. E. Underlying and overlying rocks ___________________ 39 McKelvey. __________________________________ 22 Regional and intercontinental correlation of rocks of Rex chert member, by V. E. McKelvey___________ 25 Park City age________________ _ 40 Cherty shale member, by V. E. McKelvey_________ 28 Literature cited.-.._________________________________ 41 Retort phosphatic shale member, by R.
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