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Junker, Hermann. the Offering Room of Prince Kaninisut. Vienna

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Junker, Hermann. the Offering Room of Prince Kaninisut. Vienna “Verein der Museumsfreunde.” Who joins the Society, favours the public museums. Members of the Society are entitled to visit gratuitous the Austrian State Collections and a reduction of 30% from the entrance-fee at exhibitions of “Secession” and the “Künstlerhaus” and of 50% at arrangements (exhibitions, guidances) of the Society. I Members: yearly contribution ‘ . s 10.-- Supporting members. .......... 30.-- Patrons ..............,, 100.-- Founders ............. ,,1000.-- Announcementsat theAdministration of the Society, Vienna, III., Reisnerstrasse32, and at the Administration ofthe Museum of FineArts in Vienna, I.,Burgring5. GUIDES TO THE “ COLLECTIONS OF THE MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS AT VIENNA ” Published by Verein der Museumsfreunde Vol. 14 THE OFFERING ROOM OF PRINCE KANINISUT BY HERMANN JUNKER English Edition VIENNA 1931 KUNSTHISTORISCH ES MUSE UM Printed by Adolf Holzbauten's Successors Vienna (Austria) Index I. The Site .. ........................ .page I 2. The Acquisition ....................... “ 7 3. TheTomb ......................... “ 9 4. The History of Prince Kaninisut and his Descendants ........ “ 14 5. The Carvings a) General Notions ........................ 17 b) Description ........................ “ 19 Illustrations I. A Section of the Site (X the Tomb of Kaninisut). 2. The Removal of the Funerary Chamber: The Lifting of the Top Slabs. 3. A Section of the Site: Range of Tombs from the Beginning of the IVth Dynasty. 4. The Ground-plan of the Tomb. Scale: I :200. 5. A Scene of Offering in the Entrance of the Tomb. 6. Two Servants leading an Antelope (Entrance-passage, left wall). 7. The Southern False Door in the Western Wall of the Chamber. 8. A Section from the Scenes on the Eastern Wall: The Procession of the Villages. 9. The upper Representation above the Door: The Cruise to the Elysian Fields in a Sail-Boat. IO. The lower Representation above the Door: The Cruise to Heliopolis in a Papyrus-Boat. I I. The Figure of the Prince on the Northern Wall. 12. The lower Range of Representations on the Northern Wall: The Group ofScribes. 1. THE SITE. (Plate I.) The tomb exhibited in room VI of the Collection of Egyptian Antiquities of the ‘‘ Kunsthistorisches Museum ” has been excavated in the major cemetery which extends near the pyramids of Giza. The cemetery stretches to the west of the pyramid of Cheops in a width of about 300 m. and a length of about 500 m. into the desert plateau. The Academy of Sciences of Vienna obtained permission to excavate in the centre part of this cemetery in the year 1911. This area extends from the northwest corner of this pyramid westwards to the centre of its west side, enclosing the whole width of the site. In five expeditions, in the years 1912-1914and 1926-1927, this large area was completely uncovered, so that the arrangement of the plot can be clearly traced. The tombs belonging to the earlier period are arranged in streets according to a regular plan, their fronts forming a parallel to the pyramid of Cheops, and their production is perpendicular to the pyramid of Chephren. This Necropolis of regular right-angled streets was enclosed in the east by a wall, which surrounded the court of the great pyramid, and in the south by the huge enclosure of the Chephren plot; to the north, the verge of the plateau is the natural border. This large cemetery, matched by a similar one to the east of the pyramid, for the first time allows us to form a true notion of the imposing constructions of that time (about 2900-2800 B.c.). There are not only the pyramids, those colossal tombs of the kings with their wide-stretched precincts:-temples, ascents, temples of the dead-but also the large necropolises for the royal court. The tombs of the royal family are close to the pyramid, and those for the other members of the royal house and for the court, adjoining, are to the east, and on the western plateau. The scheme represents, so to speak, a perpetuation of the relations on earth: the king, the god incarnate in the centre rising above all, his family at his side, his followers and officers, who enjoy his grace, being at his call. The 2* Plate I. A Section of the Site (X the Tomb of Kaninisut). 7 whole plot deserves our unbounded admiration with regard to the artistic effect. The colossal pyramid of the king joins in the contour of the mountain-side and gives it a powerful termination. The monuments around the pyramid are in full accordance with the general plan. Only a few among the tombs of members of the royal family are in the shape of pyramids, but their size is such a modest one comparatively, and they are so arranged that they do not impair the general effect. The other constructions all have flat, square shapes, fitting in the lines of the country, and render the grand monument of the king in their centre more striking. 