1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 10847 John P. Sutton Paul C. Carman Baker W. Herbert Clifford H. Brunner The following-named persons to the grade Galen B. Nielsen John W. Forster Paul H. Johannes W11lard S. Foust indicated in the U.S. Coast Guard: Norvon B. Freeland Myron E. Chesley George M. Bruner Gustav R. Froehlich, To be chief warrant officers, W-2 Dale R. Foster John A. Ritter Herman Schmidt Jr. Walter Hamilton Michael H. Bower Norman F. Meunch Richard B. Robinson Alfred G. Howe George M. McWllliams B11ly C. Read Alfred L. Hunt Lee R. Green Edward W. Kinsey Robert W. Talley Rex W. Coulson Emerson E. ChambersAlvadore C. Grant Jesse H. Burgess John E. Williams Cyrus E. Potts Danny H. Perry Thomas L. WedgewoodElliott J. Echols Lester M. H. Roehr Clarence E. Curry Donald E. Grant James A. Bachtell W1lliam T. White James L. Reynolds Raymond J. Moen Harold Rapp, Jr. Ted R. Cox, Jr. James C. Sawyer Kenneth 0. RobertsonJoseph J. Glynn Kenneth C. Oliver Robert L. Hood Charles E. Fulcher Jack E. Arrington James G. Wilcox, Jr. Ernest B. Roark George A. Menge James N. Neville Alfred E. Schreiber Kenneth W. Capel Robert J. Descoteaux Edward F. Mattingly Leo 0. Madden, Jr. Stanley P. Sleda Edward J. Flynn Royce P. Stoops W11liam W. Fay K. Thompson Hubert A. Anderson John H. Kittna, Jr. William C. McKinley Guy F. Edwards Thurmond Edward L. Wyman Edward A. Liles Magnes L. Campbell Owen M. Halstad Gordon R. Mortensen Roland D. Moriarty Fred Pilatsky Reckner B. Moe "C" "D" OOfield Hugh L. Franklin Harold J. Warren John J. Smith, Jr. Keith R. Bruhl Marion O. Simmons Robert J. Whitman Donald Burmeister Warren M. Nix Neal G. Nelson John W. McKinn Charles W. Price Joseph A. Sporl, Jr. Thomas J. Hummel Donald P. Ivins John P. Sanken, Jr. Maurice K. Nelson Calvin W. Pratt Vincent G. Carlson Norman E. Haynie Lloyd F. Lawrence Robert Casper Hershel A. Drury John E. Dunn Harold E. Whitwer Orrin E. Starr Geoffrey L. Landmesser Arthur W. Lee Donn W. Repper Robert H. McGinnis, Gordon W. Leamons George P. Fredriksen Aloysius J. Ralph Harold U. Wilson, Jr. Robert J. W. Collins Jr. Harvey W. Willson James C. Myers Conrad A. Pasbrig Earle K. Hand Marion K. Reynolds Thomas E. Bockman Victor Laher John P. Higman, Jr. Adrian D. cleZeeuw John J. Janda, Jr. Carl B. Kaiser Phillip E. Thompson William A. Izzo Herbert E. Roche Jack L. Brolllar John W. Colton Leroy P. Phelps Arnold M. DeShaw Ralph c. Howland Charles C. Stephenson David L. Trax, Jr. Gordon H. Dickman Orval K. Halsey Joe D. Wright, Jr. Glenn R. Cox John S. Drozdz Chester V. Barrett, Jr. Albert L. Olson, Jr. Zigmund F. Golas- Curtis W. Chamber-Clyde F. Skiles John E. Cutright Robert H. Staikoff Carl L. Lane zewski lain John R. Quinlivan William S. O'Nelll Kirk D. Rose James H. Scott Donald C. Ebert Robert E. Oalimer William J. Merritt Ian D. Maxwell Oren A. Dinsmore Donald L. Sherman Milton M. Midgette James P. McBride Richard M. Van Gee Jack W. Beatty John H. Freie George P. Asche John Sabath Thomas H. Renfroe Ralph E. Baumann Clarence A. Hall Vincent H. W. Paul L. Lamb Karl C. Teater Herbert L. Shuey Wllliam L. Taylor Thomas A. Fillmore Anderson James W. Brawley, Jr. Theodore L. Turgeon John W. Hammack Paul R. Saylor Wllliam E. Charles M. Saylor W1lliam Senn James C. Bond Lavern G. Ke·tchersideLaurin J. Wiersema McLaughlin Andrew J. Mullins Milton J. Stewart Johnnie P. Gilbert Wilfred J. Sellers Edwin L. Brusstar, Jr. Wllliam D. Franklin Alan R. Hinds Johnnie Cox Leon D. Shea George V. Stauffer Ivey N. McClure Paul E. Morin Howard I. Chitwood George F. Garvy William L. Patterson Hal H. Watts Joseph A. Kalczynski John Gunsaullas John L. Nelson Harold E. Geck Lyle G. Tilden Floyd L. Stormer Francis J. Taddei Eugene A. Emert Emory H. Haynes Robert E. Larose Joseph W. Dunhour Sidney M. Sanderlin Homer T. Austin, Jr. John W. Wyant III Daniel A. Sutyak John J. Clayton Donald S. Grisham Francis X. Dollard Delaney J. Eliott Travis B. Hiers Edgar T. Southworth Robert E. Nielsen Wilbur J. Davis Daniel D. Wiesman John H. Lee Ralph W. Gentry Ray B. Wallace Frederick H. Muesse Louis E. K. Pall Merlin J. Powers Marvin L. Olson William B. Johnson Charles C. Miller W1lliam H. Robert R. Harber, Jr. Edmond R. Harless Robert W. Oviatt John A. Bateman, Jr. Stanley B. Anderson Tharrington Walter A. Evans Sidney D. Reece Elizabeth F. Splaine Robert C. Knowlton Chester M. Miller Patrick M. Shellito William M. Price, Jr. Wayne H. Wiley Harold F. McPherson Lewis C. Moch, Jr. Harold T. Colllns Ronald A. Sands Wllliam R. Shrader Donald B. Fish Charles T. Buckner Robert H. Fashbaugh Chester R. Brooks Keith R. Mcclinton Robert L. Sellers Henry E. Prentiss William C. Ray James R. Dugger Robert H. Piper Chester E. Duffey William H. Speas Wllliam H. Westin Charles E. Shook Robert G. Brubaker Earl F. Hauser Clarence A. Long Frederick Jones Paul S. Johnson Donald 0. Tilton John E. Kenny James R. Comerford Robert E. Stephen Sam Haas, Jr. Hebert J. Nuse John C. Baker Richard K. Mitchell Edward H. Askew, Jr. Harold 0. Stockman Herbert M. Collins Maurice A. Rowe William F. Hatcher James V. Eigo Don E. McDonald Robert A. Atkinson Melvin W. Ellls, Jr. Alfred E. Janz, Jr. Harry M. Mohler Raymond G. Frank H. Buzzee, Jr. Leroy T. Coleman Herbert V. Parkin m Gary M. Vaughn Paul G. Terry Herrington John C. Lippincott Archie C. Yano Herbert W. Bagg Wllliam D. Jackson Chester Morgan Harold I. Baker Norvel E. Cosby William A. Liming Valentine Gaida Sherman M. Weeks William Chestnutt
EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS
The First New $75 Savings Bond Bearing portrait of our late and beloved President for us, and led this great Nation of ours John F. Kennedy. with brilliant leadership. It is a fitting the Portrait of Our Late Beloved Presi It seems to me altogether fitting and tribute to his belief in America and the dent Was Purchased by President Lyn proper that U.S. savings bonds--the path fact that through savings bonds so many don B. Johnson, While the Second and that has led so many of our people to of our people have been enabled to actu financial security and well-being-should ally own a share in America. Third Bonds Went to Caroline and honor our martyred President. John, Respectively, the Next 20 Went Perhaps no man in modern American history so captured the fancy of these to the Kennedy Family, and President same people since the first series E bond Israel's Independence Day Truman Purchased the Next Five was sold 23 years ago today. Savings bonds have enabled American EXTENSION OF REMARKS EXTENSION OF REMARKS working men and women to earmark a OF OF dollar here and a dollar there into a pay roll savings plan until suddenly they HON. THOMAS M. PELLY HON. JAMES H. MORRISON found themselves in a position of relative OF WASHINGTON OF LOUISIANA financial security. This is attested to by IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the millions and millions of Americans Wednesday, May 13, 1964 Wednesday, May 13, 1964 who today own and hold more than $47 billion in savings bonds--an investment Mr. PELLY. Mr. Speaker, although Mr. MORRISON. Mr. Speaker, May 1, backlog that not only protects these indi celebrated in April due to a difference in 1964, marked not only the opening of the viduals and their families, but strength calendars--it was actually on May 14, 1964 Operation Security drive for the ens our communities and our country. 1948-the hopes of millions of exiled Jews U.S. savings bonds, but also the oifering This new $75 savings bond could justly around the world were realized when by the Treasury Department of a new $75 be considered a memorial to that great Israel's independence was declared and denomination savings bond bearing the young man who walked with us, battled the ancient Palestine homeland was 10848 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE May 13 thrown open for all Jews. There was not The great thoughts that came from professional people are needed to care much to encourage or sustain an inde the mind of Clarence Cannon will per for cardiac surgery, radioisotope, and pendent spirit; Palestine had become a petuate his name for all time. Future other types of cases requiring expert at barren waste over the centuries. But parliamentarians will gain added knowl tention. In many areas of our Nation the very thought of Israel has been edge from his authoritative writings on additional facilities are still needed and enough to inspire Jews everywhere with that complex subject. in others, modernization of unsafe or in unquenchable enthusiasm. And, as they The great example that he set in the efficient plants is required to meet the have often proved, the enthusiasm of House of Representatives will spur many needs of a growing population. Here in the Jews is backed by abundant courage. of us on to ever-increasing efforts in Congress we must be ever vigilant to In 1948 Israel inherited only 412,000 guarding our economy. provide for the wants of these vital com acres of cultivated land. There were no Yes, we mourn the passing of this munity services. Our hospitals are cru forests, no electricity, very little irriga great American. We have lost a great cial to the health and welfare of the tion in a parched land. All of the mag leader. American people. Today, as communi nificent cities of ancient Israel were The United States of America gives ties across the Nation observe National gone. thanks unto God for having pointed Hospital Week, I want to join in congrat Worse than this, Jews flooding into Clarence Cannon's steps toward service ulating our hospitals on a job well done Israel to escape the horrors of war and in the Congress. and wish them continued success in the the persecution they had known in many future. other lands were forced to fight for their freedom immediately after arriving. They fought for their very existence National Hospital Week A Success in the Foreign Aid Program: against a determined enemy. An Attack Against Poliomyelitis in Despite these overwhelm1ng obsta EXTENSION OF REMARKS cles, Israel is today the wealthiest, and OF Jordan most democratic country in the Middle East. A parliamentary system in which HON. F. BRADFORD MORSE EXTENSION OF REMARKS all opinions are represented and a con OF MASSACHUSETTS OF stitution that guarantees basic free IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES doms make Israel unique in that area. HON. ROBERT R. BARRY Wednesday, May 13, 1964 Out of the desolate plains and deserts OF NEW YORK of 1948 are rising bustling new cities Mr. MORSE. Mr. Speaker, in 1921 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES like Tel Aviv, Eilat, Ashdod. The Jew President Calvin Coolidge first pro ish people have at last found a home claimed National Hospital Day for the Wednesday,May13,1964 where they may pursue that peace and purpose of focusing attention on the im Mr. BARRY. Mr. Speaker, because happiness desired by all men. It is fit portant role of our voluntary hospitals the geography of Jordan is comprised of ting that we commemorate Israeli In in American community life. Very ap vast deserts and arid plateaus, two dependence Day, May 14. propriately, the day chosen for this ob thirds of the nation's population of servance was May 12, the anniversary of 1,690,123 live a nomadic life. Of the the birth of Florence Nightingale, the 36,715 square miles which comprise the nurse who not only served the wounded total land area of Jordan, only one Hon. Clarence Cannon soldiers of the Crimean War but who also sixth can be considered cultivable or made a significant contribution to the marginally cultivable under optimum EXTENSION OF REMARKS improvement of hospital organization conditions, and this includes grazing OF and nursing care in this country. land. Yet 80 percent of the population As we observe National Hospital Week derives its livelihood from agriculture HON. WILLIAM H. AYRES this year from May 10 to May 16, hos and the marketing of agricultural OF OHIO pitals all over the country are holding products. Therefore one of the most IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES open houses and other programs to ac important undertakings of the Jorda quaint the public with their services, fa nian Government has been an attempt Wednesday, May 13, 1964 cilities, and problems. to settle these nomadic people, thereby Mr. AYRES. Mr. Speaker, the Nation What is important to any individual hoping to stabilize and develop the should mourn the passing of Clarence is not the fact that we have 1.6 million economy of the country. To accomplish Cannon. Every man, woman, and child hospital beds or that more than 26.5 mil this feat, schools and community and in the 50 States of this country were his lion persons were admitted to hospitals health centers have been established constituents. We, of later generations last year, is that there is a bed available which the Bedouin may attend, in order than the distinguished Member from the in his community hospital when he or one to be assimilated into urban community State of Missouri, have profited from his of his family needs it and that he receives living. early devotion to the establishment of a high quality care. Hundreds of com A group of American orthopedic sound economy. munities have been helped through the surgeons, working under the aegis of We could very well say that genera Hill-Burton program to build badly Medico, visited many of these rural tions yet unborn were also his constitu needed hospitals in recent years. Due to health centers and discovered that there ents for he had as great concern for them modern research, we have witnessed tre was much residual paralysis in evidence as he did for those of us who acted as his mendous advances in the fields of drugs, throughout the country. Through their contemporaries. surgery, and diagnostic techniques. Con suggestions, our AID representative in The United States has been blessed sequently, hospital care in this country Jordan proposed that a program of mass with many dedicated individuals. Clar is now better than ever before. polio vaccination be undertaken. Polio ence Cannon was in the foremost ranks In the Fifth District of Massachusetts statistics show that poliomyelitis has of these. When you consider his high which I represent there are 10 hospitals never reached epidemic proportions in degree of intelligence, his great sense of providing an outstanding level of care Jordan. Yet the cases reported to health historical values, his great courage in the for the more than 450,000 residents of centers represent only a partial count of face of great pressures and add these to the area. In addition they provide fa those who contracted the disease, as his dedication, then one can see how for cilities for the training of nurses, doctors, brought to light by the observations of tunate we, as a nation, have been to have and medical technicians so vital to an the Medico team. Therefore, the King had Clarence Cannon as a Member of adequate level of health care. of Jordan, Hussein I , endorsed the AID this most important legislative body. Despite the tremendous advances made proposal and allocated funds for this I will leave the listing of his attain by hospitals in recent years, there are purpose. The United Nations Relief and ments, in the 21 Congresses in which he still problems to be solved. Administra Works Association and the AID con served, to those Members who were privi tors are struggling to hold down the cost tributed like amounts to defray the costs leged in having served with him over a to the patient, while at the same time of the program. longer period of time than was my improving employee benefits and facili Vaccination began on January 18 of fortune. ties. Large numbers of specially trained this year. Because statistics showed 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 10849 that 95 percent of the cases occurred renowned individuals have adopted dec At present, it takes too sophisticated among children under 5 years of age, it larations of support and I am hopeful a buyer of health benefits to overcome was agreed that only children between that more will be obtained. the purveyor's policy of caveat emptor, the ages of 6 months and 5 years would STATUE FOR MEXICO and I have long contended that the in receive the oral vaccine. Centers were My second bill would authorize the surance and service plan trade associa established in the cities while mobile United States to present a statue of tions in the health and accident field are units began an intensive village-to Abraham Lincoln to the people of Mex destroying their industry by this policy village tour. Appeals by the King and ico in commemoration of their country's of "let the buyer beware." announcements over the radio and by independence. An identical proposal It is becoming patently obvious to the loudspeaker trucks brought an over was recently approved by the Senate and public that each year the cost of medical whelming response. The first phase em in that body it received strong bipartisan care as measured in the Consumer Price braced 304,249 children and the second support. Index rises faster than any other item phase, conducted during February and There is no prominent statue of Lin and there is a direct correlation between March, reported the vaccination of coln in Mexico City although our 16th this inflationary spiral and the funds 282,137. The third part of the polio President is widely respected through that are bilked from a well-meaning and campaign, begun only on April 4, is, as out Mexico. The bonds between our defenseless public in the name of health yet, untabulated. two countries are strong. They are en benefits. Of the funds spent on the program to during. Our long friendship soared to There are millions of persons in this date, the AID, the Jordanian Govern new heights through the wisdom and country who at one time or another have ment, and the UNRWA each contributed guidance of President Kennedy. It was had a disservice done them in the name $35,000. In addition, the AID allocated reaffirmed recently during the California of health benefits. The Senate subcom $3,000 for the services of a U.S. Public meeting between President Johnson and mittee investigating this problem can Health Service epidemiologist to assist in Mexican President Lopez Mateos, a help protect the American people formulating plans for the immunization meeting at which I was privileged to be against such disservice and I will con campaign and to help administer and a participant. tinue to give the Senate all possible supervise the program. It was not long ago that the Senate cooperation. The Jordanian Director of Public approved the Chamizal Treaty and there Mr. Speaker, under leave to revise and Health and the Director of Maternal and by righted a grievous wrong which had extend my remarks in the RECORD, I in Child Health are now proposing that existed for 100 years. clude my rollcall report. oral polio vaccine be given to all infants Our two governments are presently ROLLCALL NO. 81-NATIONAL BUREAU OF at 6 weeks of age, at the same time trying to resolve the problem of exces STANDARDS smallpox vaccine is administered, the sive salinity of Colorado River water There were two overriding issues on latter being a compulsory requirement which flows into Mexico and destroys the H.R. 5838: First, should the National throughout the country. Such action soil of Baj a California. Bureau of Standards be allowed discre would thus prevent an epidemic potential I believe presentation of a statue of tionary expenditure of $5,000 annually and will reduce the number of future Lincoln to the people of Mexico is states in undesignated gifts and bequests, and paralytics. Planning such as this and manship in this same vein. It is an act royalties and honorariums to employees; the support given to the program by the of good will in a world that is racked by and second, should Government agencies Jordanian Government and the Jorda conflict. which contract work to NBS be able to nian people certainly acclaims the polio SENATE INVESTIGATION transfer funds to the Bureau without immunization project to have been a Earlier this month I was asked to requiring approval by the Appropria "success" of our foreign aid program. testify before the Senate Subcommittee tions Committee. My vote on the bill on Frauds and Misrepresentations Af reflects an affirmative answer to both fecting the Elderly. In my judgment, a questions. To clarify the first issue, the Bureau Cameron Voting Record serious study at the congressional level relating to deceptive and misleading-if was not seeking authority to use appro not fraudulent--practices in the sale of priated