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Caracterización Y Ecodinámica De Las Unidades De Paisaje En La Cuenca Del Río San Marcos

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Caracterización Y Ecodinámica De Las Unidades De Paisaje En La Cuenca Del Río San Marcos Caracterización y ecodinámica de las unidades del paisaje en la cuenca del río San Marcos. Parte I __________________________________________________________________ Caracterización y ecodinámica de las unidades de paisaje en la cuenca del río San Marcos Doctoranda: Laura Elena González Directores: Dr. José Manuel Rubio Recio Dr. Rafael Cámara Artigas Programa: FORMACIÓN E INVESTIGACIÓN EN MEDIO AMBIENTE EN EL CONTEXTO IBEROAMERICANO” 1 Caracterización y ecodinámica de las unidades del paisaje en la cuenca del río San Marcos. Parte I __________________________________________________________________ DEDICATORIA: PARA MI AMADO CARLOS POR SU GRAN AMOR Y PACIENCIA EN LOS MOMENTOS DIFICILES 2 Caracterización y ecodinámica de las unidades del paisaje en la cuenca del río San Marcos. Parte I __________________________________________________________________ AGRADECIMIENTOS: DR. JOSE MANUEL RUBIO RECIO, POR SUS ENSEÑANZAS TAN ACERTADAS DRA. DOMINGA MARQUEZ, COORDINADORA DEL PROGRAMA DOCTORAL “FORMACIÓN E INVESTIGACIÓN EN MEDIO AMBIENTE EN EL CONTEXTO IBEROAMERICANO” DR. RAFAEL CAMARA ARTIGAS LIC. JESUS LAVIN SANTOS DEL PRADO, RECTOR DE NUESTRA MAXIMA CASA DE ESTUDIOS DRA. FRIDA CABALLERO, REPRESENTANTE INSTITUCIONAL ANTE EL PROMEP, POR SU APOYO INCONDICIONAL. M.C. ARTURO MORA OLIVO, POR SU GRAN APOYO Y SU AMISTAD A LA FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFIA E HISTORIA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA, ESPAÑA A LA UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE TAMAULIPAS AL INSTITUTO DE ECOLOGIA Y ALIMENTOS DE LA UAT A TODOS MIS COMPAÑEROS Y AMIGOS DE ESPAÑA Y MEXICO 3 Caracterización y ecodinámica de las unidades del paisaje en la cuenca del río San Marcos. Parte I __________________________________________________________________ INDICE PARTE I: INTRODUCCIÓN:JUSTIFICACIÓN, OBJETIVOS, MÉTODOS Y TÉCNICAS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 1 1. El concepto de paisaje 1 1.1. Concepto del paisaje en México 13 2. La representación del paisaje 16 3. Paisaje y Conservación de espacios naturales 18 4. El paisaje en la ordenación del territorio. 21 4.1. El paisaje y la ordenación del territorio en Europa y Estados Unidos. 23 4.2. Paisaje y ordenación del territorio en España 25 4.3. Paisaje y ordenación del territorio en México 31 4.4. Las unidades de paisaje integrado como instrumento de la ordenación del territorio 37 5. El paisaje como patrimonio y recurso 39 6. La gestión del paisaje 41 6.1. Principios de actuación 43 7. Objetivos, métodos y técnicas. 46 7.1. Objetivos de la investigación 46 7.2. Planteamiento metodológico para la investigación 46 7.3. Técnicas utilizadas 52 7.3.1. Analíticas para el estudio de los sistemas climáto-hidrológico y bioclimático 52 7.3.2. Técnicas paramétricas y diagramas de coeficiente de caudal. 56 7.3.3. Técnicas cartográficas analíticas e integradas para el diagnóstico de los elementos y dinámica de los medios naturales. 57 7.3.4. Métodos analíticos biogeográficos. 