Technical Guidance

Reference References N11 to N42 N N Parts Technical Guidance N Reference

Technical Guidance Turning Edition ...... N12 Milling Edition ...... N17 Endmilling Edition ...... N21 Drilling Edition ...... N24 SUMIBORON Edition ...... N29

References SI Unit Conversion List ...... N33 Metals Symbols Chart (Excerpt) ...... N34 Steel and Non-Ferrous Metal Symbol Chart (Excerpt) ... N36 Hardness Scale Comparison Chart ...... N37 Dimensional Tolerance of Standard Fittings .... N38 Dimensional Tolerance and Fittings ...... N40 Standard of Tapers ...... N41 Surface Roughness ...... N42

N11 Technical Guidance The Basics of Turning, Turning Edition

„ Calculating Cutting Speed „ Calculating Power Requirements f (1) Calculating rotation speed from cutting speed

n : Spindle Speed (min-1) P m c : Power requirements (kW) 1,000×vc vc : Cutting speed (m/min) n n ø D v = D c : Cutting speed (m/min) X×Dm m : Inner/outer diameter of workpiece (mm) vc×f×a p×k c

p Pc = f : Feed Rate (mm/rev)

X : ≈ 3.14 a 60×103×V References ap : Depth of cut (mm)

k : Specific cutting force (MPa) N v D c Example: c=150m/min, m=100mm P H = c H : Required horsepower (HP) 1,000 × 150 Feed Direction n = = 478 (min-1) 0.75 3.14 × 100 V : Machine efficiency (0.70 to 0.85) · n : Spindle speed (min -1) · v : Cutting speed (m/min) (2) Calculating cutting speed from rotational speed c Rough value of kc · f : Feed rate per revolution (mm/rev) D ×D ×n a v X m · p : Depth of cut (mm) Aluminum: 800MPa

Parts c = Refer to the above table 1,000 General steel: 2,500 to 3,000MPa · Dm : Diameter of workpiece (mm) Cast iron: 1,500MPa

Reference „ Three cutting force „ Relation between cutting „ Relation between feed rate and Technical Guidance Guidance Technical components speed and cutting force specific cutting force (for carbon steel)

Rake Angle: -10° 1,600 8,000 Traverse Rupture Strength Ff 800 800MPa Rake Angle: 0° 600MPa 6,000 Principal Force (N) Principal Force 0 400MPa Fp 0 80 160 240

Fc: Principal force Cutting Speed (m/min) Fc Ff : Feed force Fp: Back force „ Relation between rake 4,000 angle and cutting force D Calculating cutting force

P 2,800 k ×q : Cutting force (kN) (MPa) Specific cutting force P = c k c : Specific cutting force (MPa) 2,000 1,000 2,400 q : Chip area (mm2) k c×a p×f = a p : Depth of Cut (mm) 2,000 1,000 f : Feed Rate (mm/rev) Principal Force (N) Principal Force 1,600 20 10 0 -10 -20 0 0.1 0.2 0.4 Rake angle (degrees) 0.04 Feed Rate f (mm/rev) When feed rate decreases, specific cutting force increases.

„ Machined Surface Roughness „ Relation between corner radius and 3-part force D Theoretical (geometrical) D Ways to improve surface 4000 surface roughness finish roughness 3500 Principal Force h : Theoretical surface (1) Use an insert with a larger corner radius. f 2 h 3 roughness (μm) = RE ×10 (2) Optimise the cutting speed and feed rate 8× f : Feed rate per revolution (mm/rev) Feed Force RE : Corner radius (mm) so that built-up edges do not occur. 1500

h (3) Select an appropriate insert grade. 1000 Cutting Force (N) Cutting Force f (4) Use wiper insert. Back Force RE 500 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 Corner Radius (mm) Large corner radius increases D Actual surface roughness back force. Steel: Work Material: SCM440 (38HS) Theoretical surface roughness × 1.5 to 3 Insert: TNGA2204SS Cast iron: Holder: PTGNR2525-43

Theoretical roughness × 3 to 5 Cutting Conditions: vc =100m/min, ap = 4mm, f = 0.45mm/rev

