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Deep-Water Longline Fishing Has Reduced Impact on Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems

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Deep-Water Longline Fishing Has Reduced Impact on Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems Deep-water longline fishing has reduced impact on Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems Christopher K. Pham, Hugo Diogo, Gui Menezes, Filipe Porteiro, Andreia Braga- Henriques, Frederic Vandeperre, Telmo Morato* Supplementary information Figure S1. Spatial distribution of bycatch of epibenthic organisms in deep-sea bottom longline sets estimated from commercial activities and research cruises in the Azores. Bycatch rates were estimated from commercial activities and research cruises as number of organisms 1,000 hooks-1 and were standardized with General Additive Models. Lighter grey area represents water depths in the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Azores exceeding 1,000 m. (a), Alcyonacea. (b), Antipatharia. (c) Scleractinia. (d) Leptothecata. (e) Stylasteridae. (f) Porifera. Maps created using a Geographic Information System (ESRI ARCGIS 10.1). Figure S2. Proportion of epibenthic organisms with different size-class in the bycatch of deep- sea bottom longline. Figure S3. The effect of explanatory variables on the bycatch of epibenthic organisms as estimated by a four variable GAM. (a), Vessel number 2 is the research vessel whilst number 1 and 3-6 are commercial vessels). Fishing sets done with the research vessel had higher catch rates compared to the commercial fishing vessels. (b), Site category (seamount or island shelf). There were higher bycatch levels on fishing sets done on seamounts compared to island shelves. (c), Depth showed a nonlinear relationship with the log transformed bycatch of epibenthic organisms. In general, bycatch rates increased between 200 and 450 m depth dropping considerably for fishing sets done at greater depths. (d), Geographic location (latitude and longitude) showed a slight tendency for bycatch levels to increase northwards. (e), Results from the analysis of variance of a four-variable GAM of epibenthic bycatch rates. The y axis in a-c reflects natural log-transformation. Figure S4. Diagnostic plots of the final GAM model. Left panel: histogram of the raw residuals; centre panel: normal QQ-plot of deviance residuals against theoretical quantiles; right panel: plot of Pearson residuals against fitted values. Figure S5. Standardised residuals obtained by the final GAM plotted versus their spatial coordinates. Blue circles are negative residuals, and orange circles are positive residuals. Table S1. Bycatch organisms caught during commercial longline operations and research surveys. Primary bycatch is referred to organisms or organic substrate being hooked by the gear while secondary bycatch organisms are organisms found growing on the primary bycatch. Primary and secondary bycatch were composed of at least 47 and 50 distinct taxa belonging to 4 and 7 different phyla, respectively. In bold are the name of the taxonomic groups used in the text. Primary Secondary Groups / Class Order Taxa bycatch bycatch Phylum N F (%) N F(%) Bryozoa 9 0.8 205 12.6 Actinaria Cnidaria Anthozoa Actiniaria 4 0.4 152 9.3 Alcyonacea Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Schizophytum echinatum - - 8 0.5 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Sarcodictyon catenatum - - 4 0.2 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Clavularia sp. 1 0.1 7 0.4 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Acanthogorgia armata 26 2.3 10 0.6 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Acanthogorgia hirsuta 29 2.6 - - Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Acanthogorgia spp. 2 0.2 - - Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Alcyonium rubrum - - 2 0.1 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Alcyonium spp. - - 37 2.3 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Alcyonium bocagei 1 0.1 3 0.2 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Alcyonacea 21 1.9 15 1 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Alcyoniidae 1 0.1 20 1.2 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Anthomastus agaricus 2 0.2 2 0.1 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Bebryce mollis 8 0.7 25 1.5 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Callogorgia verticillata 96 8.5 4 0.2 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Candidella imbricata 8 0.7 6 0.4 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Chrysogorgia agassizii 4 0.4 - - Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Chrysogorgia sp. 4 0.4 - - Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Corallium johnsoni 3 0.3 - - Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Corallium sp. 2 0.2 - - Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Dentomuricea aff. meteor 96 8.4 5 0.3 Muriceides Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea 6 0.5 4 0.2 paucituberculata Paracalyptrophora Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea 31 2.7 - - josephinae Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Paragorgia johnsoni 8 0.8 2 0.2 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Paramuricea sp. 1 0.1 1 0.1 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Placogorgia terceira 3 0.3 4 0.2 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Plexauridae 11 1 3 0.2 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Primnoidae 2 0.2 2 0.2 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Swiftia dubia - - 1 0.1 Thouarella (Euthouarella) Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea - - 3 0.2 hilgendorfi Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Thouarella spp. - - 2 0.1 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Villogorgia bebrycoides 7 0.6 11 0.7 Cnidaria Anthozoa Alcyonacea Viminella flagellum 89 7.8 8 0.5 Primary Secondary Groups / Class Order Taxa bycatch bycatch Phylum N F (%) N F(%) Antipatharia Cnidaria Anthozoa