funds, but to use funds which it EXTENSION OF REMARKS health and accident benefits is long over is authorized to accept as gifts. Where OF due. these gifts are not specifically designed The word "benefits" I use advisedly, for for a particular purpose, as most of them HON. RONALD BROOKS CAMERON many purveyors of health and accident are, NBS merely wanted to put the money OF CALIFORNIA benefits are not operating as insurance into areas where it is needed most, in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES companies-which in the main are rea stead of having the donation revert to Wednesday, May 13, 1964 sonably well regulated by the several the U.S. Treasury. When a donor be Mr. CAMERON. Mr. Speaker, my States-but rather operate under the queaths money to a designated recipient third congressional voting record report guise of providing direct service-service it seems only proper that the money go for the 2d session of the 88th Con available only through preselected to that recipient. gress covers the period from March 16 physicians and preselected locations. The second controversial section of through May 11. It contains comments During my service in the California the bill involved streamlining the Bu on legislation to improve fiscal and ad Legislature, I served continually as chair reau's administrative and fiscal proce ministrative practices of the National man of a study committee dealing in this dures to bring them into line with those Bureau of Standards, the Food Stamp general area. In 1961 my committee of most other Government agencies. Act, and the wheat-cotton measure. made a series of 16 recommendations to Simply stated, the bill provides that It also contains my comments on the legislature, and many of these rec funds for research and development, or events which took place in the House ommendations are pertinent to the procurement, or production of any Gov on April 9 when many of our Republi Senate subcommittee's area of inquiry. ernment agency may be transferred to can colleagues--smarting from legisla METHOD NEEDED and merged with the appropriations of tive defeat--retaliated by bringing the Foremost among these is the need to the Bureau-appropriations approved by legislative process to a grinding halt. devise a method whereby the layman Congress-when the Secretary of Com During the period of this report I in aided by analyses in easy-to-understand merce and the head of the other agency troduced two bills. The first would au language-can evaluate the relative agree to do so, with the approval of the thorize the President to posthumously benefits provided by various plans. Bureau of the Budget. award the Congressional Medal of Hon Hundreds of times I have seen persons COMMON PRACTICE or to President Kennedy. In the 25th drop plans that provide far superior There is nothing extraordinary about Congressional District, a drive support benefits to those being sold by "suede this procedure. It is authorized by ing the proposal is being spearheaded by shoe operators" with a fancy pitch. They statute which specifically grants to any members of the Disabled American Vet drop these plans because they mistakenly executive department or independent erans, Frank C. Marpe Chapter 44 of believe the salesman and have no objec agency of the Government the option to West Covina. To date some 30 veterans' tive means to evaluate the relative bene place orders with any other agency for groups, city councils, labor unions, and fits of the two programs. supplies and services, when the head of 10850 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE May 19 such an agency determines that it is in comparable to a university laboratory to loan his secretary to the police chief the best interest of the Government to or research foundation in its relation until the job is done. The city manager do so. Among departments presently ship with scientists and scientific agen approves the arrangement. It would operating under this system are the Na cies. Hampering this relationship with seem ridiculous for the city council to tional Aeronautics and Space Admin cumbersome procedures certainly does also have to give its approval on such istration, the Atomic Energy Commission not help to put Government on an ef an administrative matter, especially and the Defense Department. ficiency basis. when it had already budgeted the secre EXAMPLE GIVEN tary's salary at the start of the :fiscal Simply because the National Bureau of year. No well-run city operates this Standards is a lesser known agency and For the sake of illustration, examine way. an efficiently operated city in the 25th does not operate in the public spotlight H.R. 5838, in effect, points out that the I see no reason for it to function under Congressional District. Within the pub Federal Government still has a lot to procedures which obstruct efficiency and lic works department is a top-flight learn from local government, and I shall economy. stenographer. An important rush job continue to do all that I can to promote Although the Bureau receives little comes up in the police department and this learning process and help equip our publicity it is an important scientific the stenographer's services are urgently National Government with the tools arm of government. In many ways it is needed. The public works director agrees needed for economy and efficiency. Vote
Roll Not vot call Date Bill number R.B.C. Yea Nay ing Brief description No.
68 Mar. 16 Present. ______------Quorum call by Mr. Hall, Republican, of Misso11ri (140 Members absent) 69 Mar. 17 Present ______-·------Quorum call by Mr. Kyl, Republican, of Iowa (82 Members absent). · 70 Mar. 17 Absent______------Quorum c:all bY: Mr. Derwinski, Republican, of Illinois. (80 Members absent; R.B.C. at meetmg w1tb newsmen). 71 Mar. 18 Present. ______·····-··------Quorum call by Mr. Findley, Republican, oflllinois (47 Members absent). 72 Mar. 18 Absent ______------Quorum.call by Mr. Norblad, Republican, of Oregon (57 Members absent; R.B.C. on radio program). 73 Mar. 18 ------Present. ______------Quorum call by Mr. Ashbrook, Republican, of Ohio (62 Members absent) 74 Mar. 19 ------Present ______------Quorum call by Mr. Gross, Republican, of Iowa (71 Members absent). 75 Mar. 19 ------Present ______-·------Quorum .call b~ Mr. ;I1aley, pemocrat, of Florida (75 Members absent). 76 Mar. 19 R.R. 556 ______Yea______26i 99 70 Tif::fi:.r~~~ns1derat10n of bill amending the Organic Act ot the National Bureau of 77 Mar. 19 ---..,------Present ______------Quorum call by Mr. Flynt, Democrat, of Georgia (84 Members absent). 78 Mar. 23 ------Present ______------Quorum call by Mr. Stinson, Republican, of Washington (116 Members absent). 79 Mar. 23 ------Present ______------Quoi:i-1m call by M:. ~aird, ReJ?ublican of ~isconsin (122 Members absent). 80 Mar. 23 R.R. 5838 ••• _. Nay______151 172 110 M ot10n to recomrmt bill amendmg the Organic Act of the National Bureau ot Stand ards. *81 Mar. 23 R.R. 5838_ ··-- Yea______162 107 On passage of amending Organic Act of the National Bureau of Standards to improve fiscal and administrative practices. 82 Mar. 24 ---·-----····--- Present ______------·····-··· -····--··- Quorum call by Mr. Gross, Republican, of Iowa (64 Members absent). 83 Mar. 24 --. ------····· Present_------···- ·····-···------·-· ------Quorum call by Mr. White, Democrat, of Idaho (84 Members absent). 84 Mar. 24 -- _------Present_------···------·-·-----· Quorum call by Mr. Younger, Re1:mblican, of California (78 Members absent). 85 Mar. 24 R.R. 10532_ --- Yea_·-·········-·· 160 193 79 On adoption of amendment restoring $10,000,000 cut in Coast Guard appropriations (1 Member answered "pre~ent"). 86 Mar. 24 R.R. 10532. ··- Yea ______326 20 87 On passage of appropriation bill for Treasury and Post Office Departments Execu- tive 0 ffice of the President, and certain independent agencies. ' 87 Mar. 25 Absent ______••...... -----····· -----·---- Quorru;n cal~ by Mr. Gross, Republican, of Iowa, (72 Members absent; R.B.C. at meetmg with Anthony Bogdanowicz and representatives of the 25th Congressional District Building Trades Council). 88 Mar. 25 R.R. 660 ...... Not voting ______0 76 Resolution to permit consideration of R.R. 10456, appropriations for National Aero nautics and Space Administration (R.B.C. at meeting of Foreign Affairs Com mittee to bear testimony of Secretary of Defense McNamara and Gen. Maxwell T aylor, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff) . 89 Mar. 25 R.R. 10456 __ •• Yea______283 73 76 On passage of NASA appropriations bill (1 Member answered "present"). 90 Apr. 6 Present. ______------·------Quorum call by Mr. Fascell, Democrat, of Florida (160 Members absent). 91 Apr. 6 s. 1828 ______Yea______233 39 161 Appropriations for Battle of Lake Erie Sesquicentennial Celebration Commission. 92 Apr. 7 Present. ______------Quorum call by Mr. Kyl, Republican, of Iowa (41 Members absent). 93 Apr. 7 Present ______------Quorum call by Mr. Hall, Democrat, of Missouri (57 Members absent). 94 Apr. 7 Present. ______------·-··-· ----·----- Quorum call by Mr. Gross, Rept blican, of Iowa (77 Members absent). 95 Apr. 8 Absent______------Qnorum call by Mr. Gross, Republican, oflowa (30 Members absent; R.B.C. wor:ttnc in office). 96 .Apr. 8 ------Present ______------Qnorum call by Mr. Gross, Repnblican, of Iowa (41 Members absent) . •97 Apr. 8 ------Nay______173 239 21 Motion to adjourn to block consideration of Food Stamp Act of 196i. *98 Apr. 8 R.R. 10222 ____ Nay______195 223 15 Motion to recommit Food Stamp Act of 1964. •99 Apr. 8 R.R. 10222 ____ Yea______229 189 15 On passage of Food Stamp Act of 1964. •100 Apr. 8 R.R. 665 .•••.. Paired nay______211 _ 203 15 On passage of enabling resolntion to permit consideration of R.R. 6196, the whea~ cotton bill; passage of resol tion eqPaled passage of tbe hill. •101 Apr. 9 Present __ -·--····· .••.•..... ··-····-·· ·····-···- Quorum call by Mr. Hall, Republican, of Missouri (52 Members absent). •102 Apr. 9 Yea______222 132 79 O~~~~tj~~~aproceed with legislative business by dispensing with reading of dally. *103 Apr. 9 Present__-········ ••••••...• ····-··--· -·-····--· Quorum call by Mr. Gross, Republican, of Iowa (91 Members absent). *104 Apr. 9 Yea______232 122 77 O~~~:t}~i:;~af~oceed with legislative bw,ines:s by dispensing with reading of daily *105 Apr. 9 ____ ------Present __ ------••.•••.••• -·····-·-- ·······--- Quorum call by Mr. Conte, Republican, of Massachusetts (70 Members absent). *106 Apr. 9 ____ ---···-····- Present __ -·------··-··-··· ---·-·--·------Quorum call by Mr. Younger, Republican, of California (69 Memhers abgent). 107 Apr. 10 ____ --······-··· Present __ ------.•.••..•.. ···-····------·-· Quorum call by Mr. Arends, Republican, of Illinois (109 Members absent). 108 Apr. 10 ____ ------·-- Present __ -·-····-· •.••••.... ······-·-· -·····---- Quorum call by Mr. Lindsay, Republican, of New York (114 Members absent). 109 Apr. 10 R.R. 10723 _-·· Yea______188 131 114 To recommit legislative appropriation bill for amendment to require making a matter of public record the funds and contracts supervised by Capitol Architect. Quorum call by Mr. Hall, Republican. of Missouri (80 Members absent). m 1~~: ~! ·1c£Ci•Items so marked are considered to be of greater significance, and a brief explanation is included herein. 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 10851 Speech by Secretary Robert S. McNamara, The Vietnamese lost the independence they of primary schoolteachers had increased had enjoyed since the 15th century when, from 30,000 to 90,000, and almost 3,000 medi Before the James F orrestal Memorial a hundred years ago the French assumed cal aid stations and maternity clinics had control in what is now Vietnam. A quarter been established throughout the country. Awards Dinner of the National Security century ago, during the Second World War, And the South Vietnamese Government had Industrial Association the Vichy regime yielded French Indochina gone far toward creating an effective ap to the Japanese. In the power vacuum of paratus for the administration of the nation. the war's end, the Communist Vietminh A National Institute of Administration had EXTENSION OF REMARKS moved rapidly to enhance their position and been established with our technical and fi OF to build their bases for a power grab in nancial assistance-a center for the training North Vietnam. of a new generation of civil servants oriented HON. NEIL STAEBLER The attempt by the French, following toward careers of public service as opposed OF MICHIGAN World War II, to restore their rule--to buck to the colonial concept of public rule. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the trend toward independence as shown in For South Vietnam the horizon was bright. Burma, India, and the Philippines-failed. Its success stood in marked contrast to de Wednesday, May 13, 1964 The returning French encountered a strong velopment in the north. Despite the vastly Mr. STAEBLER. Mr. Speaker, the military resistance movement which grad larger industrial plant inherited by Hanoi current visit of Secretary of Defense ually fell more and more under Communist when Vietnam was partitioned, gross na Robert S. McNamara to Saigon makes control. For 8 years France sought to con tional product was considerably larger in the trol the country while at the same time grad south-estimated at $110 per person in the timely consideration of the address he ually granting increasing autonomy to non south and $70 in the north. While per recently made before the James Forrestal Communist Vietnamese. Such actions, how capita food production in the north was 10 Memorial Awards Dinner of the National ever, were not enough. In 1954, after percent lower in 1960 than it had been in Security Industrial Association. the fall of the French stronghold at Dien Bien 1956, it was 20 percent higher in the south. In this address Secretary McNamara Phu on May 7, the Geneva Agreements of It is ironical that free Vietnam's very presents a very thorough and well-docu July 20 were signed ending the hostilities achievements in these 5 years brought severe mented analysis of the South Vietnam and ending French rule in Indochina. The new problems. For the Communists in situation. This speech merits study by country was roughly cut in half at the 17th North Vietnam, like many others, had be parallel, creating the Communist regime of lieved that South Vietnam would ultimately all of us and I would like to insert it in Ho Chi Minh in the North and a non-Com collapse and fall under Hanoi's control like the RECORD. munist state in the South. Although the ripe fruit from a tree. But by the end of The speech follows: United States was not a party to those Geneva 1959, South Vietnam was succeeding, de ADDRESS BY SECRETARY OF DEFENSE ROBERT 8. Agreements, the United States unilaterally spite all predictions; and the Communist McNAMARA BEFORE THE JAMES FORRESTAL declared that it would not violate them and leaders evidently concluded that they would MEMORIAL AWARDS DINNER OF THE NATIONAL that it would regard any violation by other have to increase pressure on the South to SECURITY INDUSTRIAL AsSOCIATION AT SHER parties as a serious threat to international make the fruit fall. ATON-PARK HOTEL, WASHINGTON, D.C., peace and security. At the Third National Congress of the THURSDAY, MARCH 26, 1964 Under the Geneva Agreements, it was hoped Lao Dong (Communist) Party in Hanoi, that South Vietnam would have an oppor September 1960, North Vietnam's belligerency This evening I want to discuss South Viet was made explicit. Ho Chi Minh stated, nam with you. In South Vietnam, as you tunity to build a free nation in peace- unalined, and set apart from the global power "the North is becoming more and more con well know, the independence of a nation and solidated and transformed into a firm base the freedom of its people are being threat struggle. But the problems confronting the new government were staggering: 900,000 for the struggle for national reunification." ened by Communist aggression and terrorism. At the same congress it was announced that In response to requests from the Government refugees who had fled their homes in the north at the time of partition in order to the party's new task was to "liberate the of South Vietnam, the United States since South from the atrocious rule of the U.S. 1954 has been providing assistance to the escape Communist rule; a long-term military threat from the north, which had emerged imperialists and their henchmen." In brief, Vietnamese in their struggle to maintain Hanoi was about to embark upon a program their independence. from the war with large military forces; a. government nearly paralyzed by 8 years of of wholesale violations of the Geneva agree My purpose this evening is threefold. Af ments in order to wrest control of South ter recalling some facts about Vietnam and war and lacking sufil.ciellit trained ofil.cials for effective self-government; acute economic Vietnam from its legitimate government. its history, I want: To the Communists, "liberation" meant First, to explain our stake and objectives dislocation and lack of government revenues; and persisting pockets of southern territory sabotage, terror, and assassination: attacks in South Vietnam; on innocent hamlets and villages and the Second, to review for you the current situ that had long been held by Communists and other dissident groups. In the face of such coldblooded murder of thousands of school ation there as General Taylor and I found it teachers, health workers and local ofil.cials on our recent trip; problems, hopes were not high for the sur vival of the fledging republic. who had the misfortune to oppose the Com And finally, to outline in broad terms the munist version of "liberation." In 1960 and plans which have been worked out with Gen That autumn, a decade ago, President Ngo Dinh Diem of the Republic of South Viet 1961, almost 3,000 South Vietnamese civil eral Khanh for achieving our mutual ob ians in and out of government were assas jectives in South Vietnam. nam turned to the United States for eco nomic assistance. President Eisenhower un sinated and another 2,500 were kidnaped. I. DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY derstood the gravity of the situation; and The Communists even assassinated the colo Let me begin by reminding you of some he determined to give direct American aid to nel who served as liaison ofil.cer to the In the new Government to enable its survival. ternational Control Commission. details about South Vietnam-that narrow This aggression against South Vietnam strip of rich coastal mountain and delta He wrote to President Diem on October 25, 1954: "The purpose of this offer is to assist was a major Communist effort, meticulously lands running 900 miles in the tropics along planned and controlled, and relentlessly the South China Sea to the Gulf of Siam. It the Government of Vietnam in developing and maintaining a strong, viable state, pursued by the government in Hanoi. In contains the mouth of the Mekong River, the 1961, the Republic of South Vietnam, unable main artery of southeast Asia. It has a capable of resisting attempted subversion or aggression through military means." The to contain the menace by itself, appealed to population of about 14 million-almost that the United States to honor its unilateral of California--in an area slightly larger than United States therefore provided hel~ England and Wales. South Vietnam does largely economic. declaration of 1954. President Kennedy re not exist by itself. Mainland southeast Asia On the basis of this assistance and the sponded promptly and afil.rmatively by send includes Laos, Cambodia, and the two Viet brave, sustained efforts of the South Viet ing to that country additional American ad nams, together comprising former French namese people, the 5 years from 1954 to 1959 visers, arms, and aid. Indochina. It also includes Thailand, gave concrete evidence that South Vietnam II. U.S. OBJECTIVES Burma, and part of Malaysia. The south was becoming a success story. By the end of I turn now to a consideration of U.S. east Asian peninsula is a richly endowed this period, 140,000 landless peasant families objectives in South Vietnam. The United land area of over 800,000 square miles had been given land under an agrarian re States has no designs whatever on the roughly the size of the United States east of form program; the transportation system had resources or territory of the area. Our the Mississippi-and containing almost 100 been almost entirely rebuilt; rice production national interests do not require that South million people. And immediately