N12 Technical Guidance Forms of Tool Failure and Tool Life, Turning Edition

„ Forms of Tool Failure Classification No. Name of Failure Major Causes of Failure Wear caused by the scratching effect of hard grains Failure References (10) (1) to (5) Flank Wear contained in the work material Caused by (9) (6) Chipping Fine breakages caused by high cutting loads or vibration (8) Mechanical (7) Fracture Large breakage caused by the impact of an excessive Factors mechanical force acting on the cutting edge Cutting chips removing tool material as it flows over its top rake at (4) (11) Failure (5) (10) (8) Crater wear high temperatures (6) Caused by (7) (3) (9) Plastic deformation Deformation of cutting edge due to softening at high temperatures N (1) (2) Thermal and (10) Thermal cracking Fatigue from rapid, repeated heating and cooling cycles during Chemical (11) Built-up edges interrupted cutting

Reactions Parts Work material is pressure welded on the top face of the cutting edge

„ Tool Wear Curve Technical Guidance Reference

Forms of Tool Wear Flank wear Crater wear on rake face

(mm) (mm)

Bad chip control

) ) T cutting edge fracture B

Burrs occur Initial wear Crater wear (KT) Sudden increase Side flank notch wear Poor surface roughness Rake Face Wear in wear (VN1) Steady wear Face flank notch wear Flank Wear Width (V Flank Wear Crater wear depth (K (VN2) Cutting Time (T) (min) Cutting Time (T) (min) Average flank wear (VB) Flank Wear Edge wear (VC) · Wear increases rapidly right after · Wear increases proportionately to Higher cutting force starting cutting, then moderately and the cutting time. Poor machining accuracy; proportionally, and then rapidly again burrs occur after a certain value.

„ Tool Life (V-T) · This double logarithm graph shows the relative tool life (T) with the specified wear over a range of cutting speeds (Vc) on the X axis, and the cutting speed along the Y axis.

Flank Wear Crater wear

vc1 vc2 vc3 vc1 vc2 vc3 vc4 vc4 VB KT Tool wear Tool T1 T2 T3 T4 T'1 T'2 T'3 T'4 Flank Wear Width (mm) Flank Wear Cutting Time (min) Crater wear depth (mm) Cutting Time (min)

v Invc1 In c1 v Invc2 In c2 v Invc3 In c3 v Invc4 In c4 Tool life Tool

InT1 InT2 InT3 InT4 InT'1 InT'2 InT'3 InT'4 Cutting Speed (m/min) Cutting Speed (m/min) Lifetime (min) Lifetime (min)

N13 Technical Guidance Cutting Edge Failure and Countermeasures, Turning Edition

„ Insert Failure and Countermeasures Insert Failure Cause Countermeasures Flank Wear · Tool grade lacks wear resistance. · Select a more wear-resistant grade. P30ŠP20ŠP10

References K20ŠK10ŠK01

· Increase rake angle. N · Cutting speed is too fast. · Decrease cutting speed. · Feed rate is far too slow. · Increase feed rate.

Crater wear

· Tool grade lacks crater wear resistance. · Select a more crater wear-resistant grade. Parts · Rake angle is too small. · Increase rake angle. · Change the chipbreaker. · Cutting speed is too fast. · Decrease cutting speed. · Feed rate and depth of cut are too large. · Reduce feed rate and depth of cut. Reference Technical Guidance Guidance Technical Cutting Edge Chipping · Tool grade lacks toughness. · Select a tougher grade. P10ŠP20ŠP30 · Cutting edge breaks due to chip K01ŠK10ŠK20 adhesion. · Increase amount of honing on cutting · Cutting edge is not strong enough. edge. · Reduce rake angle. · Feed rate and depth of cut are too large. · Reduce feed rate and depth of cut.

Cutting Edge Fracture ·Tool grade lacks toughness. · Select a tougher grade. P10ŠP20ŠP30 K01ŠK10ŠK20 · Cutting edge is not strong enough. · Select a chipbreaker with a strong cutting edge. · Holder is not strong enough. · Select a holder with a larger approach angle. · Select a holder with a larger shank size. · Feed rate and depth of cut are too · Reduce feed rate and depth of cut. large.

Adhesion/Built-up Edges · Inappropriate grade selection. · Select a grade with less affinity to the work material. Coated carbide or cermet grades. · Cutting edge is not sharp enough. · Select a grade with a smooth coating. · Increase rake angle. · Reduce honing. · Cutting speed is too slow. · Increase cutting speed. · Feed rate is too slow. · Increase feed rate.

