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Estudio De Elementos Traza En Ecosistemas Acuáticos De La Península Antártica

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Estudio De Elementos Traza En Ecosistemas Acuáticos De La Península Antártica Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Ambientales con mención en Sistemas Acuáticos Continentales ESTUDIO DE ELEMENTOS TRAZA EN ECOSISTEMAS ACUÁTICOS DE LA PENÍNSULA ANTÁRTICA Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias Ambientales con mención en Sistemas Acuáticos Continentales Winfred Eliezer Espejo Contreras CONCEPCIÓN-CHILE 2018 II Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Ambientales con mención en Sistemas Acuáticas Continentales ESTUDIO DE ELEMENTOS TRAZA EN ECOSISTEMAS ACUÁTICOS DE LA PENÍNSULA ANTÁRTICA Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias Ambientales con mención en Sistemas Acuáticos Continentales Winfred Eliezer Espejo Contreras Profesor Guía: Dr. Ricardo Barra Ríos. Dpto. de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales Universidad de Concepción CONCEPCIÓN-CHILE 2018 III Comision Evaluadora Dr. Ricardo Barra Ríos (Director) Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Concepción. Dr. José Celis Hidalgo Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción. Dr. Marco Sandoval Estrada Departamento de Suelos y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad de Concepción. Dr. Gustavo Chiang Rojas Melimoyu Ecosystem Research Intitute (MERI) IV 規律は、最終的に知能を期限切れ V FINANCIAMIENTOS Este proyecto fue financiado por: 1. Instituto Antártico Chileno, a través de los proyectos INACH RG09-14 (J. Celis) e INACH T31-11 (G. Chiang). 2. Beca de Doctorado Nacional, Apoyo de Tesis Doctoral N° 21140103 (años 2016-2017) y FONDAP CRHIAM 15130015 otorgados por CONICYT. 3. Fundacion MERI 4. Proyecto VRID 216.153.025-1.0 de la Universidad de Concepción (M. Sandoval). VI Tabla de Contenido FIGURAS................................................................................................................VII TABLAS....................................................................................................................X RESUMEN............................................................................................................XIV Capítulo I: INTRODUCCIÓN...................................................................................1 HIPÓTESIS ……………………...............................................................................15 OBETIVO GENERAL..............................................................................................16 OBETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS...................................................................................16 ESTRUCTURA ORGANIZATIVA DE LA PRESENTE TESIS………………………17 Capítulo II: A GLOBAL OVERVIEW ON EXPOSURE LEVELS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN PENGUINS.............................................................................................................28 Capítulo III: TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN BIOTIC MATRICES OF GENTOO PENGUINS (PYGOSCELIS PAPUA) AND COASTAL SOILS FROM DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA...........................116 Capítulo IV: THE IMPACT OF PENGUINS ON THE CONTENT OF TRACE ELEMENTS AND NUTRIENTS IN COASTAL SOILS OF NORTH WESTERN CHILE AND THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA AREA.............................................141 Capítulo V: TROPHIC TRANSFER OF CADMIUM IN AQUATIC FOOD WEBS FROM THE WESTERN PATAGONIA AND THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA AREA………………………………………………………………………………........173 Capítulo VI BIOMAGNIFICATION OF TANTALUM THROUGH DIVERSE AQUATIC FOOD WEBS.......................................................................................189 Capítulo VII: DISCUSIÓN GENERAL...................................................................219 CONCLUSIONES FINALES.................................................................................229 REFERENCIAS....................................................................................................230 VII FIGURAS Capítulo I: INTRODUCCIÓN Figura 1. Mapa conceptual en el cual se basó la estructuración de la presente investigación……………………………………………………………………………...14 Capítulo II: A GLOBAL OVERVIEW ON EXPOSURE LEVELS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN PENGUINS Fig 1 Sources of trace elements in the environment, bioaccumulation, biomagnification and effects on penguins. According to Newman (2015), bioaccumulation is the net accumulation of a contaminant on an organism from all sources including water, air and solid phases (food, soil, sediment, or fine particles suspended in air or water) in the environment. Biomonitoring is the use of organisms to monitor contamination and its possible effects on biota (at individual level, population, or communities) and ecosystems……………………………………………………………………………...111 Fig 2 Relationship between renal concentrations of Cd and Zn in Pygoscelis penguins from the Antarctic Peninsula area (West Antarctica). Data correspond to mean values reported by Jerez et al. (2013a) and Jerez et al. (2013b), during 2007- 2010.