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The Vegetation Ecology of Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Bronkhorstspruit, South Africa by Barbara Anna Swanepoel Supervisor: Prof GJ Bredenkamp Department of Botany

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The Vegetation Ecology of Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Bronkhorstspruit, South Africa by Barbara Anna Swanepoel Supervisor: Prof GJ Bredenkamp Department of Botany The vegetation ecology of Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Bronkhorstspruit, South Africa By Barbara Anna Swanepoel Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister Scientia in the Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Science University of Pretoria Pretoria Supervisor: Prof. Dr. G.J. Bredenkamp November 2006 Abstract The vegetation ecology of Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Bronkhorstspruit, South Africa by Barbara Anna Swanepoel Supervisor: Prof GJ Bredenkamp Department of Botany Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister Scientia A vegetation survey, based on plant communities, was conducted on the Ezemvelo Nature Reserve. The aim of the study was to identify, describe and classify plant communities of Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, and interpret them ecologically. The information derived from this study can then be used in the management of the Reserve. The floristic composition and habitat information were recorded in 210 sample plots. The data was captured in the TURBOVEG database and classified using the TWINSPAN numerical classification algorithm. The resulting phytosociological tables were compiled and organised using the MEGATAB computerised table management programme according to Braun-Blaunquet procedures. The data was also subjected to a Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DECORANA), processed by the PCOrd numerical ordination programme, to confirm the results of the classification. The ordination also illustrates any environmental gradients controlling the existence and distribution patterns of the different plant communities. Twenty- two major plant communities and 4 sub-communities were identified, described, and ecologically interpreted. The localities of the plant communities are indicated on map, compiled by using GIS. The plant communities on the Reserve are distributed in a mosaic of woodlands, grasslands and wetlands, based on the heterogeneous habitats created by the variations in topography, which is typical of Bankenveld vegetation. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................1 1.1 Background..........................................................................................................1 1.2 Objectives............................................................................................................2 1.3 References ..........................................................................................................3 2 STUDY AREA...................................................................................................................4 2.1 Location ...............................................................................................................4 2.2 Climate.................................................................................................................4 2.3 Topography and Hydrology .................................................................................6 2.4 Geology ...............................................................................................................7 2.5 Land Types and soils.........................................................................................10 2.6 References ........................................................................................................12 3 GRASSLANDS IN SOUTH AFRICA WITH A SPECIFIC FOCUS ON BANKENVELD ..14 3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................14 3.2 The grassland biome in South Africa.................................................................14 3.3 Origin of South African grasslands ....................................................................15 3.4 Determinants of the grassland biome ................................................................17 3.5 Grassland composition ......................................................................................19 3.6 Bankenveld/ Rocky Highveld Grassland............................................................20 3.7 Conclusion.........................................................................................................22 3.8 References ........................................................................................................23 4 METHODOLOGY ...........................................................................................................28 4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................28 4.2 Background Information.....................................................................................28 4.3 Classification and Ordination .............................................................................29 4.4 Data Collection ..................................................................................................29 4.5 Data Analysis.....................................................................................................31 4.5.1 Classification...............................................................................................31 4.5.2 Ordination ...................................................................................................32 4.6 Describing Communities....................................................................................32 4.7 References ........................................................................................................34 5 DESCRIPTION OF THE WOODLAND COMMUNITIES ................................................37 5.1 Classification......................................................................................................37 5.2 Description of plant communities.......................................................................37 5.3 References ........................................................................................................54 6 DESCRIPTION OF GRASSLAND COMMUNITIES .......................................................57 iii 6.1 Classification......................................................................................................57 6.2 Description of plant communities.......................................................................57 6.3 References ........................................................................................................71 7 DESCRIPTION OF WETLANDS COMMUNITIES .........................................................73 7.1 Classification......................................................................................................73 7.2 Description of plant communities.......................................................................73 7.3 References ........................................................................................................84 8 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................85 8.1 Introduction........................................................................................................85 8.2 Classification......................................................................................................85 8.3 Synoptic Table...................................................................................................89 8.4 Ordination and habitat interpretation .................................................................95 8.4.1 Rocky and Woodland Communities............................................................97 8.4.2 Grassland Communities..............................................................................99 8.4.3 Wetland Communities...............................................................................102 8.5 References ......................................................................................................104 9 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................105 9.1 References ......................................................................................................107 10 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................108 SUMMARY ...........................................................................................................................118 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................119 SPECIES LIST .....................................................................................................................120 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Average Temperatures measured at weather station in Witbank. ..........................5 Table 2.2. Average rainfall for the past 13 years......................................................................6 Table 5.1. Phytosociological table of the rocky and woodland communities on Ezemvelo Nature Reserve. .......................................................................................................38 Table 6.1. Phytosociological Table of the Grasslands on Ezemvelo Nature Reserve. ..........59 Table 7.1. Phytosociological table of the wetland communities on Ezemvelo Nature Reserve. .................................................................................................................................74 Table 8.1. Synoptic table of the communities of the Ezemvelo Nature Reserve....................91 LIST OF FIGURES
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