Plastic Deformation

· Tool grade lacks thermal resistance. · Select a more crater wear-resistant grade. · Increase rake angle. · Cutting speed is too fast. · Decrease cutting speed. · Feed rate and depth of cut are too large. · Reduce feed rate and depth of cut. · Not enough coolant. · Supply sufficient coolant.

Notch wear

· Tool grade lacks wear resistance. · Select a more wear-resistant grade. P30ŠP20ŠP10 K20ŠK10ŠK01 · Rake angle is too small. · Increase rake angle. · Cutting speed is too fast. · Alter depth of cut to shift the notch location.

N14 Technical Guidance Chip Control and Countermeasures, Turning Edition

„ Type of Chip Generation „ Type of chip control Flowing Shearing Tearing Cracking Depth of Cut ABCDE

Classification Large References

Type of Work Material Work Material Work Material Work Material chip shapes Continuous Chip is sheared Chips appear to be Chips crack before Small chips with good and separated by torn from the reaching the surface finish. the shear angle. surface. cutting point. NC lathe Condition (for automation) HHSSJ General cutting of Steel, stainless steel Steel, cast iron (very low Cutting of general General-purpose lathe to N steel and light alloy (low speed) speed, very small feed rate) cast iron and carbon Evaluation (for safety) HSSS JH Application Large Deformation of work material Small Good: C type, D type A type: Twines around the tool or workpiece, damaging the machined Large Rake angle Small surface and affecting safety. Parts Small Depth of cut Large Poor { B type: Causes problems in the automatic chip conveyor and chipping occurs easily. Large Cutting speed Small

Influence factor E type: Causes spraying of chips and poor surface finish due to chattering, along with chipping, large cutting force and high temperatures. Technical Guidance

„ Factor of improvement of chip control Reference (1) Increase feed rate (f)

4.0 (mm) p

t1 t2

f f 1 2 2.0 Depth of Cut a

f: When f2 > f1, t2 > t1

When the feed rate increases, the chip thickness (t) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 increases and chip control improves. Feed Rate f (mm/rev)

(2) Decrease side cutting edge (:)

:2 :1 45° t 1 t2

ff

:: When :2 < :1, t2 > t1

Side cutting edge 15° Even if the feed rate is the same, a smaller side cutting edge angle makes chips thicker and chip control improves. 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 Feed Rate f (mm/rev)

(3) Reduce corner radius (RE)

t2 t 1 1.6 RE1 RE2 Large Small Corner Radius Corner Radius f f

RE: When RE2 < RE1, t2 > t1 0.8 Even if the feed rate is the same,

a smaller corner radius makes chips thicker Corner Radius (mm) and chip control improves. 0.4 * Cutting force increases proportionately to the length of the contact surface. Therefore, a larger corner radius increases back force which induces chattering. 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

A smaller corner radius produces a rougher surface Depth of Cut ap (mm) finish at the same feed rate. N15 Technical Guidance The Basics of Threading, Turning Edition

„ Thread Cutting Methods

Cutting Method Features Radial Infeed

Trailing · Most common threading technique, used mainly for small pitch threads. Leading Edge Edge · Easy to change cutting conditions such as depth of cut, etc. · Long contact point has a tendency to chatter. · Chip control is difficult. · Considerable damage tends to occur on the trailing edge side. Feed Direction of Direction Depth of Cut

References Flank Infeed N · Effective for large-pitch threads and blemish-prone work material surfaces. · Chips evacuate from one side for good chip control. · The trailing edge side is worn, and therefore the flank is easily worn.

Modified Flank Infeed Parts · Effective for large-pitch threads and blemish-prone work material surfaces. · Chips evacuate from one side for good chip control. · Inhibits flank wear on trailing edge side.

Reference Alternating Flank Infeed Technical Guidance Guidance Technical · Effective for large-pitch threads and blemish-prone work material surfaces. · Wears evenly on right and left cut edges. · Since both edges are used alternately, chip control is sometimes difficult.