2. THE ACQUISITION. (Plate 2.) During the excavations we began to wish we could obtain for the Museum at Vienna one of the mastabas of this city of the dead, in the streets of which we were wandering. The inhabitants with all their titles and dignities we had learned to know. Many sculptures, steles, sarcophaguses a. s. o. excavated in this cemetery had been brought to the Museum in Vienna before. After a good deal of consideration, we selected the Offering Room of Prince Kaninisut, which had been uncovered in January 1913. Our choice was decided by the material which is Egyptian limestone of the best quality, apt to stand the proof of our climate, and by the state of preservation of the mastaba which is perfect on the whole, and last but not least by the representations executed in carving, which give us a very clear idea of sculptor’s work of that time. The chamber was purchased on January 27th, 1914. The preparations for the removal were begun on March 17th. First of all, the chamber was closed and filled with fine sand up to the ceiling. The huge slabs on the top were lifted, and let down along the south wall. Then the packing of the carved blocks began; the carved sides were covered with a layer of clean cotton, fastened with gauze bands, and a thicker layer of raw cotton was put round the blocks. The whole was wrapped in large blankets and packed in a strong chests. A gang of the best workmen we had employed in the digging were working about a month, and when they packed the largest pieces they were assisted by a reserve. Nearly by hand of man alone, aided only occasionally by a small draw-beam Plate 2. The Removal of the Funerary Chamber: The Lifting of theTop Slabs. 9 (called “ Afrite,” that is “evil spirit ” by the natives), the heavy blocks were moved over the difficult site. Some of the pieces weighed 2000 kg. The packing was finished on April 13th. Next came the difficulty of transporting it to the place which was accessible to the waggons. On April 16th the convenyance to Cairo took place, and some weeks afterwards the 32 chests arrived at Vienna. They remained in a depot until the beginning of the year 1925, and when they were opened it showed that the reliefs had stood the transporting without damage. The chamber was raised in room VI of the Collection of Egyptian Antiquities because it war considered indispensable for the due effect that it should be recognisable as a part of the tomb. By means of the stone material which had been brought to Vienna for that purpose, the section of the tomb which contained the chamber was reconstructed according to the original. In order to avoid mistakes, the reconstruction and all pieces restored in the interior of the chamber are marked. 3. THE TOMB. (Plates 3 and 4.) The tomb of Prince Kaninisut belongs to a type generally described as the type of the tombs of the Old Empire (2900 to 2400 B.c.). However, it has been made evident by the results of the excavations of the Academy of Sciences that the tombs found at Giza show this type in the last phase of its development. The arrangements primarily planned for the western cemetery were wholly different. The tombs in this part are altogether of an archaic type, oblong rectangular massive square stone buildings with flat tops slightly sloping, and oblique walls, called Mastaba. On the stela, a slab of fine white limestone inserted in the south part of the east wall about half way up, there are painted reliefs showing scenes and inscriptions. On the left side we see the ritual meal of the deceased. On the right, there is a list of woven materials and cereals for clothing and food for the deceased in the Elysian fields. Above, a horizontal scroll is inscribed with the titles and names of the dead. In front of this stela there were, as a rule nearly without an exception, the store IO rooms and offering rooms, built of brick. A rectangular shaft led down from the stop of the mastaba through rubble and rocks to the sepulchral chamber, about 12-20m. below the ground, on the south side of the shaft. The chamber is of exceptionally large proportions. It is lined with slabs of fine white limestone. The walls were plastered with red granite speckled with pink, dark red and black in imitation of the royal chambers. In this chamber stood the beautifully shaped limestone sarcophagus with the cover showing rabbeted joints, and handles.* During the excavations of the Academy of Sciences of Vienna, a considerable number of tombs of this type have been uncovered, and it was proved, at the same time, that all other types of Mastabas of the Fourth Dynasty found in this cemetery were enlargements or other modifications of this original type.
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