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Song Structure MUSC-21600: The Art of Prof. Freeze 26 August 2016 Structure: The Foundations

• /form = pattern of repeating and contrasting sections of music and lyrics in a song • Both dynamic (experience in time) and architectural (formal diagrams) • Both aesthetic and practical • Backbone of song structure = time • Precise timing on recording (e.g., 0:19) • Beat = regular pulse that can be inferred from a song’s musical events • Meter = regular pattern of strong and weak beats that can be inferred from a song’s musical events • Measure (bar) = one iteration of the meter’s essential pattern of strong and weak beats • = a particular pattern of long and short musical events (not inferred, but heard!) • Most common meters • “Rocket 88” = 4 beats per measure (SwWw = quadruple meter = 4/4) • “Goodnight Irene” = 3 beats per measure (Sww = triple meter = 3/4) • “Can the Circle Be Unbroken” = 2 beats per measure (Sw = duple meter = 2/4) Song Structure: The Basic Patterns

• Simple verse = one section of music repeated many times, with different words (= verse) and potentially without (= instrumental verse) • “Rocket 88” (Jackie Brenston, 1951) • 12-bar • Common structural pattern for a song section • Distinctive coordination of measure length, harmony, phrasing, and lyrics

bar: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 chord: I I I I IV IV I I V V (IV) I I phrase: Phrase 1 Phrase 2 Phrase 3 lyric: Question Question Answer Song Structure: The Basic Patterns

• Simple verse-chorus = one section of music repeated many times with different words (= verse) and with recurring lyrics (= chorus) • “Hound Dog” (, 1956) • Contrasting verse-chorus = two sections of music, one that repeats with different words (= verse) and one that repeats with at least some of the same lyrics (= chorus) • “Rock ’n’ Roll Music” (Chuck Berry, 1957) • AABA = two sections of music (usually 8 bars each), one of which is stated in full or part three times (A) and one that occurs once (B) • “Great Balls of Fire” (, 1957)