„ Troubleshooting for Threading Failure Cause Countermeasures

Excessive Wear · Tool grade · Select a more wear-resistant grade

· Reduce cutting speed · Cutting conditions · Use a suitable quantity and concentration of coolant · Change the number of passes · Check whether the cutting edge inclination angle is Uneven Wear on Right and Left · Tool mounting appropriate for the thread lead angle Sides · Check whether the tool is mounted properly · Change to modified flank infeed · Cutting conditions or alternating flank infeed

Chipping · Cutting conditions · If built-up edge occurs, increase the cutting speed Cutting Edge Failure Fracture · Biting of chips · Supply enough coolant to the cutting edge

· Increase the number of passes and reduce the · Cutting conditions depth of cut for each pass · Use separate tools for roughing and finishing · If blemished due to low-speed machining, increase the cutting speed Poor surface finish roughness · Cutting conditions · If chattering occurs, decrease the cutting speed · If the depth of cut of the final pass is too small, make it larger

· Tool grade · Select a more wear-resistant grade

· Inappropriate cutting · Select the correct shim to ensure relief on the side edge inclination angle of the insert

Inappropriate Thread Shape · Tool mounting · Check whether the tool is mounted properly Shape and Accuracy · Shallow depth of cut · Check the depth of cut Shallow Thread Depth · Tool wear · Check damage to the cutting edge N16 Technical Guidance The Basics of Milling, Milling Edition

„ Parts Body diameter Boss diameter

Hole Dia. Keyway Width

Body Keyway Depth External cutting edge (Approach Angle) References

Axial Rake Angle

Ring Cutting Cutter height edge angle Reference ring

Cutting edge True Rake N Inclination Face relief angle Angle Fastener Bolt angle

Indexable Insert A Chip pocket Parts Flank Relief Cutter Diameter (Nominal Diameter) Angle

Locator Clamp Plate Enlarged Portion A Technical Guidance Reference

Reference ring Face Cutting External cutting edge Edge Angle (principal cutting edge)

Face cutting edge Radial Rake Angle Chamfered corner (Wiper Flat)

„ Milling Calculation D Calculating cutting speed Formulas X×DC×n DC Milling Work Material v = Cutters c 1,000 vc : Cutting speed (m/min) n v 1,000×vc X : ≈3.14 f n = X×DC DC : Nominal cutting diameter (mm) n n -1 D Calculating feed rate : Rotation speed (min ) v f : Feed rate per minute (mm/min) p a vf =fz×z×n fz : Feed rate per tooth (mm/t)

vf z : Number of teeth fz = z×n vf fz

D Calculating Power Requirements D Relation between feed rate, work material and specific cutting force

Symbol ae×ap×vf×kc Q×kc Pc= = Work Material Alloy Steel Carbon Steel Cast Iron Aluminum Alloy 60×106×V 60×103×V 10.000 No. (1) 1.8 0.8 200 Q (2) 1.4 0.6 160 Q (3) 1.0 0.4 120 Q Pc : Power consumption (kw) 8.000 Figures in table indicate these characteristics. H : Required horsepower (HP) · Alloy steel and carbon steel: Traverse rupture strength VB (GPa) D Horsepower Requirement 3 Q : Chip evacuation amount (cm /min) · Cast iron: Hardness HB P 6.000 H = c a 0.75 e : Cutting width (mm) vf : Feed rate per minute (mm/min) (1) 4.000 ap : Depth of cut (mm) (2) kc : Cutting force (MPa) (MPa) Specific cutting force (3) (1) Rough values Steel: 2,500 to 3,000MPa 2.000 (2) D Chip evacuation amount (3) (1) ae×ap×vf Cast iron: 1,500MPa (2) Q = ( ) (3) 1,000 Aluminum: 800MPa 0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 V : Machine efficiency (about 0.75) 0.04 Feed Rate (mm/t)

N17 Technical Guidance The Basics of Milling, Milling Edition

„ Functions of cutting edge angles Material Symbol Function Effect (1) Axial rake angle A.R. Determines chip evacuation direction, Available in positive to negative (large to small) rake (2) Radial rake angle R.R. adhesion, thrust, etc. angles. Typical combinations: Positive and Negative, Positive and Positive, Negative and Negative

(3) Approach angle A.A. Determines chip thickness and chip Large: Thin chips

References evacuation direction Small cutting force N (4) True rake angle T.A. Effective rake angle Positive (Large): Excellent machinability and low chip adhesion. Low cutting edge strength. Negative (Small): Strong cutting edge and easy chip adhesion. (5) Cutting edge inclination angle I.A. Determines chip control direction Positive (Large): Excellent chip control and small cutting force. Low

Parts cutting edge strength. (6) Face cutting edge angle F.A. Determines surface finish roughness Small: Excellent surface roughness.

