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JOHN XXII and GLOBAL CHRISTENDOM Joshua Paul Hevert a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty at the University

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JOHN XXII and GLOBAL CHRISTENDOM Joshua Paul Hevert a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty at the University View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository ORTHODOXY ABROAD: JOHN XXII AND GLOBAL CHRISTENDOM Joshua Paul Hevert A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the College of Arts and Sciences Chapel Hill 2016 Approved by: Brett Whalen Marcus Bull Jessica Boon Flora Cassen Sarah Shields ©2016 Joshua Paul Hevert ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Joshua Paul Hevert: Orthodoxy Abroad: John XXII and Global Christendom (Under the Direction of Brett Whalen) This dissertation examines the way in which Latin Christians of the fourteenth century, but particularly the papacy, reconciled the incorporation of Asia and the Christian communities living throughout the continent with their vision of world order. More specifically, it argues that Pope John XXII clarified and adapted the role of the papacy on the global stage in response to the challenges, both in terms of Latin Christian doctrine and practice, that Latin Christians living in Asia presented. It explores and interrogates the struggle of John XXII’s papacy to define, to police, and to discipline Latin Christianity, especially in Islamic and Mongol lands where the Latin Church attempted to create social, cultural, and religious communities that replicated orthodox religious communities in Western Europe. Moreover, the dissertation demonstrates that the efforts made by the popes and other Latin Christians were attempts to order a world that, from the Latin perspective, presented considerable spiritual danger to the Latin Christians living in it. Finally, it argues that Latin Christians rediscovered and redefined their religious identities in Asia. The study analyzes the reevaluation of Latin Christendom in following the fall of the city of Acre in 1291, the creation of new institutions and church hierarchies in Asia, John XXII’s direction of the missionary project and clashes with members of the Franciscan order, and an attempt to halt trade between Christians and Muslims in Asia and on the Mediterranean. The project therefore contributes both to Church History and World History. iii In memory of Kendall Inada, Latin professor and friend, without whom this dissertation would not be possible. Thank you for teaching me Latin and for showing me what it means to be a good teacher. AND In memory of Robert McGlone, history professor and adviser, who helped push me towards history, even when I resisted. I miss you both. Mahalo nui loa. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When I visited UNC on my prospective weekend, I took myself to the student store in search of my new adviser’s book. Rather than reading the introduction first, I turned to the back and read the acknowledgements section in an attempt to get a sense of the personality that would direct me for the next five years. I was struck by his opening, which suggested that the writing of a book was both a hermitic and coenobitic monastic experience. In the spirit of this metaphor, I’d extend it and argue that the writing of a dissertation or book is the combination of the total western Christian monastic experience. It is at the same time, hermitic, coenobitic, and mendicant. It is, perhaps, at the latest of nights or the earliest of mornings, a mystical experience. It is isolating to be sure, but it also requires a community and an engagement with the world outside of the office and seminar room. In the monastic journey of this dissertation, I have incurred many debts of gratitude that I can only begin to address in these short paragraphs. First and foremost, I owe the opportunity to study medieval history and to write this dissertation to the University of North Carolina History Department of History. Thank you for the opportunity to teach Carolina students and paying me to do it. I also have to thank the UNC Program in Medieval and Early Modern Studies. Throughout my five years at Carolina, I have been overwhelmed by the generous funding MEMS has given me, whether a full-semester writing fellowship, money for research, or funding for conference presentations. It was a generous incentive grant from MEMS that helped bring me to Carolina in the first place. In addition, MEMS provided me an outlet to present my work at the Triangle Medieval Studies Seminar and the Fall 2013 Compact Seminar. v Many thanks to my committee, Brett Whalen, Marcus Bull, Jessica Boon, Flora Cassen, and Sarah Shields, for agreeing to shepherd me through this entire process. I appreciate their willingness to look at drafts, to meet to discuss ideas, and to provide guidance for how to make this dissertation the best product that I could make it. I owe a special debt of gratitude to Brett Whalen, whose service as an