LDW Remedial Investigation L D W G FINAL July 3, 2003 Port of Seattle / City of Seattle / King County / the Boeing Company Page Ii
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Lower Duwamish Waterway Group Port of Seattle / City of Seattle / King County / The Boeing Company PHASE 1 REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION REPORT FINAL For submittal to: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 10 Seattle, WA The Washington State Department of Ecology Northwest Regional Office Bellevue, WA July 3, 2003 Prepared by: 200 West Mercer Street, Suite 401 Seattle, Washington 98119 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS II LIST OF TABLES V LIST OF FIGURES VI LIST OF ACRONYMS VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1 ES-1 NATURE AND EXTENT OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION ES-3 ES-2 ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT ES-4 ES-3 HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT ES-6 ES-4 NEXT STEPS ES-8 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 DOCUMENT ORGANIZATION 2 1.2 OBJECTIVES 3 1.3 SITE BACKGROUND 3 1.3.1 Site description 3 1.3.2 Site history 4 2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING AND PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 5 2.1 PHYSIOGRAPHY 5 2.2 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 5 2.2.1 Meteorology 6 2.2.2 Hydrogeology 6 2.2.3 Hydrology 13 2.2.4 Estuarine features 15 2.2.5 Sediment characteristics 18 2.3 PREVIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 19 2.3.1 Sediment quality 19 2.3.2 Surface water quality 23 2.3.3 Porewater quality 24 2.3.4 Groundwater quality 25 2.3.5 Fish and shellfish tissue chemistry 25 2.4 HABITAT AND BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES 29 2.4.1 Habitat 29 2.4.2 Benthic invertebrates 31 2.4.3 Fish 41 2.4.4 Wildlife 50 2.4.5 Plants 55 2.4.6 Threatened and endangered species 56 2.5 HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS 58 2.5.1 Demography 58 2.5.2 Land use 59 2.5.3 Human site use 61 ower uwamish aterway roup LDW Remedial Investigation L D W G FINAL July 3, 2003 Port of Seattle / City of Seattle / King County / The Boeing Company Page ii 3.0 POTENTIAL APPLICABLE OR RELEVANT AND APPROPRIATE REQUIREMENTS 63 3.1 INTRODUCTION 63 3.1.1 Applicable requirements 63 3.1.2 Relevant and appropriate requirements 64 3.1.3 Items to be considered 64 3.2 ARAR CATEGORIES 65 3.2.1 Chemical-specific ARARs 75 3.2.2 Action-specific ARARs 75 3.2.3 Location-specific ARARs 77 3.3 PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING ARARS 77 3.4 ARAR WAIVERS OR VARIANCES 77 3.5 STATE REQUIREMENTS AS POTENTIAL ARARS 77 3.6 ITEMS TO BE CONSIDERED (TBCS) 79 4.0 SUMMARY OF NATURE AND EXTENT OF CONTAMINATION 80 4.1 DATA USABILITY 80 4.1.1 Representativeness to site-related contamination 80 4.1.2 Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) results 82 4.1.3 Other factors 86 4.2 NATURE AND EXTENT OF CONTAMINATION 87 4.2.1 Data selection and reduction 88 4.2.2 Surface sediment 93 4.2.3 Subsurface sediment 104 4.2.4 Porewater 106 4.2.5 Surface water 106 4.2.6 Groundwater 114 4.2.7 Fish and shellfish tissue 115 4.3 SOURCES, PATHWAYS, AND SOURCE CONTROL 119 4.3.1 Potential sources 121 4.3.2 Pathways to LDW 131 4.3.3 Source control efforts 147 4.4 FATE AND TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENT AND SEDIMENT-ASSOCIATED CHEMICALS 154 4.4.1 Chemical partitioning to sediment 155 4.4.2 Sediment transport 157 5.0 SUMMARY OF THE PHASE 1 ERA 179 5.1 OVERVIEW OF PHASE 1 ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT 180 5.1.1 Problem formulation 180 5.1.2 Exposure and effects assessments 189 5.1.3 Risk characterization and uncertainty assessment 189 5.2 BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES ASSESSMENT 192 5.2.1 Exposure and effects assessment 192 5.2.2 Risk characterization and uncertainty assessment for benthic invertebrates 194 ower uwamish aterway roup LDW Remedial Investigation L D W G FINAL July 3, 2003 Port of Seattle / City of Seattle / King County / The Boeing Company Page iii 5.3 FISH ASSESSMENT 198 5.3.1 Exposure and effects assessment 198 5.3.2 Risk characterization and uncertainty assessment for fish 199 5.4 WILDLIFE ASSESSMENT 203 5.4.1 Exposure and effects assessment 203 5.4.2 Risk characterization and uncertainty assessment for wildlife 204 5.5 PLANTS ASSESSMENT 208 5.5.1 Exposure and effects assessment for plants 208 5.5.2 Risk characterization and uncertainty assessment for plants 209 5.6 CONCLUSIONS 211 6.0 SUMMARY OF THE PHASE 1 HHRA 213 6.1 DATA EVALUATION 213 6.2 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 214 6.2.1 Selection of exposure pathways 214 6.2.2 Screening and evaluation of chemicals of potential concern (COPCs) 216 6.2.3 Selection of exposure parameters 220 6.3 TOXICITY ASSESSMENT 221 6.4 RISK CHARACTERIZATION 221 6.5 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 224 7.0 