Renato José Braz Mamede Habitats Bentónicos Da

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Renato José Braz Mamede Habitats Bentónicos Da Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia Ano 2018 RENATO JOSÉ BRAZ HABITATS BENTÓNICOS DA PLATAFORMA MAMEDE CONTINENTAL PORTUGUESA A NORTE DO CANHÃO DA NAZARÉ: CARACTERIZAÇÃO, MODELAÇÃO E MAPEAMENTO THE PORTUGUESE CONTINENTAL SHELF HABITATS NORTH OF NAZARÉ CANYON: CHARACTERIZATION, MODELLING AND MAPPING 2018 Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia Ano 2018 RENATO JOSÉ BRAZ HABITATS BENTÓNICOS DA PLATAFORMA MAMEDE CONTINENTAL PORTUGUESA A NORTE DO CANHÃO DA NAZARÉ: CARACTERIZAÇÃO, MODELAÇÃO E MAPEAMENTO THE PORTUGUESE CONTINENTAL SHELF HABITATS NORTH OF NAZARÉ CANYON: CHARACTERIZATION, MODELLING AND MAPPING Tese apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Biologia, realizada sob a orientação científica do Doutor Victor Quintino, Professor Auxiliar do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro e sob a coorientação científica da Doutora Rosa de Fátima Lopes de Freitas, Investigadora Auxiliar do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro Apoio financeiro da FCT e do FSE no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio, através da atribuição da bolsa de Doutoramento com referência SFRH/BD/74312/2010 Dedico esta trabalho à Márcia pelo suporte e compreensão diários, sem os quais este desfecho não teria sido possível. o júri / the jury presidente / chairman Prof. Doutor António José Arsénia Nogueira Professor Catedrático, Universidade de Aveiro vogais / other members Prof. Doutor Henrique José de Barros Brito Queiroga Professor Associado c/ Agregação, Universidade de Aveiro Prof. Doutor José Lino Vieira de Oliveira Costa Professor Auxiliar, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Doutor Jorge Manuel dos Santos Gonçalves Investigador Auxiliar, Universidade do Algarve Prof. Victor Manuel dos Santos Quintino Professor Auxiliar, Universidade de Aveiro (Orientador/Supervisor) agradecimentos Uma tese de doutoramento só é concretizada devido à valorosa colaboração de diversas pessoas. Correndo o risco de me esquecer de alguém, agradeço desde já a todos os que, de uma forma ou de outra, me ajudaram nesta caminhada. Quero começar por agradecer ao meu orientador, Professor Doutor Victor Quintino, a oportunidade de seguir este caminho, a transmissão de conhecimento e, principalmente, a persistência que permitiram concluir este trabalho, à minha coorientadora, Doutora Rosa Freitas, pela oportunidade e pelos conhecimentos científicos transmitidos e à Professora Doutora Ana Rodrigues pelo apoio e transmissão de conhecimentos. Quero agradecer às diversas entidades que permitiram o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, nomeadamente ao Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, ao CESAM, à FCT através do financiamento de uma bolsa de doutoramento e ao projeto MeshAtlantic. Aos meu colegas e amigos, Fernando, Luísa, Roberto e Leandro, pelo auxílio inestimável na amostragem e no trabalho de laboratório. Ao Sr. Rui Marques, técnico do Departamento de Biologia, pela sempre presente boa disposição e auxílio na amostragem realizada. À Serena, Élio e Hélder pela participação no trabalho de laboratório. Um muito obrigado pelo vosso esforço e dedicação. Aos meus amigos e colegas da Universidade de Aveiro, Marta, Fábio Matos, Patrícia, Adília, Rui Albuquerque, Anthony, Carlos e Rúben. Muito obrigado pela camaradagem e conversas tão enriquecedoras. Ao pessoal da Fábrica da Ciência, Departamento de Química e do MBA, envio um obrigado muito especial pelo apoio e companheirismo, que muito me ajudou no desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Envio um agradecimento do tamanho do mundo aos meus pais, Rosa e Francisco, irmão, João (Bão) e Márcia, sem o vosso suporte e carinho este trabalho não teria sido possível. A dívida que tenho para convosco é incalculável. Quero expressar uma palavra especial de gratidão aos pais da Márcia, Carlos e Maria João, pelo apoio, afeto e por estarem sempre presentes nas alturas certas. À Amora e ao Kraken, apesar de não perceberem esta língua estranha, envio um agradecimento em forma de miau, miau, miau, pelas longas horas de companhia. Aos meus amigos e familiares, Goncas, Wally, João Pedro, Carlos (Carraça), Filipa, Prista, Verónica, Filipe, Rubina, Rui Alves e Carla. A estes e a muitos outros aqui “esquecidos” por falta de espaço, um muito obrigado pela amizade e por me aturarem ao longo destes anos. Uma palavra especial de agradecimento aos parceiros do projeto MeshAtlantic, do Algarve e do IPMA, por tão bem me terem recebido e pela partilha de conhecimento. Obrigado a todos os que acreditaram em mim, mesmo nos momentos mais complicados. palavras-chave plataforma continental portuguesa; habitats marinhos de substrato móvel; macrofauna bentónica; acústica de feixe