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To Download the PDF File INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Carleton University “Eine Politikerin von top to bottom” ?: Rethinking the life and legacy of Eleanor Marx A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Institute of Political Economy by Kirsten Leng, B. A (Hons) Ottawa, Ontario May 2005 © 2005, Kirsten Leng Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 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The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n’y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. i * i Canada with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abstract This thesis re-visits the life and legacy of Eleanor Marx, focusing on her complicated views regarding the Woman Question. It uses post-structuralist methods of textual analysis, in tandem with a more traditional biographical narrative written from a feminist standpoint, to challenge existing historiographic interpretations and offer new readings and observations. By exploring tensions and contradictions in her writings on the Woman Question and contextualizing them within her life and times, it aims to demonstrate that Eleanor Marx’s views on this issue were by no means coherent, unified, or determined by socialism alone. Rather, they synthesized an eclectic array of ideas emanating from the various movements and individuals with which and with whom she was involved. Moreover, they were greatly informed by her social location, not only as the daughter of Karl Marx, but, more importantly, as a publicly-involved New Woman during the British fin-de-siecle. Thus, this thesis argues that her views were infonned by both personal and social forces. Indeed, it is maintained herein that it is Eleanor’s socio­ cultural and political location at the confluence of disparate yet highly influential discourses, and her ability to unite them in her personage and her writings, albeit problematically, which makes an understanding of her life and thought so important in the modern era. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgements While 1 am loathe to protract an already lengthy thesis, I must take this opportunity thank those individuals and organizations who have supported me throughout my studies at Carleton University. Above all, I must acknowledge my family's incredible understanding, patience and love; without these, this and all other work would be impossible. Many, many thanks to Pamela Walker, not only for her excellent supervision, but also for her interest in and support of my future academic career. I am also grateful for Alan Hunt and Susan Whitney’s insightful comments and suggestions, and particularly for Professor Hunt’s integral role in shoring up my ebbing confidence and motivating me to actually write this text. I feel extremely fortunate to have participated in the vibrant and dynamic intellectual environment that characterizes the Institute of Political Economy; however, this atmosphere would not have existed without the efforts of two individuals: its Director, Rianne Mahon and, especially, its program administrator, Donna Coghill. Donna went above and beyond all expectations in looking out for students’ best interests, and her efforts on our behalf were integral to whatever success I and other students have achieved. Thanks also to my wonderful colleagues, especially Kevin Young and Stephanie Kale for reading and commenting on drafts of this paper (as well as providing emotional support and tolerating my stress-fueled neuroses). Finally, this research was supported in part by a grant from the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents Page Abstract ii Acknowledgement iii Table of Contents iv Introduction 1 Eleanor Marx, the Woman Question, and 2 the Politics of Other People’s Lives Methodologies 8 Feminist Biography 8 Problematic Post-structuralism 16 Chapter One: Defining Terms and Times: Concepts and Contexts 21 Chapter Two: "We must each o f us, after all, live our own life: 45 A brief biography of Eleanor Marx Early Life 45 Adulthood 59 Death 79 Chapter Three: “ There are some, even among our friends, 86 who will be shocked that a woman should speak of these matters": Eleanor Marx on the Woman Question British socialist men and the Woman Question 88 Eleanor’s early works: Prostitution and the Pall Mall Gazette 101 “The Woman Question”: before and after Aveling 107 Ibsen Redux 116 Eleanor, die Arbeiterin 122 Conclusion 130 Conclusion 131 Appendix: Photographs 139 Endnotes 143 Bibliography 155 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 66You say, dear, that you often think that by the time your life is finished you will have learned just enough to begin it well...No...we must live our lives, & what we have missed, who knows? ...[T] hough each one must work out his own salvation we can make the work perhaps a little less hard for those that shall come after...” —Eleanor Marx to Dollie Radford, 1891 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Eleanor Marx, the Woman Question, and the Politics of Other People’s Lives Eleanor Marx is elusively ubiquitous. Although the late-Victorian socialist. amateur actress, and New Woman of letters can be found seemingly everywhere "heterodox" in histories of bohemian London, she remains one of the most enigmatic figures of the British fin-de-siecle. Though Eleanor played a pivotal role in the development of what could now be described as a Victorian "counter-culture". participating in most of the major political, social and cultural movements of her time, we still know very little of her intimate life, or how she privately conceived of her public involvements. Indeed, despite her multifarious political and personal associations, who we know as Eleanor Marx today is derived primarily from her public, political writings, as well as accounts left by contemporaries. The following diary entry of a young Beatrice Potter hints at the influence Eleanor must have had within political and social * circles, and only adds to her historical allure: 24 May 1883 (early morning). [Prince’s Gate] Went in afternoon to British Museum and met Miss Marx in refreshment rooms. Daughter of Karl Marx, socialist writer and refugee. Gains her livelihood by teaching 'literature’, etc., and corresponding for socialist newspapers. ..In person she is comely, dressed in a slovenly picturesque way with curly black hair flying about in all directions. Fine eyes full of life and sympathy, otherwise ugly features and expression, and complexion showing the signs of an unhealthy excited life, kept up with stimulants and tempered by narcotics. Lives alone, is much comiected with Bradlaugh1 set, evidently peculiar views on love, etc., and I should think has somewhat 'natural’ relations with men! Should fear that the chances were against her remaining long within the pale of 'respectable" society.
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