Antipatharia Antipatharia 5 0.5 7 0.5 Cnidaria Anthozoa Antipatharia Elatopathes sp. 1 0.1 - - Cnidaria Anthozoa Antipatharia Leiopathes sp. 32 2.8 1 0.1 Cnidaria Anthozoa Antipatharia Parantipathes sp. 4 0.4 - - Cnidaria Anthozoa Antipatharia Stichopathes gravieri 4 0.4 - - Cnidaria Anthozoa Antipatharia Tanacetipathes sp. 1 0.1 - - Leptothecata Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Acryptolaria conferta - - 2 0.1 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Acryptolaria crassicaulis - - 1 0.1 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Aglaophenia lophocarpa - - 1 0.1 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Antennella secundaria - - 13 0.8 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Cryptolaria pectinata - - 8 0.5 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Diphasia margareta 11 1.0 3 0.2 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Diphasia sp. 1 0.1 1 0.1 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Filellum serratum - - 3 0.2 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Halecium sp. - - 1 0.1 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Nemertesia antennina - - 2 0.1 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Nemertesia sp. - - 2 0.1 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Lytocarpia myriophyllum 48 4.2 - - Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Plumularia sp. 2 0.2 - - Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Polyplumaria flabellata 23 2 4 0.2 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Sertularella gayi - - 3 0.2 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Zygophylax biarmata - - 1 0.1 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Polyplumaria sp. 1 0.1 - - Cnidaria Hydrozoa Unidentified Hydrozoa 74 6.5 409 25.2 Scleractinia Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Scleractinia 4 0.4 27 1.7 Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Caryophyllia cyathus 3 0.3 25 1.5 Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Caryophyllia alberti - - 3 0.2 Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Caryophyllia spp. 1 0.1 20 1.2 Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Caryophylliidae 1 0.1 3 0.2 Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Dendrophyllia cornigera 3 0.3 - - Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Dendrophyllia ramea 2 0.2 - - Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Dendrophyllia sp. 24 2.1 2 0.1 Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Desmophyllum dianthus 5 0.4 10 0.6 Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Enallopsammia rostrata 5 0.4 - - Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Enallopsammia sp. 1 0.1 - - Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Flabellum sp. 1 0.1 - - Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Lophelia pertusa 3 0.3 - - Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Madrepora oculata 17 1.5 5 0.3 Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Solenosmilia variabilis 19 1.7 1 0.1 Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Stenocyathus vermiformis - - 15 0.9 Stylasteridae Cnidaria Hydrozoa Anthoathecata Stylasteridae 4 0.4 - - Cnidaria Hydrozoa Anthoathecata Crypthelia sp. 1 0.1 - - Primary Secondary Groups / Class Order Taxa bycatch bycatch Phylum N F (%) N F(%) Cnidaria Hydrozoa Anthoathecata Errina atlantica 7 0.6 2 0.1 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Anthoathecata Errina dabneyi 43 3.8 8 0.5 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Anthoathecata Errina sp. 2 0.2 2 0.1 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Anthoathecata Pliobothrus symmetricus 2 0.2 2 0.1 Zoantharia Cnidaria Anthozoa Zoanthidea Zoanthidea 2 0.2 38 2.3 Cirripedia Crustacea Maxillopoda - - 21 1.3 Crinoidea - - 5 0.3 Foraminifera Polythalamea Rotaliida Miniacina miniacea - - 6 0.4 Bivalvia - - 19 1.2 Porifera 213 18.8 381 23.4 Inorganic 74 6.5 3 0.2 subtrate Non-id 15 1.8 14 0.9 Table S2. Results from the backward GAM model selection summarized in terms of AIC, residual deviance and Pseudo coefficient of determination (Pseudo-R2). The model selection followed 7 distinct backward steps based on the AIC values and significance of covariates. Total fish catch per fishing set (Chi-square; p=0.57) and type of longline gear (Chi-square; p=0.31) were dropped from the full model for decreasing the AIC value and not being significant covariates. Although cumulative fishing effort showed an effect in the model fit as evaluated by the AIC, it was not a significant covariate (Chi-square; p=0.06). The remaining covariates were kept in the model (Chi-square; p<0.05). The final model included 2 categorical variables (vessel name and site category) with hooks as an offset, and smooth function of depth and geographic location (latitude and longitude). Step Model AIC Residual deviance d.f. Pseudo-R2 Full model* 1689.880 275.872 19.263 37.7 1 - fish catch 1687.906 275.880 18.281 37.7 2 - fishing gear 1686.795 300.262 17.193 37.5 3 - fishing effort 1723.474 290.602 18.404 38.5 4 - vessel 1766.818 211.208 18.487 31.6 5 - depth 1752.746 245.088 19.456 34.3 6 - site category 1727.080 290.380 20.097 38.5 7 - lat, long 1739.874 229.372 9.498 33.1 Footnote: * Full model: bycatch~vessel + site category + s(depth) + s(long, lat) + fish catch + fishing effort + fishing gear + offset (hooks) Table S3. Occurrence and morphological classification of the various epibenthic groups in the bycatch of deep-sea bottom longline. Longline sets done by commercial fishing operations and research surveys in the Azores between 2007 and 2011. Primary bycatch is referred to organisms or organic substrate being hooked by the gear while secondary bycatch organisms were found growing on the primary bycatch. The morphological classification of the epibenthic organisms was adapted from previous assessment1. Group Primary bycatch Secondary bycatch N of Percent N of Percent genera occurrence* Size Complexity genera occurrence* Size Complexity Porifera n.a.
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