59 7.3.5. Métodos analíticos para la determinación de suelos 59 8. Elección y delimitación del área de estudio, y estudios previos realizados. 60 4 Caracterización y ecodinámica de las unidades del paisaje en la cuenca del río San Marcos. Parte I __________________________________________________________________ Bibliografía Parte I 63 PARTE II: CARACTERÍSTICAS GEOGRAFICAS DE LA CUENCA DEL RIO SAN MARCOS 66 1. Unidades de relieve de la cuenca del río San Marcos 67 2. Unidades y Formaciones geológicas de la cuenca del río San Marcos 68 2.1. Evolución morfoestructural de la cuenca del Río San Marcos 69 2.2. Unidades litológicas características de la Cuenca del Río San Marcos 70 2.2.1. Precámbrico 71 2.2.2. Primario 72 2.2.3. Secundario 72 2.2.4.Terciario 76 2.2.5. Cuaternario 76 3. Clima de la depresión de Victoria 78 3.1. Régimen térmico 80 3.2. Régimen pluviométrico 81 3.3. Balance hídrico 82 3.4. Dinámica climática y tipos de climas 84 3.4.1. Clima semisecos y semicalidos del Centro y Norte de Tamaulipas 86 3.4.2. Clima de montaña de la Sierra Madre oriental 87 3.5. Bioclimatología 88 4. Sistema hidrológico de la cuenca del río San Marcos 90 4.1. Análisis hidrológico de la Cuenca del río San Marcos 92 5. Geomorfología y suelos 95 5.1 Principales unidades geomorfológicos 95 5.2. Morfometría de la cuenca 97 5.3. Suelos de la cuenca del río San Marcos 100 6. Formaciones vegetales de la cuenca del río San Marcos 102 5 Caracterización y ecodinámica de las unidades del paisaje en la cuenca del río San Marcos. Parte I __________________________________________________________________ 6.1. Evolución biogeográfica de la vegetación de Tamaulipas 110 6.2. Formaciones mesófilas 113 6.2.1. Bosque pino-encino 114 6.2.2. Bosque de encino 120 6.3. Formaciones tropófilas 124 6.3.1 Bosque de mezquite (Prosopis laevigata) 124 6.3.2. Matorral submontano 125 6.3.3. Matorral bajo espinoso 126 6.3.4. Matorral espinoso tamaulipeco 127 6.3.5. Pastizales 129 6.4. Formaciones riparias 132 7. Fauna de la Cuenca del río San Marcos. 133 7.1. Especies de valor Comercial 139 7.2. Especies de valor cinegético 139 7.3. Especies bajo estatus de protección 140 Bibliografía Parte II 142 PARTE III: Caracterización de las unidades de paisaje de la cuenca del rio San Marcos 147 1. Geosistema de montaña en la Sierra Madre Oriental 149 1.1. Unidades de paisaje en montaña con pino-encino 151 1.1.a Sobre calizas 151 1.1.b. Sobre peridotitos 155 1.1.c. Sobre formaciones aluviales 160 1.2. Unidades de paisaje en montaña con encino 163 1.2.a. Sobre calizas 163 1.2.b. Sobre peridotitas 166 6 Caracterización y ecodinámica de las unidades del paisaje en la cuenca del río San Marcos. Parte I __________________________________________________________________ 1.2.c. Sobre formas aluviales 168 1.3. Unidades de paisaje en montaña con matorral submontano 170 1.3.a. Sobre vertiente de caliza 170 1.3.b. Sobre vertiente de colinas en calizas 173 1.4. Unidad de paisaje en montaña con selva baja espinosa 175 1.4.a. Sobre vertiente de caliza 175 2. Geosistema de llanura de la depresión de Victoria 177 2.1. Unidades de paisaje en llanura con mezquital 179 2.1.a. Sobre superficie-glacis del Plioceno 180 2.1.b. Sobre formaciones aluviales 183 2.2. Unidades de paisaje en llanura con Matorral submontano 187 2.2.a. Sobre superficie-glacis del Plioceno 187 2.2.b. Sobre vertientes de enlace 189 