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A Manual of Church History 3 OS CI r-n ^ Id^—'P I' ^ 1? <J5U3Nvsoi^ "^/seviNnaVkV ^^lllBKAHYQ^ -s^tilBKAHYQr ^^ so Wjnvj-jo>^ <rii30Nvsoi^ vvlOSANCElfx> ^OFCAllFOff^ .^JOF•CAllFO% \WEUNIVERy/A "^aaAiNn-av^i^ ^<?Aavaani^ •'JUjrtV ^1>^ -^UIBRARYQ^ ^^VltUNIVtKV>5^ ^losANceia* 3 B U!? 5 I g f ^jnvD-jo'^ %% ^lOSANCElfj)> ^ ^ %a3/MNn-3V^ ^lUBRARYQr ^aaAiNnawv^ ^OJIIVJJO^ ^OFCAUFOff^ ^OFCAllFOff^ >^/^J«AINn-3ttV -^llIBRARYQ^. .5jrtEUNIVEI?5/A ^lOSANCFlJTj^ %ojnv3jo^ %OillVDJO^ ^TiujHYsov^ '^^/smmi^ "^^omim^ "^^omirn^ -s^iiiDnMitic^ ..\TttumvtHd//>, so> %dnVJJO>^ %0JI1V3J0'^ <^3NVS01^ ^0FCAIIF0% .^.OFCAlIFOff^ vvlOSANCEUn> •* III f*~ u-i I r~~ "^aAiNfl-ai?^" • AWUNIvm/A, ^VUBRARY-ej? 5 <f?139NVS01^ %a3AINn-3WV^ %)jnV3J0'^ '%(MnV3J0't^ AV\EUNIVER5/A ^lOSANCfU-j;^ ^OFCAIIFOP^ ^OFCAUFORi^ o ^ <rji33Nvsoi=^ "^/saaAiNft-iwv ^<?Aavaan# ^5^l•UBRARY0/ ^Al llBRARYO/: ^WMINIVFI?% ^lOSAMCEl£f^ "^^ojiivjjo^ <i^3Nvso# ^aaAiNn-awv^ ^OFCAIIFO^'^ ^OFCAllFORi^ < >&Aavaani^ >&Aavaan# <'^3NV-soi^ '^/saiAiNnawv ^W^MINIVERJ/^ ^lOSANCFlfj-. ^VUBRARV(7/, ^lUBRARYQ^^ *if3UDNVS01^ '^/^HJAINWVW^ %0mOi^^ ^OJOVDiO'^ SrfJ^^*'^'^ A MANUAL OF CHURCH HISTORY VOL. IL A MANUAL OF CHURCH HISTORY Dr. F. X. FUNK PROFESSOR OF THEOLOGY AT THE ONIVERSITY OF TUBINGEN SECOND IMPRESSION OF THE AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION FROM THE 5th GERMAN EDITION BY LUIGI CAPPADELTA VOL. n. ^s ".ou. KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO. LTD. BROADWAY HOUSE, CARTER LANE. E.C. B. HERDER 17 SOUTH BROADWAY. ST. LOUIS. MO. 1912 Oi\0\\/ \% Nihil obstaL J. P, Arendzen Censor Depufatus Imprimatur. Edmundus Canonicus Surmont Vicarius generalis Westmonasterii, die 15 Maii, 1910 \/^ CONTENTS III.—THE MIDDLE AGES {Continued) PAGE Chapter I. The Papacy ....... i 137. Boniface VIII and his Quarrel with Phihp IV of France —Fifteenth General Council ..... i 138. The Babylonian Exile—Conflict of the Papacy with Lewis of Bavaria ....... 5 139. The Great Schism—The Councils of Pisa and Constance 11 140. The Councils of Basel and Ferrara -Florence—The Schism of Fehx V . .18 141. End of the Middle Ages—The so-called Political Popes —Fifth Lateran Council ..... 24 Chapter II. Heretical Movements—Relations with the Jews ........ 31 142. John Wiclif ....... 31 143. Hus and the Husites ..... 33 144. Later Reformers ...... 37 145. Relations with the Jews—The Spanish Inquisition 39 Chapter III. Church Organisation .... 41 146. The Roman Primacy ..... 41 147. Benefices and the Roman See 43 148. Monasticism ....... 47 149. The Parish Clergy and the Mendicants 53 Chapter IV. Ecclesiastical Literature 55 150. Scholasticism 55 151. The Mystics .... 57 152. Exegesis and Bible-criticism 59 153. Humanism .... 61 Chapter V. Religious and Moral Life—Christian Art 64 154. Worship, Prayer, Church Festivals . 64 155. Preaching—Instruction of the People 68 — vi Contents Chapter V. continued. 156. Witchcraft ........ 69 157. Christian Art: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting . 71 158. Church-Reform ....... 76 I.—MODERN TIMES Chapter I. The Protestant Reformation in Germany and IN Switzerland ...... 159. Luther and the Indulgence Controversy . 81 160. Rome's Intervention and the Leipzig Disputation Luther's Works ...... 