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This Book Is a Guide to Families and Genera of Gorgonians in Indonesian Waters

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This Book Is a Guide to Families and Genera of Gorgonians in Indonesian Waters This book is a guide to families and genera of gorgonians in Indonesian waters. Gorgonians and sea fans are common names for animals grouped under Alcyonacea (soft corals). Together with Helioporacea (blue coral) and Pennatulacea (sea pens) they belong to the larger animal group Octocorallia. Characteristic of this group is that their polyps always have eight tentacles (octo-coral). These animals do not have massive bones like hard corals, but microscopic sclerites to support their bodies, consequently the colonies are soft and flexible and therefore they have a popular name “soft coral”. Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi-LIPI Jl. Pasir Putih No. 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 11048. Indonesia Telp. : 021-64712287, 6452425, 64713850 Fax. : 021-64711948, 64712287 E-mail : [email protected] Url. http://www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id http://coremap.oseanografi.lipi.go.id/ Gorgonians in Indonesian waters Yosephine Tuti Leen P van Ofwegen c PROGRAM COREMAP-CTI PUSAT PENELITIAN OSEANOGRAFI LEMBAGA ILMU PENGETAHUAN INDONESIA Gorgonians in Indonesian waters Yosephine Tuti Leen P van Ofwegen Gorgonians in Indonesian waters ISBN : 978-602-6504-23-4 Authors Yosephine Tuti Coral Reef Researcher Research Centre for Oceanography Indonesian Institute of Sciences Email : [email protected] Url. http://www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id http://coremap.oseanografi.lipi.go.id/ Leen P van Ofwegen Senior Researcher Naturalis Biodiversity Center NBC · Department of Marine Zoology Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden Email. [email protected] Url. www.naturalis.nl Layout by Dewirina Zulfianita Backcover Picture (Gorgonian as a host of ovulid) by Bastian T Reijnen PT. Media Sains Nasional Ruko Bangbarung Grande No. K-9 Bogor Member of IKAPI No. 276/JB/2015 Telp. : 0251-7160668, 7550470 Fax. : 0251-7550470 Email : [email protected] Copyright © 2018 COREMAP CTI - LIPI This book is dedicated to : My family A. M. Suryanto S, Anastasia, Florentina and Vinsensia whose support me very much. To my parent M. I. Minarni and late J. Hermanlimianto to introduce me to love the sea since I was a child. CONTENTS LIST OF FAMILIES AND GENERA ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii FOREWORD iv INTRODUCTION 1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 2 COELENTERATA 2 BIOLOGY OF OCTOCORALS 3 ECOLOGY OF OCTOCORALS 7 SAMPLING TEHNIQUES AND IDENTIFYING GORGONIANS 7 REFFERENCE GUIDE TO THE FAMILIES AND GENERA 8 KEY TO THE GROUPS OF OCTOCORALLIA 8 KEY TO FAMILY 9 KEY TO GENERA 11 Family Briareidae Gray, 1859 16 Family Anthothelidae Broch, 1916 18 Family Subergorgiidae Gray, 1859 24 Family Melithaeidae Gray, 1870 28 Family Acanthogorgiidae Gray, 1859 34 Family Plexauridae Gray, 1859 40 Family Gorgoniidae Lamouroux, 1812 50 Family Ellisellidae Gray, 1859 66 Family Ifalukellidae Bayer, 1955 78 Family Chrysogorgiidae Verrill, 1883. 80 Family Isididae Lamouroux, 1812 82 LITERATURE 85 GLOSSARY 86 INDEX 88 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 89 i LIST OF FAMILY AND GENERA THE SCLERAXONIA GROUP SUBORDER HOLAXONIA SUBORDER CALCAXONIA Family Briareidae Family Acanthogorgiidae Family Ellisellidae Briareum Acanthogorgia Ellisella Family Anthothelidae Anthogorgia Viminella Iciligorgia Muricella Ctenocella Solenocaulon Family Plexauridae Junceella Alertigorgia Euplexaura Dichotella Family Subergorgiidae Bebryce Verrucella Subergorgia Echinomuricea Family Ifalukellidae Annella Trimuricea Plumigorgia Family Melithaeidae Villogorgia Family Chrysogorgiidae Melithaea Echinogorgia Stephanogorgia Mopsella Menella Family Isididae Acabaria Paraplexaura Isis Astrogorgia Family Gorgoniidae Rumphella Hicksonella Guaiagorgia Pinnigorgia ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are extremely grateful with the cooperation of the Research Centre for Oceanography- Indonesian Institute of Sciences and the Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC), Leiden. Most of the underwater photos and samples were taken from the collaboration Expeditions in Indonesia and identified in Leiden, funded by Naturalis. We would like to thank Dr. Bert Hoeksema and Prof. Dr. Suharsono for their effort and patience in the preparation, during and after fieldwork; including administration paperwork for coordination and expeditions in Indonesia. We thank The Zee team of NBC-Naturalis for the cooperation and friendship during and after fieldwork. We also thank the crews of the Pari Island LIPI’s Station and Ternate LIPI’s Station as the base camp and working field laboratory. Appreciation also to LIPI’s Research Vessel Baruna Jaya VIII and the crews for their tremendous support in carrying out the surveys and research equipment and samples in Raja Ampat Expedition. LIPI team, my colleagues