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, .. ". ,• ., • / .. ' ." • COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF SHALLOW-WATER OPHIUROIDEA. ,0 • " . , 1 • • , " ,of,. , . \ , .... " .. / .. ,<1' • , "" :.,..>'--- ~ . ".. \ • McGill Un.wersi ty COMMUNITY STRIJC'ruP.E OF SHALLOW-WATER OPHIUROIDEA 1 OF BARaADOS, WEST Il-.'DIES. ~by \ Richard D. Bray , -' ~ , , • :,,' \ A thesis sub~itted to the faculty of Graduate Studies and ~. Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements """S " for the degree ~of Master of Science in the Marine Sciences Centre J Montreal, Quebec March, f975 ,", - '.. ,i . ", . ® Richard D. Bray 1975 :"t' • ABSTRACT , , This study investigated the ~unity structure of cryptic, coral reef d~ell1n9 oph1uroids in terrns vf habitat, species com- po~ition, abundance, and species diversity patterns. Three s~ ~ ling sites were examined and compared~ f~ging reef, shallow " rubble zone, and outer reef bank. A total of 27 species from 10 families was collected from the three sites. Eleven of these spe­ cies were additions to the reported ophiurdid fauna of Bariados ,,1 and the other islands of the Windward group. On the fringing reef four habitat types were distinguished: 1) sand or limèstone platform/ 2) reef area with greater than 50\ living coral coverage, 3) reet area with less than 50\ living coral . ~overage, and 4) rubble. There was an increase in species d1versity and a decrease in mean ophiuroid density with decreasing spatial heterogeneity. It was observed that the dominant reef ophiuroids vere suspension feeders, rather than bottOM, detritus f~eders. Most brittle-star species were generalfstsjn their choice of substrate. / a&: aSJ .- CI • ......;' .- ~., . .....~ ,> '.\ , '" { RESUME Cette étude porte sur la structure oes communautés d'ophiures ~ryptiques habitant les récifs de coraux: niches écologiques, com­ position des.. espèces, de~sité, diversité. On étudia et compara 3 stations types: r~cif fr~eant, zone de débris pe~ profonde, ba~c .. '" corallien 'extérieur. 27 e~eces regroupees en 10 familles furent .. recueilles à ces 3 stations. Onze de ces especes sont ~velles A mentions à la faune déjà connue de la Barbade et des autres iles . "sous' le vent". On distingua 4 habitats dans le récif frangeant: (1) un banc . de sable où de calcaine (2) une région recouverte de plus de 50\ de . coraux vivants (3) une autre recouverte-da-moins de 50\ de co~aux . , . v~nts, ~~ (4) une zone de débris. p~~ent a une diminution de l'hétérogenéité spaciale on note une augmentation de la diversité et uqe diminut10n de la dens- ité moyenn~ de$·oph1ures. Les ophiuridés qui dominent, dans le récif sont plutôt suspensivores, alors que dans le fond, il~ sont detritivores. La plupart des espèces d'ophiures ne sont pas sélectives quand au choix de substrat. .. Il (! ~ CONTENTS Page t " LIST OF TABLES ••••••••• ....1 • •• • :1 ••••••••••••• .vi LIST' OF ILLuSTRATIONS •••••• .viii 1 f, INTRODUCTION Purpose. ............... .. 1 Regional Setting.r •••••••• ................... · .. 1 Literature Survey ••••••.•••• . .5 Historical Accounts of Ophiuroids of Barbados .•• .10 Ackn-owledgements. Il ............................. • •• 11 METHODS AND MATE RIALS Study Area and Sampling Proceedure ••••• .13 Iden ti fi ca tion •••••••••••• • .17, Mathe~atfca1 Ana1ysis ••••••••••. .17 StmiXarity between samples •.• .17 Dominance. ..~ •••• , .. • •• 18 Aggregation ••• .19 Specializa tion ••••••.•••••••• .20 Oiversi ty ............. • •• 21 The species count ••• • •• 22 The cumulative p'er cent rnethod. .22 'Simpson's index of diversity •••• • .23 Information theory index .•••••.•••••••• • .24 / Statistics and Format •••••••••••••••• • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • 25 RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS General •.•.••...•.• ·.............. .26 The Fringinq Reef ••••••••• ·........... .... .26 Comp1eteness of sam~1ing. · ....... ....... .31 iv r-- 1 v Similarity between samples •••• • ••• 34 I>œlinance •••••••••• • •.. 35 Aggregation •••••••• ·....... • ••• 40 Specialization •• • ...... .J. •• i • • • • • • • •• • 42 Size ......... ........... • . • . •.• . 42 . i' Diversity ............... ~ . _.. : ... .......•.....••.. 46 The species count. • •• 46 The cumulative per cent method. • •• 48 Simpson's index of diversity ••• • ••• • 48 Information the ory index ••••••• · .... 50 General obse.rvations .................................. 54 Coral coverage and ophiuroid abundance ••••••••••.•. 54 Feeding ~ . .•....... .............. 54 Commensalism •••••• .57 The Shallow RubbIe •.•••• .58 Similarity between samples •• .60 D<>min~.ce •••••••••••• · ... 60 Aggregation •••••.•••• •••• 63 Size ...... ....... ,. ............. • •. 63' Diversity. • •• 66 General observations. • ••• 67 The First Ridge ••••••••• .70 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The Fringing Reef .•.•••••.