beyond had reached the prewar annual average of Vietnam serve as a Western base or as a to the east are the Philippines, not far to the 3.5 million metric tons-and leaped to over member of a Western Alliance. west is India, to the north is Communist 5 million in 1960; rubber production had ex Our concern is threefold. China, and to the south is what the Chinese ceeded prewar totals; and construction was First, and most important, is the simple Communists may consider the greatest prize underway on several medium-size manufac fact that South Vietnam, a member of the of all-Indonesia's resources, territory, and turing plants, thus beginning the develop free world family, is striving to preserve its the world's fifth largest population, whose ment of a base for industrial growth. independence from Communist attack. The strategic location straddles and dominates In addition to such economic progress, Vietnamese have asked our help. We have the gateway to the Indian Ocean: school enrollments had tripled, the number given it. We shall continue to give it. 10852 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE May 13 We do so in their interest; and we do so Communist interest in insurgency tech free world family, to help them save their in our own clear self-interest. For basic to niques did not begin with Khrushchev, nor cou~try for themselves; second, to help pre the principles of freedom and self-determi for that matter with Stalin. Lenin's works vent the strategic danger which would exist nation which have sustained our country for are full of tactical instructions, which were if communism absorbed southeast Asia's almost two centuries is the right of peoples adapted very successfully by Mao Tse-tung, people and resources; and third, to prove in everywhere to live and develop in peace. whose many writings on guerrilla warfare the Vietnamese test case that the free world Our own security is strengthened by the have become classic references. Indeed, can cope with Communist "wars of libera determination of others to remain free, and Mao claims to be the true heir of Lenin's tion" as we have coped successfully with by our commitment to assist them. We will original prescriptions for the worldwide vic Communist aggression at other levels. not let this member of our family down, re tory of communism. The North Vietnamese III. THE CURRENT SITUATION gardless of its distance from our shores. have taken a leaf or two from Mao's book The ultimate goal of the United States in as well as Moscow's-and added some of their I referred earlier to the progress in South southeast Asia, as in the rest of the world, own. Vietnam during 1954-59. In our concern is to help maintain free and independent Thus today in Vietnam we are not dealing over the seriousness of the Vietcong insur nations which can develop politically, eco with factional disputes or the remnants of a gency, we sometimes overlook the fact that nomically and socially, and which can be colonial struggle against the French, but a favorable comparison still exists between responsible members of the world commu rather with a major test case of commu progress in the south-notwithstanding nity. In this region and elsewhere, many nism's new strategy. That strategy has so nearly 15 years of bitter warfare-and the peoples share our sense of the value of such far been pursued in Cuba, may be beginning relative stagnation in North Vietnam. freedom and independence. They have taken in Africa, and failed in Malaya and the The so-called Democratic Republic of Viet the risks and made the sacrifices linked to Philippines only because of a long and ardu nam, with a greater population than the the commitment to membership in the ous struggle by the people of these coun south and only a marginally smaller area, family of the free world. They have done tries with assistance provided by the British appea.rs to be beset by a variety of weaknesses, this in the belief that we would back up and the United States. the most prominent of which is its agricul our pledges to help defend them. It is not In southeast Asia, the Communists have tural failure. Mismanagement, some poor right or even expedient--nor is it in our taken full advantage of geography-the weather, and a lack of fertilizers and insec nature-to abandon them when the going is proximity to the Communist base of opera ticides have led to a serious rice shortage. difficult. tions and the rugged, remote and heavily The 1963 per capita output of rice was about foliated character of the border regions. 20 percent lower than 1960. Before the June Second, southeast Asia has great strategic 1964 harvests, living standards will probably significance in the forward defense of the They have utilized the diverse ethnic, re ligious, and tribal groupings, and exploited decline further in the cities, and critical United States. Its location across East-West food shortages may appear in some of the air and sea lanes :flanks the Indian subcon factionalism and legitimate aspirations wher ever possible. And, as I said earlier, they villages. Furthermore, prospects for the tinent on one side and Australia, New Zea June rice crops are not bright. land, and the Philippines on the other, and have resorted to sabotage, terrorism, and as sassination on an unprecedented scale. The internal transportation system re dominates the gateway between the Pacific mains primitive, and Hanoi has not met the and Indian Oceans. In Communist hands, Who is the responsible party-the prime aggressor? First and foremost, without quotas established for heavy industry. As this area would pose a most serious threat for the people, they appear to be generally to the security of the United States and to doubt, the prime aggressor is North Vietnam, whose leadership has explicitly undertaken apathetic to what the party considers the the family of free world nations to which needs of the state, and the peasantry has we belong. To defend southeast Asia, we to destroy the independence of the South. To be sure, Hanoi is encouraged on its ag shown considerable ingenuity in frustrating must meet the challenge in South Vietnam. the policies of the government. And third, South Vietnam is a test case gressive course by Communist China. But Peiping's interest is hardly the same as that In contrast, in the Republic of South Viet for the new Communist strategy. Let me nam, despite Communist attempts to control examine for a moment the nature of this of Hanoi. strategy. For Hanoi, the immediate objective is or inhibit every aspect of the domestic econ omy, output continued to rise. In 1963, Just as the Kennedy administration was limited: Conquest of the South and national unification, perhaps coupled with control of South Vietnam was once more able to export coming into office in January 1961, Chair some 300,000 tons of rice. Add to this the man Khrushchev made one of the most im Laos. For Peiping, however, Hanoi's victory would be only a first step toward eventual pre-1960 record: up to 1960, significant pro portant speeches on Communist strategy of duction increases in rice, rubber, sugar, tex recent decades. In his report on a party Chinese hegemony over the two Vietnams and southeast Asia, and toward exploitation tiles, and electric power: a 20-percent rise in conference entitled "For New Victories of per capita income; threefold expansion of the World Communist Movement," Khru of the new strategy in other parts of the world. schools, and restoration of the transportation shchev stated: "In modern conditions, the system. One cannot but conclude that, given following categories of wars should be dis Communist China's interests are clear: It has publicly castigated Moscow for betray stability and lack of subversive disruption, tinguished: world wars, local wars, libera South Vietnam would dramatically outstrip tion wars and popular uprisings." He ruled ing the revolutionary cause whenever the Soviets have sounded a cautionary note. It its northern neighbor and could become a out what he called "world wars" and "local peaceful and prosperous contributor to the wars" as being too dangerous for profitable has characterized the United States as a paper tiger and has insisted that the revolu well-being of the Far East as a whole. indulgence in a world of nuclear weapons But, as we have seen, the Communists But with regard to what he called "liberation: tionary struggle for "liberation and unifica tion" of Vietnam could be conducted with because South Vietnam is not theirs-are out wars," he referred specifically to Vietnam to deny any such bright prospects. He said, "It is a sacred war. We recogniz~ out risks by, in effect, crawling under the such wars." nuclear and the conventional defense of the In the years immediately following the signing of the 1954 Geneva Accords, the Com I have pointed out on other occasions the free world. Peiping thus appears to feel that it has a large stake in demonstrating the new munists in North Vietnam gave first priority enormous strategic nuclear power which the strategy, using Vietnam as a test case. Suc to building armed forces far larger than United States has developed to cope with those of any other southeast Asian country. the first of Mr. Khrushchev's types of wars· cess in Vietnam would be regarded by Peiping as vindication for China's views in the world They did this to establish iron control over deterrence of deliberate, calculated nuclea~ wide ideological struggle. their own population and to insure a secure attack seems as assured as it can be. With base for subversion in South Vietnam and respect to our general purpose forces de Taking into account the relationship of Vietnam to Indochina-and of both to Laos. In South Vietnam, instead of with signed especially for local wars, within the drawing fully, the Communists maintained a. past 3 years we have increased the number southeast Asia, the Far East and the free world as a whole-five U.S. Presidents have holding guerrilla operation and they left be of our combat-ready Army divisions by hind cadres of men and large caches of about 45 percent, tactical air squadrons by acted to preserve free world strategic in terests in the area. President Roosevelt op weapons for later use. 30 percent, airlift capabilities by 75 percent Beginning in 1959, as we have seen, the with a 100-percent increase in ship construe~ posed Japa nese penetration in Indochina; tion and conversion. In conjunction with President Truman resisted Communist ag Communists realized that they were losing the forces of our allies, our global posture gression in Korea; President Eisenhower the game and intensified their subversive at for deterrence and defense is still not all backed Diem's efforts to save South Viet tack. In June 1962, a special report on Viet that it should be, but it is good. nam and undertook to defend Taiwan; Pres nam was issued by the International Control ident Kennedy stepped up our counterin Commission, a unit created by the Geneva. President Kennedy and President Johnson surgency effort in Vietnam; and President Conference and composed of a Canadian, an have recognized, however, that our forces for Johnson, in addition to reaffirming last week Indian, and a Pole. Through it received little the first two types of wars might not be that the United States will furnish assistance publicity at the time, this report presented applicable or effective against what the and support to South Vietnam for as long as evidence of Hanoi's subversive activities in Communists call "wars of liberation" or it is required to bring Communist aggression South Vietnam, and specifically found Hanoi what is properly called covert aggressi~n or and terrorism under control, has approved guilty of violating the Geneva accords. insurgency. We have therefore undertaken the program that I shall describe in a few Since then, the illegal campaign of terror, and continue to press a variety of programs minutes. violence, and subversion conducted by the to develop sk1lled specialists, equipment and The United States role in South Vietnam, Vietcong and directed and supported from. techniques to enable us to help our allies then, is: First, to answer the call of the the north has greatly expanded. Military counter the threat of insurgency. South Vietnamese, a member nation of our men, specialists, and secret agents continue 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 10853 to infiltrate into South Vietnam both di the fledgling government of South Vietnam. tack, would not be in any sense an achieve rectly from the north and through Laos and The young men joining them have been at ment of the objectives I have outlined. As Cambodia. The flow of Communist-supplied tracted by the excitement of the guerrilla we tried to convey in Laos, we have no objec weapons, particularly those of large caliber, life and then held by bonds of loyalty to tion in 'principle to neutrality in the sense has increased. These include Chinese 75-mm. their new comrades-in-arms, in a nation of nonalinement. But even there we are recollless rifles and heavy machineguns. where loyalty is only beginning to extend learning lessons. Communist abuse of the Tons of explosive-producing chemicals smug beyond the family or the clan. These loyal Geneva accords, by treating the Laos cor gled in for use by the Vietcong have been ties are reinforced both by systematic indoc ridor as a sanctuary for infiltration, con intercepted along with many munitions trination and by the example of what hap stantly threatens the precarious neutrality. manufactured in Red China and, to a lesser pens to informers and deserters. "Neutralization of South Vietnam"-an am extent, elsewhere in the Communist bloc. Clearly, the disciplined leadership, direc biguous phrase at best--was therefore re In December 1963, a Government force at tion and support from North Vietnam is a jected. tacked a Vietcong stronghold in Dinh Tuong critical factor in the strength of the Vietcong The third option before the President was Province and seized a large cache of equip movement. But the large indigenous sup initiation of military actions outside South ment, some of which was of Chinese Com port that the Vietcong receives means that Vietnam, particularly against North Vietnam, munist manufacture. The Chinese equip solutions must be as political and economic in order to supplement the counterinsur ment included a 90-mm. rocket launcher, as military. Indeed, there can be no such gency program in South Vietnam. 60-mm. mortars, carbines, TNT, and hun thing as a purely "military" solution to the This course of action-its implications and dreds of thousands of rounds of various kinds war in South Vietnam. ways of carrying it out--has been carefully of ammunition. Some of the ammunition The people o.f South Vietnam prefer inde studied. was manufactured as recently as 1962. pendence and freedom. But they w111 not Whatever ultimate course of action may When President Diem appealed to Presi exercise their choice for freedom and commit be forced upon us by the other side, it is dent Kennedy at the end of 1961, the South themselves to it in the face of the high per clear that actions under this option would Vietnamese were quite plainly losing their sonal risk of Communist retaliation-a kid be only a supplement to, not a substitute fight against the Communists, and we naped son, a burned home, a ravaged crop for, progress within South Vietnam's own promptly agreed to increase our assistance. unless they can have confidence in the ulti borders. Fourteen months later, in early 1963, Pres mate outcome. Much therefore depends on The fourth course of action was to con ident Kennedy was able to report to the the new government under General Khanh, centrate on helping the South Vietnamese Nation that "the spearpoint of aggression has for which we have high hopes. win the battle in their own country. This, been blunted in South Vietnam." It was Today the government o.f General Khanh all agree, is essential no matter what else is evident that the Government had seized the is vigorously rebuilding the machinery of done. initiative in most areas from the insurgents. administration and reshaping plans to carry The President therefore approved the 12 But this progress was interrupted in 1963 by the war to the Vietcong. He is an able and recommendations that General Taylor and I the political crises arising from troubles be energetic leader. He has demonstrated his made relating to this option. tween the Government and the Buddhists, grasp of the basic elements-political, eco We have reaffirmed U.S. support for South students, and other non-Communist opposi nomic, and psychological, as well as mili Vietnam's Government and pledged economic tionists. President Diem lost the confidence tary-required to defeat the Vietcong. He assistance and military training and logistical and loyalty of his people; there were accusa is planning a program of economic and social support for as long as it takes to bring the tions of maladministration and injustice. advances for the welfare of his people. He insurgency under control. There were two changes of government has brought into support of the government We will support the Government of South within 3 months. The fabric of government representatives of key groups previously Vietnam in carrying out its anti-insurgency was torn. The political control structure excluded. He and his colleagues have de plan. Under that plan, Prime Minister extending from Saigon down into the ham veloped plans for systematic liberation of Khanh intends to implement a national mo lets virtually disappeared. Of the 41 in areas now submissive to Vietcong duress and bilization program to mobilize all national cumbent province chiefs on November 1 of for mobilization of all available Vietnamese resources in the struggle. This means im last year, 35 were replaced. Nine provinces resources in the defense of the homeland. proving the quality of the strategic hamlets, had three chiefs in 3 months; one province At the same time, General Khanh has building them systematically outward from had four. Scores of lesser officials were re understood the need to improve South Viet secure areas, and correcting previous over placed. Almost all major mllitary commands nam's relations with its neighbors, Cambodia extension. The security forces of Vietnam changed hands twice. The confidence of the and Laos; he has taken steps towards con will be increased by at least 50,000 men. peasants was inevitably shaken by the dis ciliation; and he has been quick and forth They will be consolidated, and their effective ruptions in leadership and the loss of physi right in expressing his government's regret ness and conditions of service will be im cal security. Army and paramilitary deser over the recent Vietnamese violation of Cam proved. They will press the campaign with tion rates increased, and the morale of the bodia's borders. In short, he has demon inoreased intensity. We will provide re hamlet militia-the "Minutemen"-fell. In strated the energy, comprehension, and deci quired· additional materiel. This will include many areas, power vacuums developed caus sion required by the difficult circumstances strengthening of the Vietnamese Air Force ing confusion among the people and a rising that he faces. with better aircraft and improving the mobil ity of the ground forces. rate of rural disorders. IV. A PROGRAM TO MEET OUR OBJECTIVES A broad national program is to be carried The Vietcong fully exploited the resultant Before describing the means by which we organizational turmoil and regained the ini out, giving top priority to rural needs. The tiative in the struggle. For example, in the hope to assist the South Vietnamese to suc program includes land reform, loans to ten ceed in their undertaking, let me point out ant farmers, health and welfare measures, second week following the November coup, the options that President Johnson had be Vietcong incidents more than tripled from economic development, and improved status fore him when he received General Taylor's for ethnic minorities and paramilitary troops. 