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~T~ 630 Certificate RESPONSE OF BENTHIC COMMUNITY STRUCTURE TO HABITAT HETEROGENEITY IN INDIAN OCEAN A Thesis submitted to Goa University for the Award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Marine Science By Sabyasachi Sautya (M.F.Sc) CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography Dona Paula, Goa ! Research Guide Dr. B.S. Ingole Chief Scientist Biological Oceanography Division CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography Dona Paula, Goa, INDIA Goa University, Taleigao Goa 2013 T - 6 3 0 ~T~ 630 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Sabyasachi Sautya has duly completed the thesis entitled “Response of benthic community structure to habitat heterogeneity in Indian Ocean” under my supervision for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. This thesis being submitted to the Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Marine Sciences is based on original studies carried out by him. The thesis or any part thereof has not been previously submitted for any other degree or diploma in any University or Institutions. Date: 2 & U 1 2 0 1 3 CSIR-National Institute of Place: Dona Paula Oceanography Dona Paula, Goa-403 004 c&r \ J n .I) ^ DECLARATION As required under the University Ordinance 0.19.8 (iv), I hereby declare that the present thesis entitled “Response of benthic community structure to habitat heterogeneity in Indian Ocean” is my original work carried out at the National Institute of Oceanography, Dona-Paula, Goa and the same has not been submitted in part or in full elsewhere for any other degree or diploma. To the best of my knowledge, the present research is the first comprehensive work of its kind from the area mentioned. The literature related to the problems analyzed and investigated has been appropriately cited. Due acknowledgements has been made wherever facilities and suggestions has been availed of. Sabyasachi Sautya This Thesis is VecRcatecC to M y Parents JAncC M y PeCovecC'Wtfe ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I am grateful to The Almighty GOD for establishing me to fulfill this work. Foremost, I express my deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to my research guide Dr. B.S. Ingole, Scientist, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, for the continuous support of my PhD study and research, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me throughout my research and writing of this thesis. I got all the freedom during my work which helped me to think differently and broadly, sometime scientific way, sometime realistic or sometime philosophical way, this because of you sir. Thank you so much sir. I wish to sincerely thank Dr. S.R. Shetye, Director (former), National Institute of Oceanography, Goa for providing me all the facilities during my PhD work and an excellent research environment. I would like to thank my FRC committee members: Prof. G.N. Nayak, Head of the Dept, of Marine Science, Goa University for his kind consideration to be my co-guide and Dr. C. Mohandass, Scientist, NIO, Goa my VC’s nominee, for his valuable comments, support and encouragement. I would like to thank the administrative staff of Goa University and National Institute of Oceanography, Goa for all their help during my PhD work. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the CSIR for financial support to the Net-Work project ‘Indian Ridge studies’ which supported me to onboard sampling during my project assistant period (March, 2006 - Dec, 2008). I gratefully acknowledge the funding sources that made my thesis work possible. I thank the CSIR for providing financial assistance as the Senior Research Fellowship Award (Dec, 2008 - Dec, 2011) which enabled me to complete my thesis research work. 1 express my sincere gratitude to Dr. K.A. KameshRaju, Dr. R. Sharma, Dr. R. Nigam, Dr. B.N. Nath and Dr. A.B. Valsangkar for selecting me as a participant during various cruises under their Project leadership. My heartiest thanks to Durbar Ray for helping me to collect biological samples from RV Sonne and Akademic Boris Petrov cruise, and valuable inputs during my thesis writing. I gratefully acknowledge Dr. C. Prakashbabu for allowing me to handle the CNS and CO2 Culometer analyzer, Dr. M. Kocherla for the Particle Size analyzer and Mr. V. D. Khedekar for his help during Scanning Electron Microscopy, K. Samudrala for helping CR and Seamount maps preparation, at NIO, Goa, India. I express my sincere gratitude to the scientific team, the Captain and crew members of ‘ORV Sagar Konya' and ‘Akademic Boris Petrov’ for their help during sampling in western Indian continental margin and Central Indian Ocean Basin. I am thankful to the captain of the cruise ‘RV Sonne' and his group for help in collecting the underwater video images and the priceless samples from the Carlsberg Ridge and Andaman Back-arc Basin. 