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Quaderni Di Scienza & Politica N. 6 ˜ 2017 Quaderni di Scienza & Politica n. 6 ˜ 2017 2 Beatrice Potter On Marx and the Politics of Economic Discourse. Two Unpublished Manuscripts and Other Writings Edited and with an Introduction by Roberta Ferrari Quaderno n°6 3 QUADERNI DI SCIENZA & POLITICA Collana diretta da Pierangelo Schiera Coordinamento redazionale: Roberta Ferrari Comitato Scientifico Nazionale Stefano Visentin (Università di Urbino), Fabio Raimondi (Università di Salerno), Paola Persano (Università di Macerata), Giovanni Ruocco (Uni- versità La Sapienza), Mario Piccinini (Università di Padova), Antonino Scalone (Università di Padova), Tiziano Bonazzi (Università di Bologna), Maurizio Merlo (Università di Padova), Ferdinando Fasce (Università di Genova). Comitato Scientifico Internazionale Daniel Barbu (University of Bucharest), Gerhard Dilcher (Johann Wolf- gang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main), Brett Neilson (University of Western Sidney), Carlos Petit (Universidad de Huelva), Ranabir Sa- maddar (Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group), George L. Stoica (Uni- versity of Bucharest), Michael Stolleis (Johann Wolfgang Goethe- Universität Frankfurt am Main), José M. Portillo Valdés (Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea), Marco Antonio Moreno Pe- rez (Universidad Central de Chile), Judith Revel (Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense), Paolo Napoli (École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales - Paris), Jorge Olvera Garcia (Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico). ISSN della collana: 2465-0277 ISBN: 97888980106609788898010356 Questo volume è stato sottoposto a doppio referaggio cieco come previsto per que- sta collana. Edizione a stampa del volume già pubblicato all’indirizzo: https://scienzaepolitica.unibo.it/pages/view/supplement al quale si prega di fare riferimento. 4 Table of Contents Introduction 7 8 Crisis and Critique of Laissez faire 20 Collectivism vs. Marxism 29 Between production and consumption: economy in Potter’s days 38 Marshall after Marx 49 Marx in London 57 The sociology of economy in Potter's time 62 «The passion for work», or the wage of happiness The second manuscript on the Marxian theory of value 69 Note on the texts 91 Unpublished Writings of Beatrice Potter 93 95 The History of English Economics (1885) The Economic Theory of Karl Marx (1887) 119 133 Other Writings of Beatrice Potter 135 Entries from the type scripted diaries My Apprenticeship (1926) – Appendix D 147 - On the Nature of Economic Science - A Theory of Value 5 What I Believe (1929) 157 References 165 6 A Victorian Woman in the «weird Marxian world» Roberta Ferrari Raise your glass to the hard-working people Let's drink to the uncounted heads Let's think of the wavering millions Who need leaders but get gamblers instead Between 1885 and 1887, a few years before meeting Sidney Webb and entering the Fabian Society, Beatrice Potter studies the work of Karl Marx. This goes hand in hand with an attempt to cri- tique a political economy that appears to her frozen in time, una- ble to follow the sudden movements industry imposes on society, producing disorders, grey areas and conflicts. This critique is first of all the recognition of the crisis of laissez faire and the attempt to deal with a change of paradigm. We publish here for the first time two original essays dating from the beginning of Potter’s career that in some ways provide the basis of her subsequent reflections, because they take position inside a debate dealing not only with classical economic theory, but also with the social transformations that demanded its reas- sessment. The importance of these writings is twofold: on the one hand they are key to understanding Potter’s political thought, be- cause they show the theoretical and political movement from the centrality of the individual to the centrality of society, that is also a movement from Herbert Spencer, her mentor and friend, to Alfred Marshall and finally to socialism, as a political and administrative, rather than simply economic, project. On the other hand, rather than merely capturing the contradictions of her time, these writ- ings anticipate the crucial questions of the century to come, and that will be at the core of the Fabian reformism to which she commits herself after 1892. The first manuscript on the history of English economy, finished in 1885, and the second on the Marxian theory of value, written between 1886 and 1887, attempt to draw attention to a historical turning point. The core of this analysis is not yet Potter’ socialism, as a doctrine aiming at the rearrange- ment of industrial disorder, but the redefinition of political terms, including the individual, society and the State. This redefinition 7 depends first of all on the