316, peaking at 1,021 per week, while govern and my report last week. ment casualties rose from 367 to 928. Many A civil administrative corps will be estab Some critics of our present policy have lished to bring better public services to the overextended hamlets have been overrun or suggested one option-that we simply with severely damaged. The January change in people. This will include teachers, health draw. This the United States totally re technicians, agricultural workers, and other government produced a similar reaction. jects for reasons I have stated. In short, the situation in South Vietnam technicians. The initial goal during 1964 Other critics have called for a second and will be at least 7,500 additional persons; ulti has unquestionably worsened, at least since similar option-a "neutralization" of Viet last fall. mately there will be at least 40 ,000 men for nam. This, however, is the game of "what's more than 8,000 hamlets, in 2,500 villages and The picture is admittedly not an easy one mine is mine and what's yours is negotiable,'' to evaluate and, given the kind of terrain 43 provinces. No one seriously believes the Communists Farm productivity will be increased and the kind of war, information is not al would agree to "neutralization" of North ways available or reliable. The areas under through doubled use of fertilizers to provide Vietnam. And, so far as South Vietnam is immediate and direct benefits to peasants in Communist control vary from daytime to concerned, we have learned from the past nighttime, from one week to another, accord secure areas and to increase both their earn that the Communists rarely honor the kind ings and the Nation's export earnings. ing to seasonal and weather factors. And, of treaty that runs counter to their compul of course, in various areas the degree and im We have lea.rned that in Vietnam, political sion to expand. and economic progress are the sine qua non portance of control differ. Although we esti Under the shadow of Communist power, mate that in South Vietnam's 14 million of military success, and that military secu "neutralization" would in reality be an in rity is equally a prerequisite of internal prog population, there are only 20 to 25 thousand terim device to permit Communist consolida hard-core Vietcong guerrillas, they have ress. Our future joint efforts with the Viet tion and eventual takeover. When General namese are going to apply these lessons. been able to recruit from among the South Taylor and I were in Hue, at the north end Vietnamese an irregular force of from 60 to of South Vietnam, 2 weeks ago, several V. CONCLUSION 80 thousand-mainly by coercion and "band Vietnamese students carried posters which To conclude: Let me reiterate that our goal wagon" effect, but also by promising mate showed their recognition of the reality of is peace and stability, both in Vietnam and rial and political rewards. The loyalties of "neutralization." The signs read: "Neutral southeast Asia. But we have learned that the hard core have been cemented by years ize Today, Communize Tomorrow." peace at any price is not practical in the long of fighting, first against the Japanese, then "Neutralization" of South Vietnam, which run and that the cost of defending freedom against the French, and, since 1954, against is today under unprovoked subversive at- must be borne if we are to have it at all. 10854 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE May 13 The road ahead in Vietnam ls going to be level; however, I am sure that no one remain satisfied entirely with the diet af long, difficult, and frustrating. It will take would argue that these people have been forded by domestic markets. Our products work, courage, imagination, and, perhaps brought to Washington by this adminis must be marketed and sold in the market more than anything else, patience to bear the places of the world in competition with for burden of what President Kennedy called a tration and are recognized by everyone eign products. long twilight struggle. In Vietnam it has not as being political appointees. Unfortunately there has been an apathy been finished in the first 100 days of Presi This will come as a great shock to and inertia on the part of the most substan dent Johnson's administration, and it may many of the career people, but I hope tial part of our manufacturing firms in at not be finished in the first 1,000 days, but, they will not despair because it will be tempting to sell their products abroad. De in cooperation with General Khanh's govern my intention-and I am sure many of my spite the ceaseless efforts of the Department ment, we have made a beginning. When the colleagues will join me-to do everything of Commerce in this field, the acceptance of day comes that we can safely withdraw, we possible to protect the civil service sys the urgent essentiality of export expansion expect to leave an independent and stable is being resisted by too large a part of our South Vietnam, rich with resources and tem so that we can continue to draw into · economy. The consequences of this resist bright with pro.spects for contributing to the the Government service outstanding in ance are alarming, because, without the in peace and prosperity of :southeast Asia and of dividuals who will devote long and dis creased movement of American goods to the world. tinguished careers to Government serv foreign markets, our economy cannot prop ice. I hope that this administration will erly grow and our adverse balance of inter put a stop to this business of using the national payments cannot be corrected. Ex The Civil Service System civil service system for political gain. port expansion is vital. I hope that the civil servants will not It is distressing that approximately 90 per cent of the manufacturing firms of this coun EXTENSION OF REMARKS despair, because I believe this adminis tration will soon realize that they are try do not even attempt to market their OF goods abroad. This situation must be re making a mistake in destroying this great versed if the purposes of the Trade Expansion HON. JOEL T. BROYHILL service. Act are to be achieved. For this reason, I was OF VIRGINIA most anxious and pleased to sponsor and promote the passage of the Mobile Trade Fair IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mobile Trade Fairs Act, which I believe can itself become a most Wednesday, May 13, 1964 important legislative enactment. The resistance of a large part of American Mr. BROYHILL of Virginia. Mr. EXTENSION OF REMARKS business to enter the export field is explained Speaker, as my colleagues know, I have OF by a number of factors. First of all, many always been deeply interested in helping companies have considered the domestic mar to protect the civil service system of the HON. ROMAN C. PUCINSKI ket to afford sumcient opportunities. Sec U.S. Government. Under this system, OF ll.LINOIS ondly, many small, medium, and even large over the years Government has been able IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES size companies are fearful of foreign trade, which they consider a complete mystery. It to attract some of the most outstanding Wednesday, May 13, 1964 citizens in America. Many of these ca is in connection with this latter point-in Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, yester dispelling this mystery-that American-flag reer employees could make more money steamship companies can perform a most outside of Government; however, they day it was my privilege to participate in worthwhile public service, while at the same are dedicated to their jobs, and every a most impressive luncheon honoring the time promoting their own interests. American should be grateful for this signing of a contract between the De Certainly, there is no other segment of our dedication. partment of Commerce and Mobile Trade economy which has as much collective experi As I have indicated before, I am be Fairs, Inc., to increase the display of ence in foreign trade as our American mer coming increasingly concerned that the American-made products in foreign ports challlt marine. Together, the American-flag civil service system is being used for all over the world. steamship companies have thousands of em ployees and agents in, every major market of Political purposes. I · appeared before This unusual contract is the result of the free world. our fine American-flag ves t~e House Foreign Affairs Committee legislation sponsored by our very dis sels serve every major foreign port on a reg only last week to indicate my great con tinguished colleague, the gentleman from ular and frequent basis. This experience cern over the indiscriminate firing of North Carolina, the Honorable HERBERT and service can be made available to all pro many career employees in the Agency for c. BONNER, chairman of the Committee spective American exporters-and this is International Development Germany certainly exposed and the French took the lead in recognizing ty convention. A convention of Democrats is the shortcomings of NATO in this respect. and trading with Red China. always an exhilarating experience. A con Further, most of the forces earmarked for The Russians say they will bury us, then vention of Burke County Democrats, how NATO are not actually under the control of beg for wheat because they haven't intel ever, always gives an extra dose of exhilara that organization but remain under the con ligence enough to feed themselves, and we tion because of the enthusiasm that has been trol of individual member nations. And, in sell them the wheat at bargain prices. Then characteristic of the members of our party stead of becoming more cohesive, the or they reward us by shooting down another of in your county for these many years. ganization is in effect breaking up. One look our unarmed planes and harass our ·military It is a special pleasure always for me to at the role played by France, the key to the forces moving into and out of Berlin. visit in the home county of my distinguished land mass of Western Europe, will surely I could go on interminably citing chapter colleague in Congress, Senator SAM J. ERVIN, underscore that fact. and verse of duplicity and contradiction that Jr. Throughout the Nation this illustrious So where do we stand-and what have has been what some are pleased to call for Burke Countlan has established a reputation our well-intentioned, generous but mis eign policy. Our national interest and se for leadership in the U.S. Senate. He ls rec guided policies accomplished? curity requires no such manipulation as this. ognized as one of the most learned consti We are still furnishing protection to West Incidentally, the idea that all problems, tutionalists to be found in the United States. ern Europe while our allies there are busily foreign and domestic, can be settled simply His leadership in preserving for the people reviving old feuds and rivalries, like the by resort to a checkbook and public funds, the fundamental rights laid down in the Greeks and Turks over Cyprus. While the has become a fetish with altogether too many Constitution has been a source of great joy U.S. taxpayer is groaning under the burden high-ranking Government officials. Con and appreciation by all North Carolinians fronted with an explosive increase in the who assisted in making his services available of a $51 billion defense budget, the British crime rate in this Nation, a Justice of the to the Nation. We are justly proud of this and Europeans are conducting over $3 billion U.S. Supreme Court, instead of addressing great American. worth of business with the Soviet bloc, fur himself to the root of the evil, suggests com The Democratic Party has been chronicled nishing our enemy with industrial technol pensation for the victims of criminality or as the party of all the people. This is a ogy, resources and materials which only their fam111es. frequently uttered statement that sometimes strengthen the mllitary threat aimed at us. In conclusion, let me restate my original falls to convey to the individual its full im I am opposed to war. I am even more premise: Advancement of our national in pact because of the frequency of its repeti opposed to national degradation and slavery. terests should be the overriding aim of the tion. Like other fundamental principles 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 10857 which we hear stated so often, we some had been experienced between Lyndon John in the Republican Party were determined to times fail to give full evaluation to the son and his then opponent, John F. Kennedy, make it such. It was a source of great dis breadth of its meaning. Today, however, we saw the greatness of the Democratic appointment to all of our people, regardless I am sure that as we think back through Party when the heat of battle was cast aside of their political affiliation, to find that only the last few years we can all attest with and the young man from Massachusetts laid 10 Republicans were willing to help solve complete accuracy that this party has meant his hand upon the shoulder of his former this problem which was cr,eated through the a great deal to every American. adversary and said that "this is the man machinations of the Eisenhower administra Our party is the party of the farmer, the we want for the No. 2 position in the Nation." tion. businessman, the worker, our youth, and our How fortunate it was that in his great wis The Republicans have frequently said to aged. It is the party which envelops the dom during the time when lesser minds our textile people that they were the friends thinking of the liberal, the conservative, and would have entertained feelings of hostillty of the industry and the people employed in the middle-of-the-road thinker. Out of this the great John F. Kennedy had the vision that industry. I say to you that even the amalgamation of thought our party develops to override some of his close advisers and most blindly partisan Republican who values principles and procedures which give to the bring about the nomination of L.B.J. as Vice his job in the textile industry should now American people the type of leadership which President of the Nation. understand that it is the Democratic Party results more nearly in serving the interest of I believe that the record already estab which is interested in the preservation of all than could be attained in any other polit lished by our tall Texan, who is now the his job and his earning power. ical organization. As a result of this com revered President of the United States, is The cotton farmer of the Southeast can bined thought we can and do move forward such that he commends himself to people look upon this legislation with a sense of on a sound middle ground, giving recognition of all political persuasions. We proudly look appreciation equal to that of the textile to time-honored principles and ideals which forward to his unanimous renomination by worker. His markets have been diminishing afford a meetingplace for all who are inter our party and his overwhelming election by because of the cheap imports of cotton textile ested in the progress of our Nation. There the people of the Nation in the coming No products from all points of the compass. is room in our party for all sincere, honest vember. His domestic market has been further elements who have a fervent desire to ob The victory which I predict for our party threatened because of the great inroads be serve the fundamental principles and at the in November is based upon my conviction ing made by manmade fibers in our own same time plan for the future without a that the people of America recognize real country. Without enactment of the Demo violation of those principles. leadership when they see it. Our President cratic cotton legislation it is my firm convic The great traditions of the Democratic has captured their approval with the forth tion that the cotton farmer in America Party are the source of great pride to me. right positions that he has taken on so many would have been greatly injured in the We have championed the cause of the under of the problems and opportunities confront future by the loss of his basic market. Had privileged and the elderly, and yet we have ing our Government. President Johnson and the Democratic captured the minds of our young people who Economy in government was one of the Members of Congress not had the vision to look to us for leadership in making our Na first principles enunciated after the Dallas see that this grossly inequitable two-price tion the type of nation that affords to them experience. This was not new to the Demo system was injurious to the welfare of all the opportunities to which they aspire. In cratic Party since we had adopted an econ the Nation our cotton farmer would have a every section of our Nation we have found omy plank in every Democratic platform bleak outlook. I, therefore, appeal to the cot support in the programs and leadership of since the founding of our party. This prin ton farmer to evaluate his own personal our party. ciple today is more alive than ever in our interest and then make a decision as to In time of war and ill time of peace the history primarily because of the action and whether it is our party or the Republican Democratic Party has offered leadership. to assurances · taken by our leader. Already Party which will best serve him in the days our Nation. In peacetime years we have led great savings are underway in every depart ahead. · our people to greater prosperity than they ment of our Government. Agencies are being A war on poverty has been declared. This found while under the leadership of our ad streamlined to meet the challenges of the administration is concerned with those peo versary party. In time of great wars we day, but yet efficiency is being increased, at ple who are so poverty-stricken that they have furnished the leadership which has less cost to the taxpayer than we have seen cannot educate their children, provide for destroyed on several occasions the enemies of in many years. their own hospitalization, or make prepara freedom. This record of leadership in times This is all a part of the effort of our tion for their older years. The byproducts of economic and· military crisis has been of party and its leaders to combat inflation of poverty are equally disturbing to those such high standard as to commend our and to guarantee as nearly as possible that who have an honest desire to join in the party to all of the people of Burke County the American laboring man will have his battle which has been outlined by our Presi and the Nation. purchasing power preserved. It is designed dent. · These byproducts are delinquency, One of the most glittering accomplish to destroy the threat of inflation to his social violence, unrest, and even subversion. Our ments of our Nation has recently unfolded security, savings, and other assets which he Nation cannot afford to take the risk of an before us. The transition which became has built up for his retirement years. A enlargement of the problems which are a necessary upon the tragic death of our late direct benefit is being experienced by each part of the poverty picture in our Nation. President, John F. Kennedy, has been one American taxpayer because he is receiving This poverty battle is carried on in many which has given pride to all Am,ericans and more for his tax dollar. ways. There are direct approaches and in brought consternation to those foreign en Tax revision and tax reductions were the direct approaches. Each of us must emies who oppose our system. This transi concept of the Democratic leadership in evaluate the proposals which are presented tion is a tribute to our great President Lyn Washington. We have seen the promise of and in the exercise of our own best judg don B. Johnson; it is equally a compliment tax relief brought to reality during the pres ment support those ideas which will, in our to the great party of which we are a part and ent Congress. This tax relief will be a boon judgment, best serve to eliminate hunger to the magnificent system of government to the individual taxpayer in a direct way and want in this land of plenty. We will which was laid down by our forefathers in that it lessens the amount that the Gov not all be expected to agree upon methods in such a way as to accommodate unfortu ernment takes from his weekly paycheck. and practices, but I think that the very least nate situations such as we experienced last An even greater benefit will be derived by all that can be expected of any American is November. Americans through business expansion, in that he give serious considetation to the pro When Lyndon Johnson took the oath of creased employment opportunities, higher posals that are made. We should not lose office as President in an airplane in Dallas, wages, more jobs, and many other ancillary sight of the laudable goal outlined by the Tex., last November, he assumed burdens benefits. It does not require the mind of President when he said that we should make unparalleled in the history of our Nation. a trained economist to understand the value this land of ours a land of opportunity for How fortunate was our country that this of