CONCLUSIONS 231 7.1 NATURE AND EXTENT OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION 231 7.2 RISK ASSESSMENTS 232 7.3 CANDIDATE SITES FOR EARLY ACTION 232 7.4 PHASE 2 DATA REQUIREMENTS 233 8.0 REFERENCES 233 OVERSIZE MAPS AND TABLES (SEPARATE VOLUME) 254 APPENDIX A: ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT (SEPARATE VOLUMES) 254 APPENDIX B: HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT (SEPARATE VOLUME) 254 APPENDIX C: DATA MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES RELATED TO GIS MAPS (SEPARATE VOLUME WITH APPENDICES D, E, AND F) 254 APPENDIX D: SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR SEDIMENT, POREWATER, AND TISSUE SAMPLES (SEPARATE VOLUME WITH APPENDICES C, E, AND F) 255 APPENDIX E: LISTS OF POTENTIAL SOURCES (SEPARATE VOLUME WITH APPENDICES C, D, AND F) 255 APPENDIX F: DUWAMISH RIVER WASTE DISPOSAL AND DREDGE FILL SITES (SEPARATE VOLUME WITH APPENDICES C, D, AND E) 255 APPENDIX G: GROUNDWATER PATHWAY ASSESSMENT (SEPARATE VOLUMES) 255 Note: Appendices to this Remedial Investigation are published at separate volumes; titles are included here for reference purposes ower uwamish aterway roup LDW Remedial Investigation L D W G FINAL July 3, 2003 Port of Seattle / City of Seattle / King County / The Boeing Company Page iv 1 List of Tables Table 2-1. Sediment chemistry samples collected in the LDW since 1990 20 Table 2-2. Selected ambient monitoring stations within the Green River watershed 24 Table 2-3. Sampling design for receiving water quality – King County Water Quality Assessment 24 Table 2-4. Industrial facilities with groundwater chemistry data 25 Table 2-5. Tissue chemistry samples collected from the LDW since 1990 27 Table 2-6. Benthic macroinvertebrate datasets collected in the LDW 32 Table 2-7. Species list of benthic invertebrates in the LDW 33 Table 2-8. Average abundance per trawl of invertebrate species collected in PSAMP otter trawls from vicinity of Kellogg Island a 40 Table 2-9. Summary of studies assessing fish community in the LDW a 42 Table 2-10. Fish species in the LDW 43 Table 2-11. Studies investigating the wildlife community of the LDW 50 Table 2-12. Bird species using the LDW 51 Table 2-13. Summary of studies assessing plant communities in the LDW 55 Table 2-14. LDW species listed under ESA or by Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife a 57 Table 2-15. Population and racial background data for Duwamish neighborhoods, City of Seattle, and City of Tukwila 58 Table 2-16. Current land cover/land use for Green/Duwamish estuary sub-watershed 60 Table 2-17. Designated land use for Green/Duwamish sub-watershed 60 Table 3-1. Potential chemical-specific ARARs for the LDW 66 Table 3-2. Potential action-specific ARARs for LDW 67 Table 3-3. Potential location-specific ARARs for LDW 73 Table 3-4. Potential items to be considered (TBCs) for the LDW 79 Table 4-1. Summary of data validations conducted for historical sediment and tissue chemistry sampling events 83 Table 4-2. Data quality objectives applied to historical Duwamish chemistry data 88 Table 4-3. Toxic equivalent factors for dioxins, furans, and carcinogenic PAHs 91 Table 4-4. LDW surface sediment samples with TOC concentrations less than or equal to 0.2% 92 Table 4-5. Chemicals selected for narrative description and GIS mapping 94 Table 4-6. Numeric chemical standards used in the benthic portion of the ERA 95 Table 4-7. Summary of water chemistry data collected adjacent to Norfolk, Brandon, and SW Michigan CSOs during King County Water Quality Assessment 108 Table 4-8. Predicted water concentrations (ng/L) at Duwamish/Diagonal and Brandon CSO sites from semipermeable membrane device deployment during King County Water Quality Assessment 112 Table 4-9. Chemicals of concern in groundwater 115 Table 4-10. Databases used to summarize information on potential sources to the LDW 122 Table 4-11. Current modeled King County CSO volumes 132 Table 4-12. Contribution of discharge to the Diagonal outfall by the City of Seattle’s Diagonal CSO (not including Hanford #1 discharges)a 132 Table 4-13. Chemical concentrations in King County CSO effluents 134 Table 4-14. Organic compound partitioning coefficients and potential retardation factors 142 1 Note: Oversize tables are published in a separate volume with GIS maps. ower uwamish aterway roup LDW Remedial Investigation L D W G FINAL July 3, 2003 Port of Seattle / City of Seattle / King County / The Boeing Company Page v Table 4-15. Metals partitioning coefficients in groundwater and potential retardation factors 143 Table 4-16. Sediment transport studies within the LDW 158 Table 4-17. Annual sediment accumulation rates reported for the navigation channel in the LDW study area 163 Table 4-18. Calculated bottom velocities associated with initial and bed sediment movement in Elliott Bay flume study 165 Table 4-19. ACOE bathymetric surveys used in the analysis of elevation changes in the upper LDW 174 Table 5-1.