adviser exceeded all of my expectations. Meetings with Brett were always colorful, full of enthusiasm, and full of intellectual curiosity that helped me hone my nebulous thinking. Whatever scholar I am now or become later, I owe to him. I also appreciate his suggestions for balancing the work and my life throughout this project. Marcus Bull also deserves special recognition. Professor Bull read drafts of the major components of this project and often put my loosely formed thoughts into more incisive arguments. It has been one of the greatest pleasures of my intellectual life to work with him. Outside of UNC, several institutions helped make the writing of this project possible. Thanks especially to the Archivio Segreto Vaticano and the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana for allowing me entrance and access to their manuscript treasures. Being in the reading rooms of both of those libraries was a dream come true. I still struggle to believe that I, a fairly average man from Colorado, breathed the rarified air of those places. Thank you also to the Vatican Film Library at Saint Louis University and its staff, for loading me up with microfilms of Vatican manuscripts and providing their guidance and hospitality. Likewise, many thanks to the British Library for allowing me to take pictures of a Jordan of Catalonia manuscript and for helping me find the manuscripts I needed. Finally, I owe an eternal debt to the Interlibrary Loan service at Davis Library at Carolina. I am sure they will be glad that I have graduated and moved on, if only so that they no longer have to send me strongly-worded emails reminding me to return my books. I am as apologetic as I am thankful. vi More personally, I am grateful for the unconditional and unwavering support and love of my wife, Melissa Esmacher. When I needed help articulating an idea, she listened. When things got tough, she gave me a shoulder on which to cry. When I needed encouragement and confidence, she was ready to provide a boost. When I needed a laugh, she made jokes. I could not ask for a better companion, partner, and friend. Her love made this dissertation possible. It is hers as much as it is mine. I would not be who I am nor would I have had the opportunities that I have without my family. Thanks to my father, Stephen, and my mother, Karen, for their love and support. Thank you for being so accepting of my decision to pursue history as a career. Thank you also for your emotional and financial support. I know that what I do still mystifies you both to some degree, but I appreciate your unending enthusiasm for my success. Thanks also to my sister, Lauren, and my brother, Matt, for being the most hilarious, generous, intelligent, inspiring, loving, and challenging siblings. I hope you are as proud of me as I am of you both. At Carolina, I have had the privilege of being surrounded by one of the greatest groups of friends I have known. Thanks to the Avengers: Allie Locking, Beth Hasseler, Peter Raleigh, Daniel Morgan, Caroline Nilsen, Gabe Moss, Sara Hamel, and Lindsay Holman for all of the nights of Catchphrase, Armadillo, Bandidos, Baxter Bar, Big Bang, Die Antwoord, Dungeon and Dragons, Frankie’s, Marvel movies, Star Wars, Weaver Street, and every other fun thing that we did together. All of you made me want to work harder and push further. You all managed to turn graduate school from an isolating hell into an experience I will always treasure. I will miss all of you so incredibly much. I hope you all know how much your friendships have meant to me. Over the years of my life, I have had so many friends encourage me to pursue an intellectual life. Thanks to Jason Bachmann and Michael Troutman for being my oldest of vii friends. Thanks to Jacob Aguirre, Julie Aguirre, Kyle Preeo, and Steve Spears, for all of the laughs and adventures. Thank you to Dave Malone, Luke Kwerneland, Zac Rissmiller, Ben Lausten, Lucas Johnson, Matt Carmichael, Jason Lowrie, and Shawn McKee for all of the high school and post high school memories. Thank you for considering me a friend even after I left to pursue my education. I think about all of you often. Thanks to Jess Peláez and her family for their encouragement and support. Finally, the following people all deserve at my gratitude for shaping my life personally and professionally: Karen Jolly, Kristin Bloomer, Matt Lauzon, Lloyd Hamasaki, Robert Ball, Robert Littman, Andrew Crislip, Matt Andrews, Miguel La Serna, Chad Bryant, Melissa Bullard, Joy Jones, Joyce Loftin, Nancy Schoonmaker, Jon Powell, Greg Mole, Kirsten Cooper, Bret Devereaux, Diana Devereaux, Laura Brade, Julie Ault, Alex Seufert, Ross Twele, Lekha Shupeck, Allison Gose, Lucas Kelly, Andrew Ringlee, Camille Cabalo, La’akea Yoshida, Kyle Shimoda, Jeff Oshiro, Avery Oshiro, Jason Ledford, Jonathan Clemens, Cayce Maosi, Michael Bischoff, Adam Witten, Chi Tim Ho, Erin Harris, Christie Mackenzie, Andrea Paras, and countless others who have listened to me go on and on about medieval Christianity.
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