the Democratic tax revision legislation. those who, because of economic misfortune, great man, with his wealth of experience in Any citizen can see it daily in his own per have not been given the opportunities that government, was available to move into the sonal life. have been enjoyed by the rest of us. highest office in the world today with cour In our own geographical area the economic These efforts in behalf of the people can age, ability, and confidence. No man in life has been given a new boost through the not be brought to a successful end simply the history of the United States has moved recently enacted cotton legislation. Since by pronouncements from the White House. into the White House with greater quali the textile industry is the greatest employer No one recognizes this more keenly than fications and ability than the great man we of people in North Carolina we had a par President Johnson. He realizes that he must now look to for leadership of our party and ticularly large stake in the deliberations have the support of all of the people of the our Nation during the coming years. upon elimination of two-price cotton when Nation in bringing about a climate which Coming to Washington in the early thirties the measure was before the Congress. I can will result in an acceptance by a democratic and rising to prominence under the leader say to you that it was Lyndon B. Johnson and ship of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Lyn Speaker JOHN W. McCORMACK who brought system of the basic principles which he sets don Johnson moved on to leadership roles about the enactment of this legislation forth. in the House of Representatives and in the through their persuasion and logic addressed His zeal in appearing before countless types U.S. Senate. This proven leadership ability to Democratic Members of Congress through of audiences in recent months to present his made him a serious contender for the pres out the Nation. While many of us could see program has been an inspiration to all of us. idential nomination in Los Angeles in 1960. no partisan issue involved in this basic eco It has been evidence of his dedication to the Notwithstanding the heat of battle which nomic problem, apparently our adversaries cause of making our Government serve the 10858 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE May 13 interests of all of the people, regardless of Yes, you and I as Democrats have a grand it is sustained by the brute force of the their economic station in life. heritage, a glorious past, and a bright fu Soviet Union. The Bulgarian National As cltizens of this free land we owe it to ture. We must never turn the wheels of Front of America, as the largest and ourselves and to our fellow citizens to give progress back to the days of monopoly and our best thought and energies to making vested interests. This party of ours must not the most effectively working organiza America great. To help fulfill these goals turn the clock back in many other ways tion among Americans of Bulgarian and to accomplish the mission of service to that are recommended to us by extremists of descent, is serving a noble cause in ac mankind which all of us should accept I the right and of the left. quainting the public of this great Re respectfully urge that we can best do it The Democratic Party must move forward public of the inherent inhumanity of through the Democratic Party. We can unite with courage and leadership because it is communism in Bulgaria. Wishing you upon the basic issues and move to victory the principal vehicle available on which our a successful convention, I hope for the in November. This victory in November of people oan ride to a greater tomorrow. We which I speak is not merely a partisan vic must rededicate ourselves today, as did Jef betterment of the lot of the Bulgarian tory, but a victory for all of the people which ferson and Jackson, to human rights, prop people. we can contemplate with accuracy will usher erty rights, and individual responsibility. in another era of national accomplishment We must preserve the liberty and the free unparalleled in our history. dom which has been given to us, and we will Watershed Development in the Decade The Democratic Party since the day that best do this by insisting upon adherence to it was launched by Jefferson and Jackson the constitutional principles given to us so Ahead has been the party o! the people. It has be magnificently by the Founding Flathers when come a symbol of States rights and indi they met in Philadelphia many years ago. EXTENSION OF REMARKS vidual freedom. In years of travail it could We will, and can, move forward to a always be revived again by a return to the greater tomorrow under the leadership of OF principles of Jefferson and Jackson. Lyndon B. Johnson and the Democratic In times of depression, aggression, and war standard bearers of our Nation in the legis HON. WILBUR D. MILLS Woodrow Wilson, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and lative and executive departments. We can OF ARKANSAS Harry Truman carried the Democratic Party accomplish this purpose only by selecting IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES banner ahead of the Nation and led us to the right type of leadership. I express the Wednesday, May 13, 1964 victory over these threats to our survival. confidence that we wm do this as our party These great men of destiny not only fought has done in the past. Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker, it was my our domestic battles in a brilliant manner, Here in North Carolina we have an equally privilege to participate in the 11th Na but they laid down the foreign policy which heavy role to play in seeing that our State was a roadblock to communism and other tional Watershed Congress held recently government subscribes to the principles in my home State of Arkansas, at Little alien ideologies and implanted the love of which I have mentioned. Our record of serv freedom 1n the hearts and minds of people ice in North Carolina through the Democratic Rock. throughout the world. Party has fully measured up to the responsi This Congress, Mr. Speaker, is spon Their service was characteristic of the men bilities which have fallen upon us as the sored by 17 of our leading national farm, who through the years have dedicated them dominant political force in the Tar Heel conservation, and business organizations. selves to the philosophy of Thomas Jefferson State. I have every confidence that what It does not adopt resolutions or promote and Andrew Jackson. Jefferson's philosophy ever the outcome of the 1964 primary elec of special privilege to none but equal oppor projects; it serves as a forum for the ex tion the Democratic Party 1n Burke County change of ideas and discussion of prob tunity to all is still the fundamental precept and in North Carolina will have selected as of our party. Jefferson, as does President nominees of our party men of vision, stature, lems. Johnson today, realized that to be a great character, and ab111ty who will accomplish Theme of the congress this year was political party worthy of the support of this as far as they have the power, the worth watershed development in the decade then young Nation it must be one which while dreams of all of our people. would serve the best interests of all the peo ahead. ple, and not just of the few. My friends, the Democratic Party is the Because they contain so much in It was for that reason that he, in his mag party of the glorious past but even more it formation that will be useful to the nificent manner, launched the Democratic is the party with a brilliant future. This Members of the House, I should like to future is the future of all of our people. Party as the party which would render the introduce in the RECORD the Watershed broader service which our Nation :needed. I commend you for your zeal in the cause of the party and urge upon you continued Congress addresses of Secretary of Agri He led our people to a better understanding culture Orville L. Freeman and Hollis R. of themselves and their part in a democratic diligence as we go forward together trying to system. He convinced the people, more meet the goals which appeal to all Ameri Williams, Deputy Administrator for brilliantly than any other leaders in the his cans of good purpose. Watersheds of the Soil Conservation tory of our country, that with independence Thank you. Service. and freedom obligations fell upon their The addresses follow: shoulders. The people responded by THE FIRST 10 YEARS OF PROGRESS IN DE strengthening the democratic system in a VELOPING THE NATION'S WATERSHEDS way never before experienced. Greetings to Bulgarian National Front In 1828 a rough-and-ready individual who (Address by Hollis R. Williams, Deputy Ad is a part of the history of Burke County of America ministrator for Watersheds, Soil Con came upon the national scene and carried servation Service, U.S. Department of the torch which had been lit by Thomas Jef Agriculture, at the 11th National Water ferson. His colorful example challenged EXTENSION OF REMARKS shed Congress, Little Rock, Ark., April 27, Americans throughout succeeding genera OF 1964) tions to keep this torch ablaze. Andrew I am honored to participate in the 11th Jackson, the first log cabin frontier boy to HON. EDNA F. KELLY National Watershed Congress. I feel that I have a right to welcome you become President of the United States, with OJ' NEW YORK out the aid of political machines and great to Arkansas, and to Little Rock, even though wealth, is one of the bright stars in the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that is not my charge. For this is my home State, and this is virtually my home city. I Democratic firmament. A native of North Wednesday, May 13, 1964 Carolina, a valiant warrior for the people, was born not so far from here, and I own Andrew Jackson can well be revered by all Mrs. KELLY. Mr. Speaker, in ex a farm near my birthplace. Although I have of us who take such pride in our great po- tending my cordial greetings to the spent perhaps half of my professional life . litical party. Eighth Annual Convention of Bulgarian away from here, it was my privilege to head Jefferson and Jackson loved and led the National Front of America, I am well the Soil Conservation Service activities 1n people of our Nation. They were concerned this State for more than a decade, from 1946 about the hungry and the poor. They gave aware of the fine and patriotic public to 1957. This is home, and it's always good to the people hope and dignity. They point service this organization is rendering to to come home. ed out to the people the paths through the righteous cause of the Bulgarian peo Let me, then, as a native son, add my voice which there could be an accomplishment of ple. The sturdy and stouthearted Bul to the welcome you have already received. the hopes and ideals which brought about the garian people certainly deserved and You honor us by your presence. And you founding of this Nation. They loved liberty were fully entitled to their freedom. honor me by the privilege of this platform. and cherished freedom. They struggled to But instead of regaining their freedom This is a distinguished forum, a forum of preserve opportunity. They had a vision of national stature and prestige. Because many a tomorrow which would offer hope and from the U.S.S.R., they have been suf great Americans and many eloquent spokes promise to the children of their generation. fering under U.S.S.R. Communist to men have preceded me to this platform in the They recognized their role in plotting the talitarian tyranny since the end of that 10 years since first you met, I approach with course of progress and power by this new war. This tyrannical regime was im great hum111ty the task of being your key Nation which they were honored to serve. posed upon them by the Kremlin, and noter. This, I would have you know, is a 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 10859 high point in my professional career. I beg for fiscal year 1954 to start a widespread The fl.rst amendment to Public Law 566, your indulgence. pilot watershed demonstration patterned embodied in Public Law 1018 enacted in My assignment is to discuss "The First 10 after the work being done in the subwater 1956, was an enlightened major step for it Years of Progress in Developing the Nation's sheds of the 11 river basins authorized in recognized that watershed projects, like river Watersheds." This is a topic of such tre 1944. basin developments, should be comprehen mendous scope that I'm sure you understand Legislation to implement the small water sive in scope and have multiple purposes. I shall be able to hit only the highspots. shed program permanently was in the mak This amendment made it possible for proj Besides, I do wish to save a few minutes to ing when your National Watershed Congress ects to include works of improvement for comment, 1! I may, on the theme of this met for the first time on May 21, 1954. You any beneficial use physically feasible and Congress, "Watershed Development--The and the organizations you represent had economically justified. It removed the pro Next Decade." For, as Oliver Wendell Holmes created this climate. And your efforts, with hibition against the Department of Agri said, "The great thing in this world is not the help of others, quickly culminated in culture sharing in the cost of water storage so much where we stand as in what direction enactment of the Watershed Protection and for purposes other than flood prevention. It we are moving." Flood Prevention Act, Public Law 566, Just authorized dams with a total capacity of And across the front of one of our beau a few months later that year-in August 25,000 acre-feet providing that au capacity tiful buildings in Washington-the National 1954. above 5,000 acre-feet be for purposes other Archives-these words are inscribed: "What Thus, 10 years ago the Watershed Protec than floodwater detention. is past is prologue." tion and Flood Prevention Act launched a The amendment recognized that more I submit that the applicable moral of these hopeful experiment in Federal-State-local than agriculture ls involved in watershed quotations is this: What has gone before teamwork for communitywide resource con projects by providing that the Public Works is worth recounting and remembering not servation and development. Committees of Congress should approve plans for itself but only for its contribution to You as proponents of the pr_ogram felt that included dams having more than 4,000 the fulfillment of all our hopes and dreams strongly that this kind of locally operated acre-feet of total capacity. It directed the for developing the Nation's watersheds. watershed program could be a key that would Secretary of Agriculture to allocate costs Some historical perspective is important if unlock all manner of community develop and to use direct identifiable benefits as a we are to understand our decade of progress. ment opportunities. basis for cost sharing for agricultural water Although the Department of Agriculture You envisioned water as the common de management. was created 102 years ago, it was not until nominator that would bring rural and urban Finally, this fl.rst major amendment of 1936 that the Congress assigned to it some interests together around local conference 1956 recognized the need for credit by author responsib111ty in watershed work. The Flood tables. Beginning with the obvious mutual izing long-term loans to local organizations Control Act of 1936 authorized and directed problem of flood prevention, such groups at a low interest rate for financing non-Fed the Secretary of Agriculture to initiate a gained the experience of cooperation that eral costs. program of "investigations of watersheds and enabled them to move toward solution of The amendment of September 1958 (Pub measures for runoff and waterflow retarda other problems such as supplies of water for lic Law 85-865} authorized Federal financial tion and soil erosion prevention on water municipal and industrial as well as for agri assistance for fish and wildlife purposes. sheds." cultural use. You saw also the opportunity to develop water for recreational and fish and Public Law 86-468, approved in May 1960, Here, for the very fl.rst time, Agriculture extended the benefits of Public Law 566 to was given the upstream equivalent, in prin wildlife developments and for a variety of the 11 flood prevention watersheds author ciple at least, of the authorization of the other purposes meaningful in the orderly, desirable development of community re ized under the Flood Control Act of 1944. Corps of Engineers for "investigations and Public Law 87-170, approved in August improvements of rivers and harbors and sources. This was the hoped-for goal for the water 1961, broadened the definition of local orga other waterways for :flood control and allied nizations to include irrigation or reservoir purposes." shed program at its beginning a decade ago. I believe the program has measured up to companies or associations of water users For Agriculture this was a "survey, report, not operated for profit. This made it pos and plan" period-not an "action" period. the hopes and dreams of its proponents. It has demonstrated its effectiveness as a sible to carry out with established frame And, it is important to record, plans for work projects with irrigation objectives. upstream programs were essentially limited tool in flood prevention, sediment reduction, to land treatment measures and minor erosion control, and water management. That brings our legislative review to more structures for land stabilization. This was It has helped to accelerate land treatment familiar ground-familiar because it is of true even when operations programs were and has, in addition, achieved an important more recent vintage and therefore fresher in authorized in 11 river basins comprising 31 beginning in shifting out of crops land ill our minds. The Food and Agriculture Act of million acres by the Flood Control Act of suited for cultivation. 1962, Public Law 87-703, approved in SeP 1944. It has demonstrated its validity as a work tember 1962, broadened the watershed act When work was started in those basins in able mechanism of Federal-State-local part in four important ways. 1946, it became apparent, as had long been nership in resource conservation and devel It added recreational development as a suspected, that the measures authorized by opment. purpose eligible for cost sharing, including the survey reports would provide very limited It has proved an effective means by which water resource improvement, basic facilities :flood protection benefits. There was strong diverse community interests can work to for water-based recreation and necessary and building desire for more positive :flood gether toward common goals. land for recreational use. It authorized the protection in the small tributaries. How well it has demonstrated these values Department of Agriculture to advance funds As a result, language was included in sub can, in fact, be measured. to preserve sites. It revised the basis for sequent Department of Agriculture appro The program's popularity among local cost sharing and made it possible for the priations to authorize funds for both land communities is evident in the large and Secretary of Agriculture to establish rates treatment and complementary structural groWing backlog of applications for help. on a program rather than project basis and measures necessary to achieve desired levels Its acceptance as a valid and purposeful to follow the principles of assistance au of fiood prevention in the tributary water mechanism for Federal-State-local coopera thorized under other Federal programs. sheds. tion is seen in the enactment of a large Finally, the 1962 amendment extended the That is how :floodwater retarding dams number · of pieces of legislation to enable benefits of the Water Supply Act of 1958 to got into the picture in the 11 :flood pre local people to better participate in the Public Law 566 so that capacity for future vention watersheds. And it was a time for program. industrial and municipal water supply can bell ringing, that day in 1948, when the very Its merit as a means toward multipurpose be included in a project with repayment first upstream :floodwater retarding dam was development of soil and water resources is and interest charges deferred up to 10 years. completed to supplement a land treatment shown by the fact that more than 40 percent That rather sums up the Federal legis program for flood prevention. This hap of the approved watershed projects now com lative evolution. It is a record we can be pened in the Cloud Creek tributary of the bine watershed protection and flood preven proud of. We have little to complain of, Washita Basin in Oklahoma. tion with other purposes such as recreation, and much to be thankful for, when we con Many of you were active participants in fish and wildlife development, irrigation, sider the legislative tools that we have significant events from this point on. The drainage, and municipal water supply. sought and have received. broadened concept of land treatment com Its practical value to the States is further During this period important legislative bined with dams in the upstream watersheds evidenced by the growing willingness and in action was going on in the States. Between received immediate and strong public sup terest of the State governments to make sub 1955 through 1963, 43 State legislatures en port. stantial financial contributions to the plan acted laws to expedite cooperation between By 1950 more than 300 watershed associa ning process. Contributions of 25 States State and local agencies and the Depart tions and similar groups were seeking help totaled more than $2 million in fiscal year ment of Agriculture in watershed project in developing watershed projects :for flood 1964. activities. In all, 285 laws were enacted in prevention and allied purposes. Part of our decade of progress can be the 43 States during this period. The first bill to provide new legislation traced to improvements in the original Pub Federal appropriations since 1955 have was introduced by Congressman Bob Poage lic Law 566 act. These improvements repre shown a fairly steady rise even though they of Texas in 1952. Pending legislative action, sent an evolution of purpose that calls for have not fully met the demand. In fiscal the House Subcommittee on Agricultural brief review 1! we are to understand why we year 1955, the appropriation was $7.3 mil Appropriations included $5 million in the are where we are, and where we may be lion. In 1959 it was $25.5 million. In 1964 Department of Agriculture Appropriation Act headed. it was $63.6 mllllon. 