………..………………………………………………………………..…...……..112 Fig 3 Bubble chart for mean concentrations of metals in different biological matrices of Pygoscelis papua reported from South Shetland Islands. Mean concentrations of trace elements in different biotic matrix correspond to Pygoscelis papua from South Shetland Islands. Data taken from Barbosa et al. (2013), Brasso et al. (2014), Celis et al. (2015b), Espejo et al. (2014), Jerez et al. (2011), Jerez et al. (2013a, b), Metcheva et al. (2006, 2010, 2011), Santos et al. (2006), Yin et al. (2008)………………………………………………………………………………..…..113 Fig 4 Relationship of Cd between the liver and stomach content for Pygoscelis penguins. Data correspond to mean values reported by Jerez et al. (2013a, b) from South Shetland Islands (West Antarctica) during 2007-2010. …………..…………114 Fig 5 Geographical distribution of trace metals reported in penguins. Each number is associated with the information given in Table 11…………………...…………..115 Capítulo III: TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN BIOTIC MATRICES OF GENTOO PENGUINS (PYGOSCELIS PAPUA) AND COASTAL SOILS FROM DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA Fig. 1. Location of sampling sites along the Antarctic Peninsula…………………136 VIII Capítulo IV: THE IMPACT OF PENGUINS ON THE CONTENT OF TRACE ELEMENTS AND NUTRIENTS IN COASTAL SOILS OF NORTH WESTERN CHILE AND THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA AREA Fig.1. Map of the sampling locations. PAIs = Pan de Azúcar Island (26º09’S, 70º40’W); CHIs = Chañaral Island (29º01’S, 71º34’W); AIs = Ardley Island (62°12′S, 58°57′W); BAr = Base Arctowski (62°09′S, 58°28′W); BOh = Base O´Higgins (63o19′S, Longitude: 57o53′W)……………………………………….........................165 Fig. 2. Principal component analysis based on the physical chemical parameter concentrations in soil. PAIs = Pan de Azúcar Island; CHIs = Chañaral Island; AIs = Ardley Island; BAr = Base Arctowski; BOh = Base O´Higgins. For clarity and readability reasons, the center of the correlation circle has been moved from its origin (X = 0; Y = 0)………………………………………………………...…………………..166 Capítulo V: TROPHIC TRANSFER OF CADMIUM IN AQUATIC FOOD WEBS FROM THE WESTERN PATAGONIA AND THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA AREA Fig 1. Locations of study marine food webs in Chilean Western Patagonia (Sector 1) and Antarctic Peninsula area (Sector 2)…………………………………………186 Fig 2. Regressions of logCd versus trophic level (TL) for (A) a simpler food web (data of macroinvertebrates); (B) data of fishes; (C) a more diverse food web (data of the whole food web) in Western Patagonia (Marchant River Mouth), and Antarctic Peninsula area (Paradise Bay and Cape Shirreff.)………………………………..…188 Capítulo VI: BIOMAGNIFICATION OF TANTALUM THROUGH DIVERSE AQUATIC FOOD WEBS Figure 1. Map of the locations of the marine coastal food webs sampled in 2015 in northwestern Chile, Chilean Patagonia and Antarctica…………………………….201 Figure 2. Regressions of log Ta versus trophic level (TL) for fishes and macroinvertebrates collected from coastal, marine food webs in northwestern Chile (Pan de Azucar), Chilean Patagonia (Marchant River Mouth and La Leona Island), and Antarctica (Fildes Bay). dw: dry weight ………………………………………….202 Figure S1. Relationships between stable isotopes of δ15Nadj and δ13CLip (‰) from different food webs studied……………………………………………………...…….217 Figure S2. Regressions of logTa versus δ15Nadj for fishes and macroinvertebrates collected from coastal, marine food webs in northwestern Chile (Pan de Azucar), IX Chilean Patagonia (Marchant River Mouth and La Leona Island), and Antarctica (Fildes Bay)……………………………………………………………………………218 Capitulo VII DISCUSIÓN GENERAL Figura 1. Mapa conceptual de los resultados y conclusiones de la presente investigación sobre la base de la estructura del presente trabajo (Figura1, introducción recuadros en azul)………………………………………………………227 X TABLAS Capítulo II: A GLOBAL OVERVIEW ON EXPOSURE LEVELS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN PENGUINS Table 1 Mean trace metal levels (μg/g, dw) in feathers of different penguin species worldwide…………….…………………………………………………………………...87 Table 2 Mean trace metal levels (μg/g, dw) measured in eggshells of different penguin species. …………………………………………………………………………94 Table 3 Mean trace metal levels (μg/g, dw) in bones of different penguin specie……………………………………………..………………………………………95 Table 4 Mean trace metal levels (μg/g, dw) in kidneys of different penguin species……………..…………………………..…………………………………………97 Table 5 Mean trace metal levels (μg/g, dw) in liver of different penguin species...………………………………………………………………………………...99 Table 6 Mean trace metal levels (μg/g, dw) in muscles of different penguin species………….……………………………………………………………………….100 Table
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