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Opportunities and Challenges for Urban Air Mobility

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Opportunities and Challenges for Urban Air Mobility Opportunities and Challenges for Urban Air Mobility Professor R. John Hansman Director, MIT International Center for Air Transportation [email protected] MIT ICAT Urban Air Mobility • On Demand Air Mobility motivated by growing surface congestion, success of TNCs and perceived technology transfer from electric vehicles, UAVs and automation MIT ICAT Urban Air Mobility • UAM Markets – Intra-Urban – Inter-Urban Inter-Urban Intra-Urban MIT ICAT UAM Vehicles vs. MIT ICAT UAM Vehicles vs. MIT ICAT UAM Aircraft Development Over 2001 announced vehicle concepts (of varying credibility) Example Flying Full-Scale Prototypes Other Advanced Developments Airbus A^3 Vahana Opener Blackfly Vertical Aerospace Seraph Karem Bell Volocopter 2x Astro Aerospace Elroy Rolls-Royce eHang 216 Pipistrel Embraer Jaunt Air Mobility Kitty Hawk Heaviside Beta Technologies Ava XC Many Additional Vehicle Concepts Joby Aviation S4 Workhorse Surefly Airbus CityAirbus Kitty Hawk Cora LIFT Boeing PAV Lilium Lilium Jet HEXA 1. The Vertical Flight Society, The Electric VTOL News World eVTOL Directory. October 2019 MIT Case Study Approach to Identify UAM ICAT Operational Constraints (LAX, BOS, DFW) 1. Identified Promising Markets 3. Applied Notional ConOps* to Each Mission US Census Bureau OnTheMap • Current helicopter charter services • US census and commuting data *ConOps assessed conventional technologies as well as electric propulsion and pilot automation • Housing market data www.trulia.com Nelson & Rae 4. Identified Operational Challenges in Missions O – Malibu origin 2. Defined Reference Missions X – Century City destination n water route n direct route n increased speed route O – Malibu origin X – Century City destination Figure 1. Malibu to Century City flight profile development. © 2016 Google Data LDEO-Columbia, NSF, NOAA SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO Image Landsat/Copernicus MIT UAM Operational Constraints ICAT Identified from City Case Studies Constraints 1 Aircraft Noise and Community Acceptance 2 Availability of Takeoff and Landing Areas (TOLAs) 3 Scalability of Air Traffic Control (ATC) 4 Safety and Certification of Electric Aircraft Operations 5 Logistics of Network Operations 6 Pilot Availability and Advanced Autonomy 7 All-Weather Operation Summary of Case Study Results: • P. D. Vascik and R. J. Hansman, “Constraint Identification in On-Demand Mobility for Aviation through an Exploratory Case Study of Los Angeles,” in 17th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference, 2017. • P. D. Vascik, R. J. Hansman, and N. S. Dunn, “Analysis of Urban Air Mobility Operational Constraints,” Manuscript Submitted for Publication, 2018. MIT UAM Operational Constraints ICAT Identified from City Case Studies Constraints 1 Aircraft Noise and Community Acceptance 2 Availability of Takeoff and Landing Areas (TOLAs) 3 Scalability of Air Traffic Control (ATC) 4 Safety and Certification of Electric Aircraft Operations 5 Logistics of Network Operations 6 Pilot Availability and Advanced Autonomy 7 All-Weather Operation Summary of Case Study Results: • P. D. Vascik and R. J. Hansman, “Constraint Identification in On-Demand Mobility for Aviation through an Exploratory Case Study of Los Angeles,” in 17th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference, 2017. • P. D. Vascik, R. J. Hansman, and N. S. Dunn, “Analysis of Urban Air Mobility Operational Constraints,” Manuscript Submitted for Publication, 2018. MIT Challenge to Site Infrastructure Near Demand ICAT Existing aviation infrastructure in Boston Private Heliport Medical Heliport Airport Herb Chambers WBZ Mass General Logan Tufts Brigham & Womens/ Boston Beth Israel Medical Center Boston Globe MIT UAM Operational Constraints ICAT Identified from City Case Studies Constraints 1 Aircraft Noise and Community Acceptance 2 Availability of Takeoff and Landing Areas (TOLAs) 3 Scalability of Air Traffic Control (ATC) 4 Safety and Certification of Electric Aircraft Operations 5 Logistics of Network Operations 6 Pilot Availability and Advanced Autonomy 7 All-Weather Operation Summary of Case Study Results: • P. D. Vascik and R. J. Hansman, “Constraint Identification in On-Demand Mobility for Aviation through an Exploratory Case Study of Los Angeles,” in 17th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference, 2017. • P. D. Vascik, R. J. Hansman, and N. S. Dunn, “Analysis of Urban Air Mobility Operational Constraints,” Manuscript Submitted for Publication, 2018. MIT Current ATC Procedures Will Not Scale ICAT Controller Workload Constraint São Paulo “helicontrol” Area Boston Logan Controlled Airspace – limited to 6 simultaneous helicopter – additional controller staffed