2.2.c. Sobre glacis del Cuaternario 191 2.2.c. Sobre abanico aluvial Holoceno 194 2.2.d. Sobre formaciones aluviales 196 2.3. Unidades de paisaje en llanura con Monte bajo espinoso 199 2.3.a. Sobre superficie-glacis del Plioceno 200 2.3.b. Sobre vertientes de enlace 204 2.3.c. Sobre formaciones aluviales 207 2.4. Unidades de paisaje en llanura con Matorral espinoso tamaulipeco 209 2.5. Unidades de paisaje en llanura con pastizales 211 2.5.a. sobre superficie glacis del Plioceno 211 2.5.b. Sobre vertiente de enlace 213 2.5.c. Sobre formaciones aluviales 214 2.6. Cultivos agrícolas y explotaciones ganaderas intensivas 216 7 Caracterización y ecodinámica de las unidades del paisaje en la cuenca del río San Marcos. Parte I __________________________________________________________________ PARTE IV: EVOLUCION HISTORICA DEL MANEJO DE LOS RECURSOS NATURALES EN LA CUENCA DEL RIO SAN MARCOS Y SU REPERCUSIÓN EN LA DINAMICA DE LOS PAISAJES ACTUALES 217 1. Breve introducción a la historia de la utilización de los recursos naturales en el estado de Tamaulipas 218 1.1 Ocupación precolombina 220 1.2. La colonización 223 1.3. Desarrollo de la Villa de Aguayo hasta Ciudad Victoria 236 1.4. Siglo XX. Revolución y Desarrollo del Estado Mexicano 240 2. Los procesos de perturbación ántropica en la montaña y valle de la cuenca del río San Marcos: bosques de pino encino de montaña y pastizales de valle 253 2.1. Bosques de pino encino de montaña 253 2.2.1. Usos Humanos en el Bosque de pino y encino 256 2.1.2. Valoración ecológica del manejo de los bosques de pino encino. 262 2.2. Procesos de cambio en pastizales 264 2.2.1. Implicaciones del manejo de pastizales en Tamaulipas 267 2.2.2. Condiciones actuales: valoración ecológica 271 3. Cambios y dinámica actual 273 3.1. Valoración de la dinámica de las formaciones vegetales en la cuenca del río San Marcos 277 4. Discusión de resultados del manejo y dinámica en los paisajes de la cuenca del río San Marcos 280 5. Orientaciones y recomendaciones para unas directrices de ordenación de los paisajes de la cuenca del río San Marcos 284 Bibliografía Parte IV 287 CONCLUSIONES 293 Bibliografía de la tesis 294 8 Caracterización y ecodinámica de las unidades del paisaje en la cuenca del río San Marcos. Parte I __________________________________________________________________ INDICE DE CUADROS Cuadro 1. Planteamiento geosistémico del paisaje. 3 Tabla 2.1. Estaciones termopluviométricas de la cuenca del río San Marcos. (Tamaulipas, México). 79 Tabla 2.2. Datos físico-químicos de las aguas del río San Marcos.95 Tabla 2.3. Superficie arbolada (hectáreas) A.- Bosques, B.- Selvas y C.- Otras áreas forestales (Inventario Nacional Forestal 1994). 105 Tabla 2.4 Comunidades vegetales de la cuenca del río San Marcos 108 Tabla 2.5. Superficie y utilidad de algunas especies de bosque de pino y encino115 Tabla 2.6. Superficie y utilidad del Prosopis en Tamaulipas. 125 Tabla 2.7. Listado de la fauna presente en el “Cañón del Novillo” Fuente: Plan de manejo integral en el “cañón de las Burras” 2000 138 Tabla 2.20 Especies vertebradas bajo estatus de protección según la NOM-059- ECOL-1994, presentes en el área de estudio Simbología: Presencia (X); Peligro extinción (P); Amenazadas (A); Raras ®; Protección especial (Pr). 140 Cuadro 7.
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