•••••••••••••• ............... 76 The Shailow Rubble ••••••••.• • ••••••••~ ••, 1[. .... ..... 79 The First Ridge ••.•••••••••• . .... 81 SUMl-lARY ......................... · .... ..- .. .........•......... 84 C) LITERATURli: CITED ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 85 ,. ". '4 ~ ~ . _~.:It •• ~, "- J v LIST OF TABLES" Table ,Page 1. The shallow-water Ophiuroidea of Barbados, West· lndies .......... It .............................................. 27 2A •. List of species, their abundances, mean densities, and standard deviations for Type II .environrnents •.•.•••••• 28 2B. List of species, ~eir abundans~~~.~an densities, and standard deviations for Type I~I eny\ronments ••.•..••. 29 ) -;! ~ \ 2C. List of species, their abundances, mean densities, and standard deviations for Type IV environrnents ..•.•••••• 30 3. The values of CÀ for the cornparisons of sam?les II, III, and IV ................................................ I... I. ,...~ .......... .. 35 :' " (~ , 4A. List of fringing reef species dominants: type Il enviroIlI1\ents .............................. '. .................................................... .. 36 4B. List of fringing reef species dominants: Type III environrnen:s .................. .) .............................................................. .. 37 "J ' 4C. List of fringing reef species dominants: Type IV envirollT'lcnts, ....... --. ................................................................ " .......... 38 S. Lists of ratios of observed Biological Index Values to maximum Biologicàl Index Values •.••••••.•.......••.•••. 39 6. Population parameters for the fringing reef: Mean density, mean crowd1ng, and patchiness ..••••....••.••••••. 4l 7. List of Levin~' index of niche breadth for the fring- ing reef .............................................................................................. 43 8. List of mean Biolog1cal Index Value and Levins' index of niche breddth for fringing ~ef species ••.•....••.••••• 44 9. ~:;~~. ~~ • ~~~ • ~~:~~~~~:. ~~~~~~{~ • ~~~ • ~~~ • ~~~~:~~:.' ••••••• 47 vi " 1 ~ ( 1 Table Page 10. List of species, their abundances, mean densities and standard deviati~ns for the, shallow rubble zone •.••••• S9 . , 11. The val~es of CÀ for th~ comparisons of environ­ o mental Types tI, III, and rv with the shallow ~ub- • ble zone ...................•............ " ....... "......... 60 12. List of shallow rubble species dominants •••l', ••••••••••••••• 6 1 13~ Lists of the ratios of the obsefVed Biological Index p Value and the maximum Biological Ind~x Values ••••••••••••• 62 '" • 1 14. Population parameters for the two rubble collections •••••• 63 15. Summary of the diversity measures for the two rubble collections ................................ ~ .......•.... .. 67 () " l . vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Index map of Barbados ...................................... 2 2. Representative bottom profile of ~e west coast of Barbados .... " ................... ., ... " ............... " •.. 3 3. Schemat1c representation of the fringing reef s~udy site ........ ~ ......... " ...............~ ................ " ... 14 4. Species-area curves .•••••••.••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 32 5. Htt-arca curves ............................................ 33 6. Cumulative size-frequency curves •.•...•.•••••••••••••••••• 45 7. Oiversity: Cumulative per cent method ••••••• ~ •••••••••••• 49 8. 01versity: Shannon-Weaver function5 •••.•••••• ~ ••••••••••• 52 ... 9. Revised Simpson indices (ON) and evenness measures (J) .••• 53 10. Number of.-indiv1duals and percentage living coral coverage .. " ............. " .... " .... ! •...................... 55 Il. Cumulative size-fre~uency curves ••••.•••••.••••••••••, : •••• 64 12. Graphs of arm length versus disc diameter for two collect10ns of Ophiocoma echinata •.••••••••••••••••••••••• 65 13. Number of individuals, number of species, and.meter number along transect •••.••••.••••••••••••.•••••.••••.••.• 68 1, 14. Mean number of individuals and mean habitable surface area versus per cent of distance along transect ••••••••••• 69 15. Graphs of arm length versus d1SC diameter for two collect1ons of Oph1othr1X (A.) suenson1 ..••••••••••••••••• 72 / 16. Ophiuroid abundance plotted against dry weight of Agelas Spa sponge ••••....•.•••.•.•••••.•...• " ••••••••.•••• 73 viii ; ~I , INTRODUCTION Purpose Many studies of tropical ophiuroid communities have been restricted to qualitative descript1on. This is the first quantitative investigation of a West Indian brittle-star assemblage associated with a fringing coral reef and is an att~t to provide an understanding of the structure of a tropical b~ittle-s'ar community. This study, ~hrough elucidating the patterns of discre~e ophiüroid populations, attempts to further' the understanding of the importance of the
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