for >3 operations15 operations – designated entry points and routes – designated helicopter routes São Commuter Missions Air Taxi Missions Paulo Control Missions MIT ICAT ATC Surface Controlled Airspace BOS MIT ICAT ATC Surface Controlled Airspace BOS MIT Special Use Airspace ICAT Red Sox Game Example Private Heliport Medical Heliport Airport Herb Chambers WBZ Mass General Logan Tufts Brigham & Womens/ Boston Beth Israel Medical Center Boston Globe MIT ATC Separation Standards ICAT For Terminal Area Operations Aircraft Longitudinal Lateral Separation Req. Vertical Separation Req. Involved Separation Req. IFR to IFR 1000 ft All classes up to 8 NM 3 NM IFR to VFR 500 ft Class: B,C Radar Target up to 8 NM Resolution IFR to 1000 ft N/A Obstruction 3 NM Tower or Pilot Visual “pass well clear” “pass well clear” “see and avoid” Separation “see and avoid” “see and avoid” Class: B,C,D MIT ICAT BOS Runway 4R IFR Separation Zone Private Heliport Medical Heliport Airport Herb Chambers WBZ Mass General Logan Tufts Brigham & Womens/ Boston Beth Israel Medical Center Boston Globe MIT Controlled Airspace Cutout Example ICAT New York SFRA Example New York Airspace Cutout MIT Impact of ATC Scenarios on Magnitude of Constraint ICAT San Francisco MSA Fully Static VFR Cutout & Segregated SUA Access Accessible Population: 48% Accessible Population: 86% Accessible Commuter Residences: 57% Accessible Commuter Residences: 90% Accessible Commuter Workplaces: 24% Accessible Commuter Workplaces: 86% MIT ATC Restriction Analysis of US Major ICAT Metropolitan Statistical Areas PhD Thesis of Parker Vascik MIT ATC Restriction Analysis of US Major ICAT Metropolitan Statistical Areas Population Coverage Workplace Coverage PhD Thesis of Parker Vascik MIT UAM Operational Constraints ICAT Identified from City Case Studies Constraints 1 Aircraft Noise and Community Acceptance 2 Availability of Takeoff and Landing Areas (TOLAs) 3 Scalability of Air Traffic Control (ATC) 4 Safety and Certification of Electric Aircraft Operations 5 Logistics of Network Operations 6 Pilot Availability and Advanced Autonomy 7 All-Weather Operation Summary of Case Study Results: • P. D. Vascik and R. J. Hansman, “Constraint Identification in On-Demand Mobility for Aviation through an Exploratory Case Study of Los Angeles,” in 17th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference, 2017. • P. D. Vascik, R. J. Hansman, and N. S. Dunn, “Analysis of Urban Air Mobility Operational Constraints,” Manuscript Submitted for Publication, 2018. MIT ICAT UAM Aircraft Development Over 2001 announced vehicle concepts (of varying credibility) Example Flying Full-Scale Prototypes Other Advanced Developments Airbus A^3 Vahana Opener Blackfly Vertical Aerospace Seraph Karem Bell Volocopter 2x Astro Aerospace Elroy Rolls-Royce eHang 216 Pipistrel Embraer Jaunt Air Mobility Kitty Hawk Heaviside Beta Technologies Ava XC Many Additional Vehicle Concepts Joby Aviation S4 Workhorse Surefly Airbus CityAirbus Kitty Hawk Cora LIFT Boeing PAV Lilium Lilium Jet HEXA 1. The Vertical Flight Society, The Electric VTOL News World eVTOL Directory. October 2019 MIT ICAT Broad Range of Vehicle Architectures Actuating Hybrid Static Hybrid Rotor Lift Lift Lift Wing Lift Few Propulsors (1-3) google.com pipistrel.si elytronaircraft.com cartercopters.com Helicopter Tilt-lift Static Hybrid Fixed Wing Rotorcraft Many Propulsors (4+) √ aurora.aero volocopter.com jobyaviation.com nasa.gov Multirotor DEP Tilt-lift Stopped Rotor DEP Fixed Wing Multirotor DEP Powered Lift Fixed Wing Multirotor and DEP Powered Lift most widely proposed for UAM applications MIT Certification Challenges for Electric UAM ICAT Configurations Risk Severity= Probability x Consequence High, Medium, Low Hazard Description Multirotor DEP Powered Lift Rotorcraft Fixed Wing Common Mode Power Medium/ Failure High/High High/Medium Medium/Medium Medium (Low-/High-Altitude) Battery Thermal Runaway High High High High Battery Energy Uncertainty High High Medium Medium Fly-By-Wire System Failure High High* Low** Low Bird Strike Medium Medium Medium Medium High-Level Autonomy High High High High Failure The severity of some challenges changes with configurations MIT ICAT Hybrid Electric SSTOL Alternative 30% scale flight demonstrator of a 4 passenger, 2700 lb blown wing aircraft with <100 ft takeoff/landing distance Takeoff Landing Distance < 100 ft Unblown Stall Speed < 60kts Distributed Electric Propulsion Blown Wing for High CL Hybrid Electric Batteries Sized for TO&L Surge Engine Sized for Cruise Uber 2019 Elevate Conf. MIT ICAT MIT Beaverworks Prototype Vehicle designed and built by 16.82 class in SY 2018-2019 MIT ICAT Subscale SSTOL Protoype Flight demonstrator shows that high lift (CL > 10)is achievable in real-world flight environment but that there are control challenges to be addressed. MIT ICAT UAM V1 .
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