10860 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. SENATE May 13 The number of applications for watershed years stands out tall and strong as one of it this way recently: "It is beginning to ap project assistance per year ha~ maintained the great achievements in American history. pear that history may be offering to this gen a fairly steady rate but there have been But the size of the job ahead does indicate eration of Americans a precious gift, and that ups and downs in the watersheds author that the job has lost none of its urgency. if we do not recognize and use this gift we ized for planning and for operations, Indeed, the fact that it is 10 years later in will lay a curse on the generation to come. especially in recent years. tensifies the urgency of the job. It is im The gift is time." In fiscal year 1959, 82 projects were au perative that we speed up our rate of Few of us are so expressive, so able to put thorized for planning and 80 approved for progress. these feelings into words; but all of us rec operations. In 1961, 93 were authorized for An essential ingredient is wider public ognize that perhaps we do now have some planning and 48 for operations. In 1963, awareness of the value of small watershed time to think, to plan, to look ahead, to 121 were authorized for planning and 88 for projects in the economic development of begin considering more fully the opportuni operations. So far this fiscal year, up to communities across the land-many of which ties of civilization as well as the challenge April 1, 88 have been authorized for plan are doomed to a slow but sure decline and of survival. ning and 74 for operations. death unless they find a way out of the Let us use this gift of time well, for it The number of States appropriating funds morass into which they are sinking. will be ours to use only once. for watershed planning increased from 9 in Ten years ago we had to talk of the ad The challenge of this opportunity will fall fiscal year 1959 to 25 this year. At the vantages of watershed projects in terms of heavily upon you and thousands of others same time, the amount of non-Federal funds ideas and opinions, based on limited experi of us who are dedicated not only to conserv provided by local organizations and State ences. Today we don't need to rely on opin ing and preserving but also to using the governments for project planning quad ions or guess. We have facts. The program heritage of land and water resources with rupled. This year, local and State contri has demonstrated its worth. It has proved which we are so abundantly blessed. It is butions will amount to more than $2.3 itself. We don't think we know what a proj clear that we can no longer cover the land million. ect will do for a community. We know. with concrete and expect the human animal Nearly half of the watershed projects ap Based on solid experience we can say that to live gracefully on it. It is clear that we proved for operations thus far are in coun the 606 projects we expect to be operating in can no longer despoil the water we drink and ties known to have unemployment prob fiscal year 1965 will help some 1,800 commu the air we breathe, and expect man to sur lems and have been so designated by the nities develop their land and water resources vive in good health. Department of Commerce or Labor. Proj on about 36 million acres involving a popu And it is clear that we can no longer af ect construction work in such counties, of lation of 4.1 million people. The protection ford to treat as a problem the abundance course, provides local employment aside of 2.9 million acres of flood plain will pay which agriculture provides. It is a problem from the increased employment that may returns estimated at $39 million annually only when we fail to make use of it result from industrial, recreational, or other and bring one or more new industries to only when we look to land and water as a products of watershed development. some 150 communities. source for food and fiber alone, ignoring other A large number-233 of the 547 projects Such a statement, if dinned into every ear uses if not as basic yet equally important in approved for operations as of April 1-are from every housetop and courthouse and city this new world of abundance. multiple-purpose projects, which serve com hall in the l>B.nd should be enough to gain I think it more proper to say we hav.e munity needs best of all. The projects the attention of every thoughtful citizen: never taken the time to fully appreciate or combine flood prevention with one or more Maybe we haven't been dinning enough. utilize all of the multiple benefits which of the following purposes: agricultural water If we haven't, let's get going. For surely land and water can produce. We now may management, recreation, fish and wildlife, only through an informed public can we be graced with some time to look ahead and and municipal water supply. bring to bear all the forces required to stimu to plan-to take full advantage of re late adequate action and support at local, sources too often thoughtlessly misused or There is increasing interest in the recrea unused in the past. tion potential of watershed projects, espe State, and Federal levels. I could give you hundreds of examples, of Thus, you are meeting here as an organi cially since the 1962 amendment authorizing watershed project benefits. Each of you cost sharing for this purpose. zation of organizations dedicated to the wise knows of several, I'm sure. use of water resources-the multiple uses We have given preliminary approval for The benefits of every project outweigh its 68 recreational developments in 62 projects that water serves within a watershed-at a costs. Each project is an investment that highly appropriate period in history. It is located in 29 States. These developments returns annual dividends of 8 percent on fortunate that 10 years ago so dedicated a involve cost sharing for added reservoir the average. group as this one began building the frame capacity, land, easements and rights-of-way, These are facts. We can document them. work which has become the small watershed and basic facilities. The estimated total Have the American people ever been offered program of today. Without the support and cost of recreational developments in the 68 a better bargain? I doubt it. effort which has gone into the gradual evo projects amounts to more than $30 million, To take full advantage of this bargain, this lution of the small watershed program from of which $16 million would come from State opportunity to invest in the welfare and a single purpose objective to a multiple and local funds. About 4 million annuaJ prosperity of several thousand American number of objectives, we would be much less user-days are anticipated. communities-and thereby in all of Amer able today to meet the chal.Ienges of the An analysis of the first 500 projects ap ica-that is the challenge. decade ahead. For that, please accept my proved for operations shows they involve a The challenge is bigger today than it was deepest thanks and congratulations. total estimated cost of $743 million, of which 10 years ago. For we have in motion a great As you look ahead to the responsibilities approximately $441 million will be Federal program that must maintain momentum. the next 10 years will bring, I want you to costs and $301 million non-Federal. Of the We dare not let it slow down or stand still. know that we also are looking ahead with $301 million non-Federal costs, about $197 As Holmes said, "The great thing in this you at the Department of Agriculture • • • million will be the costs of applying land world is not so much where we stand but in and in the highest circles of the adminis treatment measures and the remaining $104 what direction we are moving." tration. million will be costs for land, easements; and Shall we move forward? It's up to you. Since early in this administration we have rights-of-way, administering contracts, and been aware that agricultural policy-the other requirements of local organizations. ADDRESS BY SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE ORVILLE decisions which affect how we use our soil We have made important advances during L. FREEMAN AT llTH NATIONAL WATERSHED and water resources-should be responsive our decade of progress in developing the Na CONGRESS, HOTEL MARION, LITTLE ROCK, not only to the farmer • • • but to all tion's watersheds. Indeed, in some respects ARK., APRIL 28, 1964 Americans whatever their occupation and our progress has been remarkable. But the I have looked forward to this opportunity wherever they live. job ahead is a tremendous one. Indeed, we to join with you at your 11th National Water In 1962, President Kennedy presented a have barely made a good beginning. shed Congress, particularly because you are food and agriculture program for the decade The best estimate we have is that there giving emphasis this year to the problems of the 1960's, which recognized that the are 1 billion acres of land and water that and prospects of watershed development in farm problem-as we popularly call the task need and are suitable for development as the decade ahead. of trying to live with abundance-has three watershed projects. I welcome the chance to look ahead with broad dimensions. Local organizations through their applica you, for we have come to one of those rare Nonetheless, most people still treat it as tions for assistance indicate that they have moments in history where both this Nation though it has only one dimension--com recognized this need on less than 15 percent and the world of nations seem to pause, to modities. of this vast billion-acre chunk of America. catch the national breath, and to ask if we For many years the Nation's efforts to solve We have authorized planning assistance know where we are going. agriculture's problem have focused almost for less than 7 percent of this area. We have In that wasteland of human hopes which exclusively on the problems of various farm approved plans for and work has been the threat of nuclear war created, there commodities. Only since 1961 have we started on about 3 percent of this job. seems today to be signs of new life. All started to think more broadly in terms of Measured only against the size of the job of us, as if a terrible ordeal has passed that the human problems of people on less than ahead, our decade of progress loses much of once took all our energy, feel the beginnings adequate farms, to think of communities its stature. But measured by the difficulties of a new era. which need to diversify their economic base of implementing a great new national pro Eric Sevareid, a discerning and penetrat if they are to survive, to think of the wide gram, what we have accomplished in 10 ing commentator of our times, wrote about spread cancer of poverty in rural America, 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - - SENATE 10861 to think of the growing needs of families who seek to claw their way out of poverty, irrigation, drainage, and fish and wildlife and individuals in cities and suburbs for land to those who-more fortunately-enjoy a development. The 1962 act, truly one of and water and space where they can relax higher level of income and who look for the significant pieces of agricultural and and play. ways to translate this into activities which conservation legislation in our history, en We have failed to appreciate that abun bring a more satisfying way of life. abled the Department to share the cost for dance is only a problem when we do not use This is so because Public Law 566 is one multiple-water use. We can help you ac it. There are no real food surpluses so long of the keys to protecting and conserving on quire the necessary land rights and provide as there is hunger in this country or 1n the privately owned land, our water resources, the minimum basic facilities for recreation. world. the most scarce, and the most valuable We can assist in developing municipal and We are only beginning to perceive that natural resource we have. industrial water supplies for future use, with programs such as the food stamp program Properly used, as the small watershed pro deferred repayment; and we can advance for can make a nutritious diet available to every gram makes possible, this resource serves us preserving structure sites within the water American. We have only begun to achieve all in many ways. For example: shed project. the real benefits of a sustained and energetic In Alabama, the Chamber County Com As you know, President Johnson this year program of trade and aid in our relations missioner's Court saved $28,000 within a proposed that the limitation on the size of with other nations in the world. We have year after three dams were completed in the water reservoir be raised from 5,000 to 12,500 only begun to understand that land and High Pine Creek watershed. The savings acre-feet. The growing demands for recrea water contain great reservoirs of benefits resulted from the county being able to build tion and for industrial and municipal water that can satisfy other appetites than hunger. smaller bridges and lower fills on roads in make this a vital addition to the watershed These are all aspects of a farm program the protected flood plains. program. We are hopeful that the Congress for the 1960's-and they were drawn in broad In Arizona, land use changed significantly will soon act favorably on this request. outline by President Kennedy early in 1962 in the White Tanks watershed project. Thus, what began as a measure to help when he set down a food and agriculture Farmers converted several thousand acres farmers and the local community to control program for the sixties. The logic of that from cotton and feed crops to vegetables, flooding in upstream watersheds has grown program is strong and true. Much of it is citrus, and grapes, and income increased to become a major instrument for the devel taking clearer shape today. President John from $200 to $400 per acre. Commercial opment of a multiple of interests. It ls the son, himself a farmer and a rancher, has developments include a new electronics plant major instrument for conserving water re made it an integral part of his program and that wm employ several thousand people and sources on the private lands of America, and he is giving it powerful support. a multimillion-dollar harness raceway that nearly two-thirds of our land area is privately It is a three-dimensional policy, which includes a racetrack, hotel, restaurant, and owned. It is the major instrument through recognizes that: other facilities. which the local community, aware of and 1. Commodity programs-are designed for Tomorrow, those of you who go . on the responsive to the needs of a changing society, the needs of commercial family farm agri tour of Six-Mile Creek watershed near Little can make water and land serve many inter culture. Rock will see how this project revitalized the ests all at the same time-recreation, indus 2. Community programs-can develop economy of the area, including the addition try, farm, wildlife, timber, and municipal rural resources to enable people 1n the coun of three new industries. needs. try to find work and people in the city to In Colorado, the Wray watershed project The Congress, in the 1962 legislation, rec enjoy God's great outdoors. sparked many new developments in the city ognized that the soil and water resources in 3. Food programs-which serve those who of Wray, including $230,000 of new construc rural America would need to be developed use food and fiber and in so doing serve those tion, $40,000 of improvements to old build and managed for these many purposes. It who produce it. School lunch and food ings, and a reduction in street maintenance also recognized that the financial and tech stamp programs at home and trade and aid costs of $5,000 per year. nical resources in rural America. were lim programs abroad provide a wide avenue on In New Hampshire, a watershed project ited and inadequate for the task. Thus, in which to move the abundant productivity of made possible construction of a $1 million addition to broadening the objectives of the our farms and ranches. shopping center that in 3 years is expected small watershed program, the Congress I want to concentrate today on the second to pay to the city of Keene more in addi sought to recapitalize resource development dimension of this multiple program, the tional taxes than the city's $75,000 share of in rural areas through additional programs. community, because community programs the cost of the project. These generally are administered today as are closely associated with the goals of the In Oregon, the Little Pudding project, part of the rural areas development effort small watersheds-with the objectives of although not completed, permitted normal in the Department. Public Law 566 as it has evolved. farming operations to resume within a week We can, for example, make loans to farmers I would mention commodity programs only last April after a 6.5-inch rainstorm. For and rural associations for the development of briefly to make this point: The food and merly such a storm would have delayed recreation, and for other action that encour fiber abundance we enjoy today is the prod ages shifts in land use to more profitable uct of the American family fa.rm system of planting 3 weeks, which would have been agriculture. The family farm is the most too late. The estimated benefit in this single outlets. responsive and productive system of pro instance was $250,000. The cropland conversion program, which ducing food abundance the world has ever In Kentucky, the Mud River watershed provides for recreation development, wild seen. Yet we need commodity programs to project near Russellville is providing water life habitat, grazing, forests, or water storage protect and stabilize family farm income supply, recreation, and flood prevention. on land now producing row crops or hay, has while agriculture adjusts to the production Benefits to date include three new industries been successfully demonstrated in 141 pilot revolution now underway. Otherwise we and expansion of a fourth and a new water counties across the country. might destroy the very system which has supply for the city of Lewisburg. Recreation Earlier this year I authorized planning as made possible the abundance we are today assets include: a new boatshop; 15,000 man sistance in the first 10 resource conserva challenged to put to constructive