83 161. The Diets of Worms, 1521, and Nuremberg, 1522-24 Melanchthon and the Anabaptists . 86 162. The Peasant War ...... 89 163. The Diets of Spires, 1526-29—Progress of the Reforma tion and Beginning of the Lutheran Church . 90 164. The Diet of Augsburg, 1530, and the Religious Truce of Nuremberg, 1532 ..... 92 165. Further Progress of the Reformation—Attempts at Reunion Previous to Luther's Death—The Conference at Ratisbon ...... 93 166. The Schmalkalden War and the Interim—The Treaty of Passau, 1552, and the Religious Truce of Augsburg ^555 96 167. Zwingli and the Protestant Reformation in German Switzerland ...... 99 168. The Reformation at Geneva—Calvin . 102 169. Germany after the Truce of Augsburg—Further Progre of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation 104 170. The Thirty Years' War and the Peace of Westphalia 108 Chapter II. The Reformation in the Rest of Europe 171. Prussia, Livonia, Curland, Poland, Hungary, and Transylvania ...... 114 172. The Reformation in the Scandinavian Kingdoms . 116 173. The Reformation in England and Ireland . 117 174. The Reformation in Scotland .... 124 175. The Reformation in France .... 126 176. The Reformation in the Netherlands . 131 Chapter III. The Catholic Church .... 133 177. The Council of Trent ..... 133 178. Religious Orders in the Sixteenth Century—The Jesuits 138 179. The Papacy to the Middle of the Seventeenth Century . 141 180. The Missions ....... 149 181. Controversies regarding Grace . .152 182. The French Regalia—The Galilean Liberties—Quietism 159 183. Festivals—The Fasting Discipline . .163 Contents vii Chapter III.—continued. 184. Febronius and the Memorandum or ' Punctation ' of Ems ........ 165 185. The Reforms of Maria Theresia, Joseph II, and Leopold of Tuscany ....... 168 186. ReHgious Orders in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century ....... 171 187. The Papacy in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century ....... 177 188. Church Literature ...... 181 189. Christian Art : Music, Architecture, Painting , 183 190. The Graeco-Russian Church . 186 Chapter IV. The Protestant Church 191. Doctrinal Controversies to the Middle of the Seventeenth Century ....... 192. Protestant Sects to the Middle of the Seventeenth Century ....... 192 193. The Pietists ....... 196 194. The Quakers, Herrnhuters, Methodists, and Sweden borgians ....... 197 195. Learning and Art among the Protestants . 200 Chapter V. The Outbreak of Rationalism 203 196. England and France ..... 203 197. Germany ....... 205 II.—MODERN TIMES [Continued) Chapter I. The Catholic Church ..... 208 198. The French Church in the Age of the Revolution (1789- 1800) and Pius VI .... 208 199. Pius VII and Napoleon I . 200. Secularisation and Reorganisation of the Church in Germany ....... 216 201. Church Matters in Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1830-70 ....... 220 202. The Church in Switzerland .... 225 203. The Church in France after the Fall of Napoleon I 227 204. The Church in Italy, Spain, and Portugal . 230 205. The Church in the Netherlands, in Great Britain, and in Scandinavia ...... 232 206. The Church in Poland and Russia . 235 207. The Church in America ..... 237 208. The Papacy and the Vatican Council 240 209. The Kulturkampf in Germany .... 