and volunteers, too numerous to list here, are also greatly thanked for their help and encouragement. All of the presented gorgonian genera occur in Indonesian waters. Most of the pictures were taken by the writers at Raja Ampat, Wakatobi and Ternate. Coral Reef Research Foundation also contributed several photos to enhance quality of the pictures in this book, therefore we also thank Dr. Bert Hoeksema, Dr. Bastian Theodoor Reijnen and Drs. Frank Stokvis MSc. for contributing their valuable photographs. All of the Scanning Electron Microscopy was done by Dr. Leen P van Ofwegen. We are extremely grateful for their contribution on providing these valuable images. We would like to thank Dr. Giyanto, Dra. Sasanti R.S. MSc, Dra. Inayat A. H. MSi. and Tri Aryono SSi. M.Sc for their strong encouragement on finishing this book. Our gratitude goes to Dewirina M.IKom , M. Rizkie S.Si., Siti Sulha SE. and Agus Budiyanto for helping with technical aspects of publication and layout. We would like to particularly acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Suharsono for his great help in editing, providing suggestions and ongoing support which helped improving this book. Lastly, we are extremely greatful of COREMAP CTI LIPI support, in publishing this book. iii FOREWORD Indonesian water is known to be rich with very diverse fauna and flora. This mega biodiversity also the case for gorgonians (octocorals), of which we do not yet know very much, even though Siboga and Rumphius Expeditions took place many years ago. Nowadays we still have a cooperation between the Research Centre for Oceanography - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) and the Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC Naturalis) - Leiden to examine more of this marine mega biodiversity. This book provides non taxonomists with a simple field guide to generic level identification of shallow water to 40 meter gorgonians. Written in informal and non technical terms, it provides a comprehensive introduction to biology, ecology and classification of gorgonians. It is also a simple guide for preservation and preparation of specimen to study. Photographs are mostly from Indonesian waters. With information about colony shape, specific characters among genera and the sclerite characteristics of diverse genera this field guide will make non taxonomists more comfortable in identifying the gorgonian to genus level. I am extremely proud of the writers’ hard work and to publish this book being the first Gorgonian book in Indo-Pacific waters. Let this book be the first step of introducing gorgonians in Indonesian waters, with more still remain to be studied. Dr. Dirhamsyah, MA Director of Research Centre for Oceanography Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) iv Introduction About This Book This book is a guide to families and genera of gorgonians in Indonesian waters. Gorgonians and sea fans are common names for animals grouped under Alcyonacea (soft corals). Together with Helioporacea (blue coral) and Pennatulacea (sea pens) they belong to the larger animal group Octocorallia. Characteristic of this group is that their polyps always have eight tentacles (octo-coral), with rows of pinnules along both sides of the tentacles. These animals do not have massive bones like hard corals, but microscopic sclerites to support their bodies, consequently the colonies are soft and flexible and therefore they have a popular name “soft coral”. We try to make this book a user friendly field guide, and we try to minimize the technical words, but we can not avoid some of them (See Bayer et al. 1983). In describing the individual genera, we present: - Under water photographs of the colonies - Representative characteristics of sclerites (microscopic bones that support the body/ colonies) - Detailed text describing colony shapes, polyps, sclerites, the colour of the colonies and sclerites, also the habitat and abundance. 1 Introduction An Overview Of The Classification System COELENTERATA Systematic: The phylum Coelenterata, animals having tentacles, more or less radial symmetry, and only one major internal cavity. This cavity has only one opening, the mouth. Gorgonians are a small part of these Invertebrates (animal without backbones). Class Anthozoa Ehrenberg, 1831: This class contains hard, soft, blue and black corals, anemones, sea pens, zoanthids, and corallimorpharians. No medusa stages and the polyps are solitary or colonial. The class has 3 subclasses and 9 orders. Subclass: Octocorallia Haeckel, 1866 or Alcyonaria; each polyp bears eight hollow tentacles, which have pinnules on two sides. • Order: Helioporacea (blue coral) • Order: Pennatulacea (sea pens) • Order: Alcyonacea (Soft corals and sea fans) Subclass: Hexacorallia (or Zoantharia); each polyp bears six or multiple of six tentacles without pinnules • Order: Actiniaria (sea anemones) • Order: Scleractinia (hard corals) • Order: Zoantharia (zoanthids) • Order: Corallimorpharia (mushroom anemones) Subclass: Ceriantipatharia; Anemone like
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