use. hours of fishing and several hundred thou tion and development projects in which, as Commodity programs are, of course, re sand visitors annually to a 900-acre lake; you know, small watersheds play a key role. lated to the goals of the small watershed sale of more than 200 lakeside building lots; I also have authorized planning assistance program. A knowledgeable farmer will par construction of 50 cabins, a $45,000 sports in five rural renewal projects, including one ticipate in the development of a watershed men's lodge, 30 miles of public roads, a here in Arkansas. These projects are de program to enhance income prospects from $154,000 bridge, and electric and telephone signed to assist local units of government in his crops. But those with an adequate farm lines. rural areas where substantial poverty and income, protected by commodity programs, These are not handpicked, isolated cases. limited opportunity exists to raise income wm be more likely to participate in develop Similar or other benefits could be cited for levels by more intensive development of ing wildlife habitat and other important every project far enough along to be effec underused resources. nonagricultural benefits which can be pro tive. And they will result from every project These programs will provide some of the vided through the small watershed program. to be carried out in the future. tools which can be used to fashion broader But, as the makeup of this organization The plain truth, however, is that we must development and use of our natural re shows, the small watershed program em do more in the next 10 years than we have sources. This ls, as each of us knows, a braces a range of interests far wider than in the past decade. Today, 100 watershed task of growing urgency. agriculture. You represent a community of projects have been completed, but there are The pressure on our water resources is interests--farm, conservation of soil, water 2,100 for which applications have been made. building at a fast rate • • • and it will con and wildlife, forestry, industry, recreation, Nonetheless, we can all be pleased that tinue to build even faster in the future. By urban and city-all of which depend upon since 1961 progress has been accelerated not the year 2000, outdoor recreation demands the resources of the watershed. only in the number of projects authorized for are expected to increase by 228 percent. In You represent the community which is one planning and approved for construction dustrial needs expand almost daily, anti of the essential dimensions of any realistic which have climbed from 264 to 556--but municipal needs will grow as our population agricultural policy-and thus the small also by broadening the scope of the whole and income climbs. watershed program is an essential element program to become a major conservation This pressure can be met in two ways: One in the food and agricultural policy of the instrument. is through Government programs to preserve 1960's. Prior to the Food and Agriculture Act of on public lands a reasonable balance in the It is, in fact, one of the key programs to 1962, the Federal Government could share the competition for water and land and other a better life for all Americans, from those cost of such activities as flood prevention, resources. This 1s what we do in multiple 10862 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE May 13 use management in the national forests. The descent to assemble in these annual trib HOW IT WORKS other way is through the actions of private utes to Poland's Constitution in Hum Due to such difficulties resort has been citizens acting together locally to preserve, boldt Park. It is indeed gratifying to made to a murky mass of tacit understand conserve, and use these resources. know that now as President, Mr. John ings in order to conclude arl'langements on The small watershed program is a tool subjects supposedly of common interest to designed for the use of private citizens and son continues to show his deep and sin Washington and Moscow, such as arms con local government. It provides a means by cere understanding for the Polish people. trol. Except for show window exercises at which the financial and technical resources Mr. Speaker, I should like today to in the United Nations and the 18-Natlon of the Nation can be made available to the clude in the RECORD President Johnson's Geneva Disarmament Conference, traditional local community and to the individual citi personal message to the people of forms of open diplomatic negotiations to zen. It provides for local control and for Chicago. ward public pacts subject to constitutional local direction. It allows local problems to ratification procedures essentially have been be met by those who are best able to under The President's message, which was received with a tremendous ovation, put on ice. In their place have been substi stand and to solve them. But because it is tuted what amounts to secret negotiations local and decentralized, it is up to you to follows: between the heads of the American state make it go. It is up to you to make it work THE WmTE HousE, Washington, D.0., May 2, 1964. and the Soviet state by means of letters so our natural resource problems can be which, from time to time, are evidenced cir Hon. JOHN A. GRONOUSKI, solved before they become so burdensome cumstantially by strangely contemporaneous, that massive Central Govermnent action be Postmaster General, Sherman Hotel, Chicago: but seemingly independent, announcements comes necessary. of actions or intentions by the two. This, then, is the direction and purpose of Since our earliest history, when freedom loving Poles helped us win our independence, Already referred to in Washington disar small watershed programs in the decade mament circles as "interlocking unilateral ahead. There is time now to consider how there has existed between the American and the Polish people a bond that neither time arms control," the currently employed tech we can best go about developing our heritage nique ls little more than a 20th century of natural resources so that we can say to nor trial has been able to erase. Today we are strengthening that bond with the Polish adaptation of the one employed in past our children: "Here, we nearly lost them for times by absolute monarchs in their sur you. But we learned in time. Guard them people at every opportunity. When Postmaster General Gronouskl goes reptitious dealings with each other. Simi well, use them well, and they will serve you larly, the matter of monitoring the adher well." to Poland next month, he will be more than my representative. He will be a symbol of ence to the tacit agreements in this manner But this will not happen automatically. concluded appears mostly to depend on the On the contrary, great effort and large in my personal determination to bring the peo ple of our two great nations even closer to quality of one's intelligence network. vestment will be necessary. Competition for How is all this working out for the United the tax dollar is more intense than ever be gether. May we rededicate ourselves to this fore. Programs are being cut back, a general effort on the anniversary of the Polish Con States today? reevaluation and reassessment is underway, stitution of 1791. SIMULTANEOUS CUTBACK IN FISSIONABLE the role of Federal contributions in all areas LYNDON B. JOHNSON. MATERIALS PRODUCl'ION is being carefully reviewed. The case history of April 20's simulta You and I know that the small watershed neous announcements by President Johnson program qualifies as a top priority program and Premier Khrushchev of cutbacks in pro under the most rigid set of standards that Interlocking Unilateral Arms Control duction of fissionable materials for nuclear can be applied. President Johnson, long a weapons provides a clue. supporter of soil and water conservation and The Khrushchev announcement bore a 1 watershed development, knows this. EXTENSION OF REMARKS p.m. eastern standard time release hour. But for us to know this is not enough. OF The Johnson speech to Associated Press edi Others must be maur population What kind of time are we in now? In my off these spooks here and now. is growing. Oklahoma has had to build judgment 1964 is an in-between time-a While most of the free nations of the roads and schools and sewerlines and all time neither for resting nor heading out world have SocialistS in their parliaments, the rest--because Oklahoma's population is in hot pursuit of new and glittering goals. there are none in our Congress, and I know growing Your Governors and your legis It is a time of decisionmaking. On those of no one in a responsible position in our latures have not just maliciously wanted to 10868 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-.. SENATE May 13._ increase sp ,ending, ~ - add . employees and in Sweden, West Germany, Australia--countries relations in this country. We are not going crease the State indebtedness. They have such as these-are least likely to adopt com back to the comfortable old patterns of the done.so be~a,use your State was growing, and munism, even though they have substantial forties or the thirties, or the 1890's. The time your citizens required those services. The amounts of what BARRY GOLDWATER calls when the Negro "knew his place" and stayed same is true· of the Federal Government. "socialism." In fact, they have many state in it 1s forever gone. We can either handle These facts tell a far different story from owned industries, and they have all sorts of this revolution honorably and peacefully the one you will hear this fall: programs such as government medical care and start about to make the necessary ad On. a per capita basis the Federal debt is and social security. Secondly, which coun justments or we can let it fester until it steadily declining. In 1946 it amounted to tries are most likely to go Communist? erupts into the kind of tragedy they have $1,900 per person in this country. It is down Why, it is the countries where dictators and had in South Africa. The Democratic Party now to $1,600. oligarchies prevail, where any welfare pro has taken the lead in sponsoring legisla In relation to the size of our economy-in gram would be denounced as communism, tion in the current Congress to correct some other words, our capacity to carry debt--the where the rules are in complete agreement of these longstanding wrongs. Fortunately Federal debt has dropped even more. It with the philosophy of the John Birch many good, sound responsible Republicans was 128 percent of our total national income Society. have joined in this effort. But vocal among for a year. It is down now to 56 percent. Is it true, then, that sound, democratically the objectors are men like Senator GOLD Our Federal employment, per capita, is voted legislation leads to socialism, which WATER and Senator TOWER, of Texas, who sees down. In 1946 it was 19 Federal employees leads invariably to communism? It is not, this legislation as a threat to private prop for every thousand population. That figure and those who use such spurious reasoning erty as though the right of property were has dropped to 13, and of those 5 work for do harm to our national discourse. the one basic right from which all others, the Defense Department, 3 in the Post Office, All right, I have mentioned some of the including human rights, stemmed. Accord and 1 in the Veterans' Administration. The things I do not regard as issues in the forth ing to this line of reasoning, the State would other 4 of the 13--650,000 of them-are less coming campaign. What are the two great have no right to restrict the operations of a than people employed by General Motors. domestic issues on which this generation wm bawdy house or gambling casino so long as In the decade from 1952 to 1962 we added be judged in the 1964 campaign and in the they were conducted on private property. a population the size of Mexico without hir years ahead? Right today, a man who owns a motel and ing any new Federal employees to take care First, we will be judged in my opinion on restaurant in Oklahoma on his own property of their needs. how we handle the civil rights revolution. I is not totally free from Government inter In the 8 years President Eisenhower was in use that word intentionally, because I believe ference. The State and the Federal Govern office he neither recommended nor signed we are indeed witnessing a real, honest-to ment, through existing laws, fix minimum any legislation to cancel out social security, goodness revolution in our country. The wages he can pay, maximum hours he can the Federal Housing Administration, aid to Negroes, both in the South and North, have work women employees, minimum wages at the aged and blind, Federal deposit insur been downtrodden too long, and they are which he may employ children; existing laws ance or any other democratic programs demanding reforms. I believe those reforms permit the local government to inspect his which orators of his party-and he too--so will be forthcoming, partly through legisla elevators and require certain safety prac often characterize as socialistic. Thus I tion, partly through changes in social atti tices, limit the size of advertising signs, force submit that socialism and the welfare state tudes prompted by necessity, and we will pass this difficult hurdle. him to comply with all the requirements of are not issues in the forthcoming campaign. technical building codes, determine the tem Furthermore, I reject as false the slogans The second issue I would cite is the chal perature for his dishwater and the kind of which claim that our freedoms are being lenge of employment resulting from our an soap he must use, require him to obtain taken away. All our basic freedoms are in nual population gain of 3 million and our annual job loss to automation of 1 million. workmen's compensation and unemploy tact, and with passage of the civil rights ment insurance coverage, deduct social se bill they will be even more intact. We can First let me say something about civil rights. There are people in our midst, in curity contributions, and match them him worship where we please. We can say what self. There are many other present restric we please about our elected leaders--and a cluding one presidential candidate, who would like to sweep this issue under the rug. tions on the operation of a private business lot of us do. We can publish newspapers on private property, and I might add that 1f and books and tracts and even hate sheets. Senator GOLDWATER, in his book "The Con science of a Conservative," makes a strong your proposed right-to-work law passes, the We can vote. We can meet and plan how employee in addition wm be forbidden we are going to infiltrate the PTA. We can case for the natural rights of employers to to operate their plants when struck, and for have a union shop even though he might all exercise-and sometimes do--that great want one. constitutional right to make a fool of our States to enact right-to-work laws, but he selves. We can do anything that a free peo says "civil rights" is simply "a name for de To all these present "interference with ple can do. I say no nation ever had more scribing an activity that someone deems po private property," we would simply add one freedoms than we now enjoy. litically or socially desirable." He makes more. The hotel-restaurant owner serving I reject, tOo, the false and simplistic ex clear he has little sympathy for legislation to interstate passengers may, if he chooses, re planation that social legislation leads to protect the rights of American citizens, what fuse service to all citizens who won't pay his socialism, which is one step away from com ever their color, to attend nonsegregated room price, to all who are drunk or dtSorder munism, and so forth. This is nonsense. schools, to receive equality of economic op ly. But under the public accommodations Look at the countries of the world today. portunity, or to be accorded normal courtesy section he cannot · refuse a Negro, Jew, or Accoi::ding to the fanatics of the far right we and respect in everyday commerce. Mexican-American for reasons of race or have a kind of sliding scale, mysteriously What are the facts, and why is this a mat religion. It is a sad fact that many business tilted somewhat to the left. At the far left ter of such urgency today? Here is why: men will now cheerfully serve any gambler, we have the· Communists like Khrushchev. In the State of Mississippi there are 900,000 ex-convict or drunk so long as he is white, Then we have the Socialists, like Norman Negroes comprising 42 percent of the State's while refusing to serve a college president 1f Thomas or Charles de Gaulle. You know, population, yet they have less than 5 per he happens to be a Negro. they have a real planned socialist economy cent of the registered voters. The white Civil rights will be an issue in many con in France now. The Government is even in population, with 58 percent of the residents, gressional races, I suspect, and just possibly the .automobile business. Then we have, has over 95 percent of the registered voters. on the presidential level, depending on I gather, Democrats like HUllERT HUMPHREY The Negroes in Mississippi do not fail to vote whom the Republicans nominate. It wm be or, getting closer to the center of the scale, because of lack of interest. They are dis argued that the Civil Rights Act-and I ex HARRY BYRD. On the right side we have Re couraged, intimidated, and prevented from pect it wm be an act by campaign time-is publican.S like Senator JAVITS or, moving out registering by every conceivable kind of pres so drastic that it wm wreck the Constitution. a bit, BARRY GOLDWATER. Then we have vari sure. This year, to add insult to injury, the Those who may hear these charges should ous gradations of conservatism like the Mississippi Legislature has appropriated hun go to New York or California or any of the Christian Anti-Communist Crusade and the dreds of thousands of dollars from tax funds cities with public accommodations and Arizona Mothers for Earl Warren's Impeach to which Negroes contribute in order to FEPC laws already on the statute books, and ment, and finally we get out here on the very spread false and malicious propaganda all they wm find that these laws have had none end of the scale with the John Birch Soci over the country. of the dire consequences predicted by the ety and outright fascists. Unemployment in this country is high, but apostles of fear. In fact, 70 percent of the According to advocates of this simplified more than two out of every thr.ee unemployed American people live under such laws today, grading system the way to head off commu workers are Negroes. and they're still free and their institutions nism is to cluster out here at the far right In many States a Negro of the best char are unharmed. so you will have the longest possible way to acter and best education is unable to obtain I happen to be one who thinks that neither slide before you slither down here to com services provided unquestioningly to white all the hopes of the proponents nor the fears munism. Now I ask you to test this great persons of the lowest moral character and of the opponents are justified in regard to theory against two questions: First, which least education. · this legislation. I think we can and must of all the world's countries are least likely to Such conditions are intolerable in a de pass the civil rights bill-and then imple adopt communism? I think you will find mocracy. One thing is very clear. There are ment it through wise and prudent admin that our friends Great Britain, France, going to be changes in our pattern of race istration-but I think both the opponents 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 10869 and proponents are going to be disappointed. We propose to give the free enterprise sys rich and give to the poor-and ultimately New York and California both have stronger tem an assist in the same manner as an 111 lead us to the levellng of income character laws than we are going to enact; yet in those person might be given a blood transfusion. istic of sociallsm. And what happened? The States there are still many problems, many You know, there comes a time in certain top 5 percent of our population today re examples of circumventing the law. And, lllnesses when the patient can't regain his ceives 20 percent of our income, while the from the standpoint of the opponents, there strength without a boost of some kind. bottom 20 percent gets only 5 percent. The are still quite a few white men whose sisters Oftentimes one or two blood transfusions number