1 gratefully acknowledge CenSeam (A Global Census of Marine Life on Seamounts - a CoML project) for travel support under the "CenSeam minigrant programme 2010" to analyze the sponge and associated fauna at P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow and seamount brittle star samples at Natural History Museum, Stockholm, Sweden. 1 am grateful to Dr. K. R. Tabachnick for guiding me on identification of deep-sea Hexactinellid sponge during my stay at P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow. I am also thankful to Dr. S. Stohr who taught me the identification methods on deep-sea brittle stars during my stay at Natural History Museum, Stockholm, Sweden. I gratefully acknowledge “InterRidge/ISA Endowment Fund Postdoctoral Fellowship 2011” for the opportunity to carry out video data analysis at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK. My special thanks to Dr. Daniel Jones for guiding me to analyze the underwater video during my stay at NOC, UK. My sincere acknowledgement to the DST for travel support to attend the International workshop on “MeshAtlantic - Video Survey Techniques Workshop” CCMAR, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal. I wish to thank to Mr. Alexey Rajsky, Dr. O. E. Zezina from P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow for identify the deep-sea Pycnogoida and Brachipoda. I am grateful to Prof. Paul Tyler, Dr. David Billett, and Dr. Andrew Gates for their important inputs during benthic faunal identification and data analysis at NOC, UK. 1 also thank Dr. Jaygopal Pattanayak (Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India) for helping me to identify the demospongiae. I would like to acknowledge Dr. M. P. Tapaswi, Librarian, and his staff for their efficient support in obtaining the literature and maintaining good journals. I am indebted to all my ‘Benthos’ labmates Dr. Mandar Nanajkar, Dr. Sandhya, Dr. Sini Pavithran, Reshma, Uday, Abhay, Indranil and Darwin who have contributed immensely to my personal and professional life and for all the help and support they have rendered to me whenever I needed. Without mention the name Dr. Sanitha Sivadas this thesis would be incomplete, she helped me a lot to understand all the subjects specially in statistics and taken care like her brother during my thesis, so many thanks to you Sanithadi. Without mentioning my friends group this journey will be incomplete. The people of this group Rubail, Vikrant, Dr. Arif, Swaraj, Girish, Sumanta, Anil, Amit, Sandeep, Navnath, Shrikant and Hrishikesh for their moral support and motivation, which helped me to give my best and made my stay at NIO, Goa a wonderful experience. My dear friends thank you all for filling up my canvas of memories with several shades which will remain with me forever. My heartfelt thanks to all of my music club (Dr. Anindya Mazumdar, Amol, Amab, Priyabrata, Rakesh, Swatantra, Partirupa, Shisir, Puja, Gobardhan, Neelava, Nishant and Devdutt) and NIO cricket club (Madan sir, R. Madhan, Kishan, Asok, Saba, Kartik, Suresh, Dinesh, Santodh, Suharsh, Mutthukumar, Harish and Shyam) members who also made this journey memorable to me. 1 would like to thank to my seniors Dr. R. Saraswat, Dr. Ravi, Dr. Anand, Dr. S. Damare, Dr. S. Rana, Dr. R. Roy, Dr. P. Das, Dr. Mahesh and Dr. P. Chakraborty for their various support during my work. I would like to thank my parents Shri Bivash Sautya and Smt. Manisha Sautya, and grandpa Shri Satish Chandara Sautya and other all family members for their love, support and encouragement throughout my life. I specially thank to my wife’s nephew ‘MikaP who supports me mentally with his voice and smile. I also wish to thank to my in-laws especially my mother- in-law Smt. Shibani Das and Uncle Ashis Manna for their all support. Last but not the least; I thank to my wife ‘Babai’ for her love, care, patience, continuous support and encouragement from ‘Jab (when) We Met’. Thank you all... Contents Chapter-1 General Introduction Page No. 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Ocean habitats 2 Geomorphological features of the sea 3 floor Continental margins 4 Abyssal floor 5 Mid-oceanic ridges 5 1.3 Benthic communities and their classification 5 Importance o f benthos 6 1.4 Role of habitat heterogeneity instructuring and maintaining the benthic 7 diversity Continental margins 7 Deep-sea 8 1.5 Benthic research in Indian Ocean 10 Geography 10 History 11 Benthic biodiversity 12 1.6 Objectives of the study 14 Chapter-2 Macrofaunal community structure of the western Indian continental margin including Oxygen Minimum Zone 2.1 Introduction 15 Objectives 18 2.2 Oceanographic settings of the study region 19 Study area 20 2.3 Materials and Methods 20 Laboratory analysis and data processing 21 2.4 Results 22
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