245 210. The Missions ....... 248 211. Relations with the State—Discipline and Worship 250 212. Christian Life and Christian Art 253 213. Religious Orders and Congregations . 254 214. Literature and Controversies .... 255 215. ' German Catholics ' and Old Catholics 259 viii Contents PAGE Chapter II. Protestantism ..... 261 216. Alliances, Tendencies, and Sects .... 261 217. Home and Foreign Missions ..... 265 218. Protestant Theology ...... 267 219. Belief and Unbelief ...... 269 220. Conclusion ........ 270 Chronological Tables . .273 Index ....... oSr <v V / 1^ '1 / — A MANUAL OF CHURCH HISTORY ''-^ -"'''' III. THE MIDDLE AGES ^"7 . THIRD PERIOD From Boniface VIII to the End of the Middle Ages, 1294-1517 CHAPTER I THE PAPACY 1 § 137 Boniface VIII and his Quarrel witli Philip IV of France Fifteenth General Council ^ WHEN'Celestine V resigned the papal crown, a successor was found in the person of cardinal Benedetto Gaetani, henceforth to be known as Boniface VIII (1294-1303). Though an adept in Canon Law, his hastiness and forceful measures led to his being repeatedly humiliated at the hand of secular princes. From his pontificate dates the decline of the political power of the papacyT He found himself faced by a stupendous task. On all > Literature, §§ 85, 109: Hefele-Hergenrother, CG. VI-VIII ; Chris- TOPHE, Hist, de la papaute au XIV^ Steele, 3 vol. 1833; Hist, de la papautd pendant le XV^ sidcle, 2 vol. 1863 ; M. Tangl, Papstl. Kanzleiordnungen v, 1290-1500, 1894. - Mg. on Boniface by Dupuy, 1655 ; Baillet, 1718 ; Tosti, 2 vol. 1846; vol. Drumann, 2 1852 ; H. Finke, Aus den Tagen Bonifaz' VIII, 1902 ; MICE. 1905, pp. 201-24 (on Philip the Fine); D.Z.f.G. N. F. ii, 16-38; (Bull Ausculta fill) ; E. Renan, iLtudes siir la politique relig. du rigne de Philippe le Bel, 1899; DoLLiNGER, Anagni (Engl. Trans, in Addresses, 1894); I^- HoLTZMANN, WHJielm von Nogaret, 1898 ; R. Scholz, Publizistik zur Zeit Philipps d. Sch. u. Bonifatius' VIII, 1903; MICE. 1905, pp. 488-98; 1906, pp. 85-96 (on the supposed heresy of Boniface VIII). VOL, II. B — 2 A Manual of Church History sides quarrel and conflict prevailed, and he was doing no more fhan his duty when he strove to make peace, especially as nothing could be done to deliver the Holy Land until the animosities of the Western rulers had been laid to rest. First and foremost he desired to mediate between France and England. As his remonstrances were unavailing, and as the clergy were being subjected to systematic extortion in the interest of the different war parties, he took the course of issuing (1296) the Bull, known as Clericis laicos [infestos esse oppido tradit antiquitas) , from the words with which it begins. He therein forbade the clergy, on pain of the ban, to contribute anything whatsoever to the laity without previously securing his permission, forbidding also princes or secular officials to impose any kind of tax on clerics, or to claim or receive aught from them. The way for this prohibition had indeed been, in some sense, made ready by the previous enactments of Alexander III, Innocent III, and Alexander IV.i The new decree, however, went much further, the times were any- thing but favourable to its execution, and in England, and still
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