of millionaires in this country in haven't yet married Negroes, there are still will do the trick, and from then on he's on creased more than threefold in the last 10 quite a few school districts with de facto his own, his own body processes picking up years alone. The top 9 percent of our segregation and many country clubs and momentum until he's a healthy, normal population now owns 46 percent of our as athletic clubs who have yet to admit their person again. The same can be true of a sets. If this ls socialism, I'm afraid Norman first Negro, and there are still a few Negroes nation's economy. We propose just such Thomas ls a capitalist. around who haven't done white men out of measures to help this languid giant, the Against this picture of great accumulation their jobs. free enterprise system, regain his health and of wealth must be placed the picture of 10 These laws in New York, California and vltallty. mllllon famllles subsisting on a median in elsewhere were just a beginning down a long Democrats are often attacked as "antl come of $1,800 a year. This ls inexcusable in road. The civll rights bill being debated in buslness" and I think it has been recog a nation of such wealth. BARRY GOLDWATER Congress ls also just a beginning toward a nized that the greatest drag on our econ may say that the answer ls for these 10 mil more free and open society. omy in recent years has been the outdated lion Americans to get off their behinds and The Democratic Party has among its mem income tax rates. Yet, this antlbuslness assert themselves or perhaps inherit some bers many southerners who oppose this leg party in just the last 24 months bas pro thing but this kind of reasoning ls reminis islation; I don't mean to ignore that fact. vided the business firms of this country with cent of that other great Republican sage, Our party ls the only national party, it ls a total of $6.5 bllllon in annual tax reduc Warren G. Harding, who, in a depression of the majority party, and historically it has tions. Let me emphasize this point: If the the 1920's uttered those comforting and im been a balky and brawllng organization with 7 percent investment credit in the 1962 tax mortal words: "When the great masses of out much discipline. Democrats draft the blll had not been passed, if the new llberal people are unable to find work, we have un clvll rights blll; other Democrats lead the depreciation guidellnes announced by Presi employment." These people are not poor be fight against it. It was Oklahoma's favorite dent Kennedy were not now in effect, 1f the cause they are lazy. They're poor because son, Will Rogers, who perhaps put it in per 1964 tax cut had not been passed, business our complex society has failed to provide spective when he said: "I belong to no or firms in this year 1964 would be paying $6.5 them the education, the job training, the ganized polltlcal party. I am a Democrat." b1111on more in j;axes than they actually wlll environment, and the job opportunities But the majority of Democrats in the Con pay. The "probusiness" party fought these needed to make them productive units in our gress saw in 1963 civil rights was a problem changes and 1f they had had their way we economic system. that could fester and explode into open con would have this year $6Y:z blllion less going The poverty program ls not a program to filct. Real social forces were at work, and into new plants, new businesses, higher reduce poverty by spreading the wealth of the time for action was clearly indicated. profits, and new jobs. others; it ls not a program to increase hand Twice in the last decade the Democratic ma In just 3 years of the Kennedy-Johnson outs in order to decrease distress. It ls_not jority in Congress took the lead in enacting administrations the gross national product primarily a program to help the poor, but first-step legislation in the field of civil has risen from $500 billlon to more than $600 primarily a program to let the poor help rights, but it wasn't untll last year that the bllllon. Personal income has increased 17 themselves. country had come to recognize the need for percent, or more than $70 billion. We have The Democratic Party intends to wage more thorough reforms. When that time had an almost unprecedented period of price that war on poverty and it intends to meet came, President Kennedy and the Democratic stability, and corporate profits after taxes the challenge of employment. You may be leadership in Congress went into action, and represented an alltime peak of $27.4 billion, sure these economic issues will be a part of the civil rights bill is the result. When a 43 percent increase over the rate of early the forthcoming campaign. the civil rights bill passes, and Negroes at 1961. Thus far I have been talking about do last have real support for their efforts to But these are accompllshments, not new mestic issues. Now I want to turn to for register and vote, you wm hear the voice of proposals. We are midstream in the pro eign affairs. In my judgment historians will the South in new and more modulated tones, gram to create more jobs for Americans. appraise the leaders of this era by the way and it will be more the voice of reason and What other measures are needed? they handled two international problems: of justice. We propose a program of manpower re The first of these ls the maintenance of The second issue I mentioned was the training. One of the serious problems we peace with freedom, minute by minute, hour challenge of employment. Let me drama face ls the worker whose job classification by hour, day by day, in a world capable of tize the statistics in this fashion. Suppose has ceased to exist. What ls he to do? We destroying itself in the next 30 minutes. We that I were invited back to speak to you on propose a program supported by the Federal might well reflect for a moment that this this same day next year. Two important Government to help him gain new skills. year marks the 50th anniversary of World changes would have occurred: We propose programs to improve the War I and the 25th anniversary of World A mlllion Americans who went to their quality and extent of education, particularly War II. If the pattern were to continue, we jobs today would be out of those jobs be in the slums and depressed areas, in order to would have a world war this year. cause machines took their places. advance the opportunities of young people The second problem ls our response to the Our labor force-the total number of to rise above the limitations of unfavorable dynamism of four simultaneous world revo workers working or looking for work environments. lutions. These include the political revolu would have grown by at least lY:z milllon. We propose a Job Corps for young people, tion now in progress as the era of empire There you have our employment problem to give them the opportunity to learn useful bows to the era of independence. When the in capsule form, and I'm sure you agree it skllls and get a taste of the satisfaction that U.N. was formed, it had 51 nations. Today poses some serious problems for our econ goes with productive activity, either in the there are 113 members. Also the economic omy. ··we have right now over 5 percent of out of doors or in urban training centers. revolution in which 2 b1111on underprivi our labor force unemployed. We need 2.5 Finally, we propose an all-out attack on leged people-earning less than $100 a year, milllon new jobs every year just to stand poverty in this land of wealth and a1Huence. while we sit in an island of wealth with 25 stlll, to say nothing of providing jobs for We have the richest nation on earth, and times that amount-are seeking the benefits the 4 million Americans now out of work. yet we tolerate poverty and unemployment of modern, industrialized society. And the Failure to act, in my judgment, would be far in excess of most other Western nations. popUlatlon revolution, a fearsome phenom criminal, and yet you hear many members Indeed, some of the free natlons of the enon which threatens to engulf us all as of the other party saying that if we de world have no unemployment and no the world's population doubles, and then nounce Government interference with free poverty. doubles again faster and faster. And finally, enterprise loudly enough, the problem wlll Will the war on poverty be an issue in the the scientific revolution, with atomic energy, take care of itself. We must maintain an coming campaign? You can be sure it wlll. the jet airplane, automation, all combining open, incentive economic system but pure The Republican leadership in Congress has to release the genie from the bottle, making free enterprise went out when we passed the already made clear it intends to oppose the the world much smaller, more volatile, and first antitrust law. antipoverty program. Why? It's the same more dangerous. Our Government ls an instrument that reason they always give. It wlll take from The Republicans' recipe for handling these belongs to all of us, and we can use it, if the rich and give to the poor. It's socialism. problems, as indicated in their recent we will, to spur our economy, help create It's a devious plan to redistribute the Na speeches, is very simple and pat. All we jobs, and make our incentive enterprise sys tion's wealth. have to do ls "get tough." That's it. Tell tem better. These problems aren't going to Surely, we have heard this tune enough to the rest of the world to stop this nonsense be solved by lectures on thrift or the evils recognize how fl.at it ls. We have been hear right now. Panama wants a new treaty for of socialism. ing it for years. Now let's look at the facts: the canal? We'll go to war with them, a na What do the Democrats propose to do They told us the various New Deal pro tion of one and a half million people. Cuba about this challenge? grams of social welfare would take from the shuts off our water? Send in the Marines. 10870 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE May 13 This is the pattern-bluff and blunder. I one of them might get nominated next July. This is like a story Alben Barkley told can't imagine any course of action more in But I would remind you that for the past 25 about a schoolteacher who applied for a appropriate or more likely to lead to almost years this Nation has had a largely bi job in the backwoods of Kentucky. He was unthinkable disaster. partisan foreign policy. Men like Dwight asked whether he thought the world was The foreign policy of the Democratic Party Eisenhower, Arthur Vandenberg, Christian. round or fiat. "You tell me," he said. "I is based on two or three hard realities. Let's Herter, and Walter Judd have played an can teach it either way." see what they are. important part in determining this Nation's What I have been trying to say this The first is this. If we are not careful, broad policies toward the rest of the world. evening is that the Democratic Party is a nuclear war can occur. We tend to put this I think responsible Republicans will con party of programs, the Republican Party a out of our minds but it is a real and very tinue to do so. Surely we are all in the party of slogans. The next time a Republican genuine danger. debt of Everett Dirksen for the constructive orator tells you that he has the ready answer It must be avoided while, at the same part he played in the nuclear test ban treaty by which we can liberate the satellites be time, we keep our freedom and our honor. last fall, and in the financing of the United fore next Christmas, end foreign aid, achieve While Khrushchev and our American leaders Nations the previous year. I believe the total victory over communism, repeal the have shown an awareness of the danger of United States should speak with one voice income tax, reduce Federal spending, provide nuclear war, can anyone guarantee that every in its international negotiations, and I be more bom'bers to replace these unreUaible national leader with the power to use n11:lear lieve this should be true, no matter which missiles, and balance the budget at the weapons will hereafter be a person of re party controls the White House. same time--why not ask him just what straint and judgment? Here, let me pose a But aren't we losing the cold war? How specific programs he has in mind for those question. Science has always outrun the art many times have you heard that question who are out of work and for keeping com of government. Suppose that science had asked, and then answered, in ringing tones, munism out of Latin America. We can't been 10 years ahead of the progress it had "Yes." The Russians are devious and s!mply wring our hands or damn the Fed in this century and that Hitler had had nu clever. We are stupid. Their policies al eral Government. Some kind of action is clear weapons and long-range missiles. Can ways succeed. We always blunder and fail. required. There is work to be done. Words any r·easonable person doubt that this mad Well, my friends, I tell you flatly that this won't do it. man as the Allies closed in on Berlin in charge is false. It's just as false as if I were I think the Democratic Party will win this 1945' would have refrained from using these to tell you that we have lost the fight to year, electing President Johnson-a reason weaP<>ns? And, as nuclear science becomes polio. A few years ago we had a real prob able man, a moderate and progressive man available to more and more nations, can lem with polio in this country, and we had to his first full term, and electing large ma anyone guarantee that there will never again real problems with the Communists around jorities in the House and Senate. It will be a national leader as unstable as Hitler? the world. We met the problem of polio do so, not because of personalities, but be Second, communism is no longer a mono with the Salk and Sabin vaccines. We cause the Democratic Party has construc lithic, centrally directed movement. It has have met the problem of communism with tive programs to solve the many problems we begun to break up, and in its place we see alliances like NATO, CENTO, and SEATO, face as a nation. It has always been the once again that old "ism," nationalism, with foreign aid, with military assistance, party of people, the party of action, and the emerging as the most significant force in with the building of a defense establishment party of progress. second to none. Both polio and commu But perhaps you think I'm biased. Perhaps foreign affairs. nism are still there, we still have to work you have the impression I am partisan in my At the end of World War II the world was at keeping them down, but the big battle views. In that case I want to call your at left with but two great powers--the United has passed. tention to a survey made last year of the States and the Soviet Union. For the next Late last year, the magazine, U.S. News judgment of 75 leading historians on the 18 years we saw a great power struggle, & World Report, which is not widely achievements of American Presidents. Five heightened by the rapid development of nu known as an all-out liberal publication, and Presidents were ranked as "great," six as clear weapons and guided missiles. Other na whose editor, David Lawrence, has been per "near great," about a third as "average," tions, lacking these weapons and fearing haps the most vocal critic of Presidents half a dozen as "below average," and two as the consequences of this power struggle, Kennedy and Johnson, carried a factual failures. scurried to find shelter in one camp or an article entitled "Is Russia Losing the Cold Of the 5 great Presidents, three were other. I think we are nearing the end of War?" This was the magazine's opening Democrats--Thomas Jefferson, Woodrow Wil this period, and evidence of this is to be statement. son and Franklin D. Roosevelt. One was a found everywher~n our side and theirs. "Everything points to it: After 46 years Republican-Abraham Lincoln. One was a No longer are our allies jumping when we of communism, Russia is shown up as a land say jump. To our consternation they sell Federalist--George Washington. of failure. A food shortage, forcing Rus Of the six near-great Presidents, four were buses to Castro, they recognize Red China, sians to turn to the West for help, is just Democrats-Andrew Jackson, James Polk, and they tell us to get out of southeast Asia. the latest sign. People at home still suffer Grover Cleveland, and Harry Truman. One But look what's happening on the other side. repression and want. The arms race is go was a Republican-Theodore Roosevelt. One Red China, instead of blindly following ing badly, the space race, too. Russia, Kremlin policy, has called for Khrushchev's was a Federalist-John Adams. clearly, has lost the cold war." In all the history of the United States ouster and armed the Russian-Chinese bor Those eternal pessimists who continue to der. Yugoslavia has gone independent and only two Republicans ranked above average. tell us that communism is on the march The two Presidents judged as "failures" were turned 85 percent of its trade to the West. haven't been watching the front lately. It Albania has allied itself with China and both Republicans--Grant and Harding. is true that from the end of World War II There is an evaluation by a group which ordered Russian troops and naval vessels to 1956, when Khrushchev came to power, from its borders. Rumania, Hungary, and can hardly be labeled as apologists for the communism did have a great growth. Ten Democratic Party-75 of this Nation's lead Poland are becoming more and more Western nations and 800 million people went behind in their economic and political policies. ing historians. And they say that among the the Iron Curtain. Since then the Commu "great" and "near great" Presidents in our What we see today is a world of increas nists can claim only Cuba-and perhaps ing diversity-a world a little less danger history, the Democratic Party outranks the Zanzibar-neither of these losses was due Republican 7 to 2. ous, but with many more problems. Demo to brilliant Communist strategy. And even crats believe in facing facts, pleasant or un these countries are showing signs of inde It's interesting to note that of the Presi pleasant. And I think all Americans would pendence and nationalism. dents we have had in the past 50 years- be wise to look at the world as it is--rather Sometimes you just can't please. You are· not including Presidents Kennedy or John than as we might want it to be--and face damned if you do and damned if you don't. son-these historians rank the three Demo up to these blunt realities: In the past three presidential elections the crats as "great" or "near great," and the four The American people through their Presi Democrats have been attacked as the party Republicans as "average," "below average" or dent and Congress can determine what will of war because we were in office during "failures." and will not happen in our 50 States. The World War I, World War II, and the Korean Now, in the light of this appraisal, I ask American people, like it or not, can no longer war. No mention was made of the fact you students, "Which party has proven itself decide what will or will not happen in every that on those occasions the Republicans as the party of programs?" The answer is other part of the world. Through wise poli voted to a man to go to war. Apparently obvious. As you continue your studies and cies and vigorous leadership we can hope to they would want our citizens to believe that influence events outside our borders, but we as you seek opportunities to become a part of the Republicans would not have shot back this great political process, I hope you, too, cannot expect always to control them. when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor or We have people today who imagine that the the Communists crossed the 38th parallel. will add to the creativity, the imagination United States, by brandishing big sticks, can However, this year we're hearing another and the energy of the Democratic Party. order other nations to jump when we say tune. The Democratic Party ls no longer But whichever party you prefer, choose one jump. the party of war. We're being attacked as of them and get involved. It was Plato who Actually, I don't mean to be too hard on the party of peace. Why? Because we said: the Republican Party in this regard. To be haven't yet invaded great military powers "The punishment of wise men who refuse sure, we have some militant stick brand like Panama or Zanzibar-a 'huge and pow to participate in government is to be gov ishers speaking out in that party today, and erful nation almost as big as Tulsa. erned by unwise men."