development of a new conception of the relation between production and consumption, crucial for the de- bate among marginalists and for the political reconsideration both of the individual and of social cooperation. However these essays are also a necessary premise to the politi- cal discourse Potter will frame in the years to come – and here lies their greatest importance: the administration of democracy and collectivism as the political theory of administration. Her critique of economy as a science of material wealth, the uncontested realm of the economic individual, and the refusal of the Marxian theory of value show the peculiarity of the social scientist’s thought, which, while seeing the limits of liberal discourse, tries to develop a new connection between individual and society, to think a new community open to dynamic movement rather than confined within limits, starting from the ethical re-foundation of labour and the reconsideration of the role of the State. Potter moves in an historical, intellectual and scientific milieu crossed by uncertainties and tensions reflecting the political and social transformations her epoch is approaching. Progressively shaping her vision of industrial society, with these essays Potter emerges as an innovator of the critique of liberalism, simultane- ously addressing in an original manner the reformistic and social- ist reflections she will soon come into contact with through the Fabian Society. The critique of liberalism and the place Potter occupies in the European reformist and socialist debate can be understood solely inside the frame of the crisis of laissez-faire as a doctrine for gov- erning society. 1. Crisis and Critique of Laissez faire The apparent quiet of the Victorian period is crossed by social turbulences and theoretical reappraisals. These turbulences are firstly the product of poverty and inequality, but also of the re- search of new political expressions able to overcome the, by that time, obsolete forms of Chartism and the insufficiency of the Radi- cal movement and, thus, to give substance to the so-called “social- ist revival” which was at that time still quite undefined. During the 1870s trade union membership increased, also among the peasantry. Even that impenetrable mass called the «re- 8 siduum», composed of dockers, gasmen and bricklayers, organized into new unions, creating a different style of struggle to those in the factory. On the one side a revolutionary syndicalism emerges, seeing in workers’ control a possible unique form of democracy, on the other side, trade unions, co-operatives and factory legislation operate inside a political framework that aims at the institutionali- zation of social change and marks the advent of a socialism that considers the institutional level to be an essential ground of strug- gle1. This is also the instrument with which Potter will try to coun- ter what she considers the fundamental defect of political econo- my, i.e. abstraction and ahistoricity. The first outcome of the crisis of laissez faire therefore brings about a socialism never seen be- fore, characterized by the search for a new ethics for society in re- action to the violence of free trade and to the growing misery of East London, the symbolic place of industrial poverty. This new socialism is also a reaction to the disappointment produced by the promise that progress would bring the growing and inexorable expansion of the welfare to all social classes. At the same time, this resurgence was influenced by the spread of reli- gious doubt – brought about by the establishment of positivism and the scientific authority of biology – and of the undisputed prestige of natural science. Applying science to social life meant, in those uncertain days, that progress could be controlled and man- aged, allowing human beings to imagine and then concretely plan a new world. For socialism, as for liberalism, the issue was to reconsider con- crete goals and ideals starting from economic, political and social changes introduced by the definite advent of industry. Industry was indeed the new name of a future society yet to be understood and defined: it was the idea of a society that was unavoidably 1 D. MARUCCO, Fabianesimo, ghildismo, forme di democrazia industriale, Milano, FrancoAngeli, 1986; P. BEIHLARZ, Labour’s Utopia. Bolshevism, Fabianism, Social Democracy, London, Routledge, 1992; G. BERTA, Il governo industriale: i Webb e il tradeunionismo, Torino, Annali della fondazione Luigi Einaudi, vol. XVII, 1983. On the role of trade unions and collective bargaining, considered as the most en- during and influential aspect of their theory, see the debate in H.A. CLEGG – A. FLANDERS – A. FOX, La contesa industriale. Contrattazione, conflitto e potere nella scuola di Oxford, Roma, Ed. Lavoro, 1980. On this matter see also E. GRENDI,
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