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Thomas Schirrmacher Full Orbed View of the 15Th Century and a Praxis That Led to Split the Church

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Thomas Schirrmacher Full Orbed View of the 15Th Century and a Praxis That Led to Split the Church This history of indulgences and purgatory has established itself as a standard VKW summary of the history of the theological development in stages leading to the Thomas Schirrmacher full orbed view of the 15th century and a praxis that led to split the church. The author follows the further history through the centuries through to the major changes made after the Second Vatican Council. Even though the last chapter of the book contains a detailed Protestant and Orthodox criticism of the dogma- tic foundations of indulgences, the book is seen as a fair contribution by many reviewers and has earned the approval of Catholic theologians, who regret, that the planed abolition of indulgences by the Second Vatican Council did not take Indulgences Schirrmacher Thomas place finally. Prof. Dr. theol. Dr. phil. Thomas Schirrmacher, Indulgences PhD, DD, (born 1960) is speaker for human rights of the World Evangelical Alliance, spea- king for appr. 600 million Christians, chair of its A History of Theology and Reality of theological commission, and director of Inter- national Institute for Religious Freedom (Bonn, Indulgences and Purgatory Cape Town, Colombo). He is also director of the Commission for Religious Freedom of the Ger- man and Austrian Evangelical Alliance. He is member of the board of the International Society for Human Rights. Schirrmacher is professor of the sociology of re- ligion at the State University of the West in Timi- soara (Romania) and Distinguished Professor of Global Ethics and International Development at William Carey University in Shillong (Meghalaya, India). He is also president of ‘Martin Bucer European Theological Seminary and Research Ins- titutes’ with campuses e.g. in Bonn, Berlin, Zurich, Innsbruck, Prague and Istan- bul, where he teaches ethics and comparative religions. Schirrmacher (*1960) earned four doctorates in Theology (Dr. theol., 1985, Ne- therlands), in Cultural Anthropology (PhD, 1989, USA), in Ethics (ThD, 1996, USA), and in Sociology of Religions (Dr. phil., 2007, Germany) and received two honorary doctorates in Theology (DD, 1997, USA) and International Development (DD, 2006, India). Geschichte – Kirchengeschichte – Reformation 24 Reformation – Kirchengeschichte – Geschichte 24 Reformation – Kirchengeschichte – Geschichte ISBN 978-3-86269-023-7 ISSN 1612-2135 Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft VKW (Culture and Science Publ.) VKW A Protestant Evaluation Thomas Schirrmacher Indulgences Cover foto: “Indulgences chest”, early 16th century, Used with kind permission by the State of Saxony-Anhalt, “Landesinstitut für Lehrerfort- bildung, Lehrerweiterbildung und Unterrichtsforschung von Sachsen- Anhalt (LISA)” Biblia et symbiotica Band 9: Bernhard Kaiser. Luther und die Auslegung des Römerbriefes: Eine theologisch-geschichtliche Beurteilung. 1995 Band 11: Jochen Bohn. Der Mensch im calvinischen Staat: Göttliche Weltordnung und politischer Beruf. 1995 Band 12: Thomas Schirrmacher. Galilei-Legenden. 1995. Band 13: Tobias Jäger. Olavus Petri, Reformator in Schweden und andere skandinavistische Beiträge. 1995 Band 18: Andreas Späth. Luther und die Juden. 2001 Band 19: Thomas Schirrmacher. Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Theologie- geschichte: Heiligenverehrung – Universität Gießen – Reformation / Augustin – Böhl – Spurgeon – Brunner. 2001 Band 20: Reinhold Friedrich. Martin Bucer – ‚Fanatiker der Einheit’?. Seine Stellungnahme zu theologischen Fragen seiner Zeit (Abendmahls- und Kirchenverständnis) insbesondere nach seinem Briefwechsel der Jahre 1524-1541. 2002. Reihe ab Band 21 getrennt in Biblia et symbiotica für Beiträge zur Bibel und die Reihe Geschichte – Kirchengeschichte – Reformation Geschichte – Kirchengeschichte – Reformation Band 24 Band 21: Friedrich Wilhelm Schirrmacher. Briefe und Akten zum Marburger Religionsgespräch (1529) und zum Augsburger Reichstag (1530). 2003 Band 22: Friedrich Wilhelm Schirrmacher. Die Entstehung des Kur- fürstenkollegiums. 2003 Band 23: John Warwick Montgomery. Heraldic Aspects of the German Reformation. 2003 Thomas Schirrmacher Indulgences A History of Theology and Reality of Indulgences and Purgatory A Protestant Evaluation Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft Culture and Science Publ. Bonn 2nd edition 2012 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbib- liothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Inter- net at http://dnb.d-nb.de Second corrected edition 2012 / Zweite korrigierte Auflage 2012 © Copyright 2011 by Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft (Culture and Science Publ.) Prof. Dr. Thomas Schirrmacher Friedrichstraße 38, D-53111 Bonn Fax +49 / 228 / 9650389 www.vkwonline.de / [email protected] ISSN 1612-2135 ISBN 978-3-86269-023-7 German edition published as: Der Ablass: Ablass und Fegefeuer in Geschichte und Gegenwart: Eine Kritik aus evangelischer Sicht. VTR: Nürnberg & RVB: Hamburg, 2005. 