simples; interpolação espacial; modelos de distribuição; mapeamento; EUNIS; estado ambiental; valor biológico marinho. resumo Os habitats bentónicos são um componente importantíssimo do ambiente marinho, sendo isto particularmente evidente devido ao papel determinante da macrofauna a si associada nas teias alimentares marinhas. A caracterização e mapeamento destes habitats assumem particular relevância no estudo dos ecossistemas marinhos. Este trabalho tinha como objetivos principais combinar métodos de amostragem tradicional e técnicas acústicas de deteção remota, desenvolvendo novas estratégias de modelação e mapeamento, para detalhar e caracterizar os habitats bentónicos e macrofauna associada na secção da plataforma continental portuguesa a norte do canhão da Nazaré. Abrangendo uma área de aproximadamente 7000Km2, foram obtidos dados sedimentares e de profundidade em 226 amostras coletadas com uma draga, 169 das quais foram utilizadas no estudo da macrofauna. Adicionalmente, mais de 2500Km de transectos acústicos foram adquiridos. Os dados sedimentares pontuais foram explorados de duas formas: i) usando interpolação espacial com “Empirical Bayesian Kriging”, na produção de mapas dos descritores sedimentares finos%, areia%, cascalho% e curtose, e dos sedimentos classificados de acordo com o sistema MeshAtlantic-Folk; ii) utilizando análises estatísticas univariadas e multivariadas, de modo a relacionar os dados sedimentares com a distribuição espacial da macrofauna. Os dados acústicos foram adquiridos com o sistema acústico de discriminação de fundos QTC VIEW série V, de forma a serem utilizados em modelos de distribuição de macrofauna bentónica, em substituição dos dados ambientais. Lamentavelmente, não foi possível explorar esta enorme quantidade de dados acústicos obtidos, visto que estes demonstraram estar contaminados pela profundidade, invalidando o seu uso na discriminação dos tipos sedimentares. No entanto, os dados de profundidade obtidos com este sistema permitiram a produção de um mapa batimétrico preciso da área de estudo, sendo utilizado posteriormente como parte dos mapas de variáveis ambientais. A utilização de diversos métodos de análise estatística univariada e multivariada permitiu o estudo da distribuição espacial de índices biológicos e das comunidades de macrofauna. Modelos de distribuição relacionando a abundância, riqueza específica (ou diversidade alfa) e o índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener com parâmetros sedimentares e a profundidade foram desenvolvidos, utilizando diversos tipos de modelos de regressão. Para cada índice biológico, as previsões do modelo mais preciso foram comparadas com as previsões da interpolação espacial realizada diretamente sobre os dados biológicos usando métodos geoestatísticos. Na área de estudo, foram identificadas sete comunidades, sendo desenvolvidos modelos de distribuição de comunidades (CDM, do inglês “communities distribution models”), baseados em modelos de regressão binomial, estudando a relação da presença/ausência de cada comunidade com as variáveis ambientais. Através da combinação dos CDM e dos mapas das variáveis ambientais, foi produzido um mapa que representa a distribuição da comunidade de macrofauna bentónica mais provável. Este mapa combinado foi utilizado na classificação e mapeamento da distribuição dos tipos de habitat EUNIS nível 5 e na avaliação do seu estado ambiental no âmbito da Diretiva Quadro Estratégia Marinha, através da produção de um mapa do valor biológico marinho de tais habitats EUNIS. Os mapas bentónicos produzidos nesta tese, tanto os ambientais como os biológicos, são importantes ferramentas adequadas a um conjunto de propósitos no contexto da gestão dos ecossistemas marinhos, como a monitorização, controlo de espécies não indígenas, ordenamento espacial e estudos das alterações climáticas. keywords Portuguese continental shelf; marine soft-sediment habitats; benthic macrofauna; single-beam acoustics; spatial Interpolation; distribution models; mapping; EUNIS; environmental status; marine biological valuation. abstract Benthic habitats are an important component of the marine realm, being this evident by the key role of their associated macrofauna on the marine food webs. Their characterization and mapping assume special relevance in marine ecosystem studies. The main aims of this work were to combine traditional sampling methods with an acoustic remote sensing technique and developing novel modelling approaches, to detail and characterize the benthic habitats and associated macrofauna in the section of the Portuguese continental shelf north of Nazaré canyon. Covering an area of approximately 7000Km2, baseline sediment data and depth were obtained in 226 grab samples, 169 of which were used to study the macrofauna. Also, acoustic transects were run for more than 2500Km.
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