186 S. ISBN 3-937965-25-4 (VTR) ISBN 3-928936-86-7 (RVB) Translated by Dr Richard McClary Edited by Ruth Baldwin Printed in Germany Umschlaggestaltung und Gesamtherstellung: BoD Verlagsservice Beese, Friedensallee 44, 22765 Hamburg www.rvbeese.de / [email protected] Verlagsauslieferung: IC-Medienhaus D-71087 Holzgerlingen, Tel. 07031/7414-177 Fax -119 www.icmedienhaus.de Gesamtverzeichnis für den Buchhandel: www.vkwonline.de/gesamtprospekt Privatkunden: in jeder Buchhandlung oder unter www.vkwonline.de Content 1 Interacting with Roman Catholic Teaching ............................................. 9 2 Introduction ........................................................................................... 13 2.1 A Central Question....................................................................... 13 2.2 Are Indulgences a Thing of the Past?........................................... 13 2.3 A Preliminary Evaluation and Summary...................................... 16 2.4 Five Components of the Teaching on Indulgences and................ 18 2.5 Related Roman Catholic Teachings ............................................. 18 2.6 The Teaching of Satisfaction as a Precondition ........................... 18 2.6.1 Sin after Baptism: Mortal Sins and Venial Sins.................. 19 2.6.2 The Sacrament of Penance.................................................. 20 2.6.3 Actions Taken by the Penitent: 1. Confession .................... 21 2.6.4 Actions Taken by the Penitent: 2. Repentance as Contrition of Love or Contrition of Fear............................. 22 2.6.5 Actions Taken by the Penitent: 3. Penance and Satisfaction.......................................................................... 23 2.6.6 Reconciliation with the Roman Catholic Church................ 24 3 The History of Indulgences and Their Theology from the Time of Their Inception in the Middle Ages until the Reformation.................... 25 3.1 Tariff Penance as an Historical Antecedent to Indulgences ......... 25 3.2 The Indulgence as a Completely New Product of the Middle Ages ............................................................................................. 26 3.3 Crusade Indulgences .................................................................... 31 3.4 The Crusades and Indulgences Related There to Bring About the Modern Papacy....................................................................... 35 3.5 Indulgences Began as an Abuse ................................................... 39 3.6 The Pope on the Abuses............................................................... 44 3.7 Indulgences Heightened the Importance of the Papacy................ 45 3.8 Was Money the Mainspring? ....................................................... 47 3.9 Indulgence Theology Began as a Critique of Indulgences ........... 50 3.10 Scholasticism Brings About the Theology of Indulgences........... 52 3.11 The Meaning of Mendicant Orders for Indulgences..................... 54 3.12 St. Thomas Aquinas ..................................................................... 55 3.13 Exkursus: Development of a Dogma?.......................................... 56 3.14 Purgatory – Also a Completely New Outgrowth of the Twelfth Century......................................................................................... 60 6 Indulgences 3.15 The Teaching of the Treasury of the Church – a Completely New Outgrowth of the Thirteenth Century .................................. 65 3.16 Indulgences for the Deceased – A Completely New Outgrowth of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries.................................. 68 3.17 Jubilee Indulgences Beginning in 1300........................................ 70 3.18 Indulgence Campaigns from 1350-1500 and the ‘Ad Instar Indulgences’ ................................................................................. 71 3.19 The Decline of the Indulgence Campaign from 1500-1517 ......... 74 4 The History of Indulgences and Their Theology from the Reformation until the Second Vatican Council .......................................................... 77 4.1 The Reformation and Indulgences................................................ 77 4.1.1 Martin Luther...................................................................... 77 4.1.2 Antecedent History and John Tetzel ................................... 84 4.1.3
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