(7) Relief angle Determines cutting edge strength, tool life, chattering

Reference True rake angle (T.A.) table Inclination angle (I.A.) chart Technical Guidance Guidance Technical

+30° True rake angle T.A. +30° -30° Inclination angle I.A. +30° +25° +25° -25° +25° +30° +20° +20° -20° -30° +20° +25° -25° (2) +15° +20° +15° -15° -20° +15° (1) (1) +10° +15° +10° -10° -15° +10°

(4) le R.R.

+10° le A.R. -10° g + 5° + 5° + 5° g - 5° - 5° + 5° 0° 0° 0° 0° 0° 0° (4) - 5° - 5° - 5° + 5° + 5° - 5° -10° +10° -10° -15° -10° +10° +15° -10°

Axial rake angle A.R. +20° -15° -20° -15° Axial rake an +15° -15° Radial rake an Radial rake angle R.R. -25° +25° -20° -30° -20° +20° +30° -20° -25° -25° +25° -25° (2) (3) (3) -30° -30° +30° -30° 0° 5° 10° 15° 20° 25°30°35°40°45°50°55°60°65° 70° 75° 80° 85° 90° 0° 5° 10° 15° 20° 25°30°35°40°45°50°55°60°65° 70° 75° 80° 85° 90° Approach angle A.A. Approach angle A.A.

Example: (1) A.R. (Axial rake angle) = +10° Example: (1) A.R. (Axial rake angle) = - 10° -> (4) -> (4) (2) R.R. (Radial rake angle) = - 30° (2) R.R. (Radial rake angle) = +15° T.A. (True rake angle) = -8° I.A. (inclination angle) = -15° (3) A.A. (Approach angle) = 60° } (3) A.A. (Approach angle) = 25° }

Formula: tan T.A.=tan R.R./cos A.A. + tan A.R./sin A.A. Formula: tan I.R.=tan A.R./cos A.A. - tan R.R./sin A.A.

„ Rake angle combination and features Double Positive type Negative - Positive type Double Negative type

Edge combination A.R. A.R. A.R. Pos. and chip evacuation Pos. Neg. A.R.: Axial rake angle R.R : Radial rake angle : Chip and evacuation direction : Cutter rotation direction R.R. Pos. R.R. Neg. R.R. Neg.

Excellent chip evacuation Economical design enabling use of both Advantages Good sharpness and sharpness sides of insert Strong cutting edge

Only single-sided inserts with a lower Only single-sided inserts can be Disadvantages Dull cutting action cutting edge strength can be used used Machining of aluminum alloy Machining of steel, cast iron, For hard materials such as cast Applications and other materials requiring and stainless steel, with suitable iron or poor surfaces such as sharpness strength and good evacuation castings Cat. No. ANX Type, HF Type, WAX Type WGX Type, WFX Type, RSX Type, MSX Type TSX Type, DGC Type, DFC Type, DNX Type

Chips (Ex.)

· Work material: SCM435

· vc=130m/min

fz =0.23mm/t

ap=3mm N18 Technical Guidance The Basics of Milling, Milling Edition

„ Relation between Work material feed direction (Vf) Large diameter Small diameter engagement angle and v Cutter vf f Rotation tool life DC DC DC

Direction References n n n diameter E Cutting Width (W) E Relation to cutter Engagement Small E Large E Insert Angle (E)

vf v The engagement angle denotes f n the angle at which the full length of n N the cutting edge comes in contact position E

with the work material, with Relation to cutter Small E E Large E Parts ) ) 2 2 reference to the feed direction. 0.4

· The larger E is, the shorter the tool life. 0.3 0.6 FC250 S50C · To change the value of E: 0.2 0.4 Technical Guidance (1) Increase the cutter size. 0.1 0.2 Reference (2) Shift the position of the cutter. -30° 0° 30° 60° -20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° Relation to tool life Tool life (milling area) (m life (milling area) Tool

Tool life (milling area) (m life (milling area) Tool Engagement Angle Engagement Angle

D Relation between the number of simultaneously Normally, a cutting width 70 to 80% of the cutter diameter is considered engaged cutting edges and cutting force appropriate, as shown in example d). However, this may not apply due to the actual rigidity of the machine or workpiece, and the machine horsepower. a) b) c) d) e)

Cutting force Time Cutting force Time Cutting force Time Cutting force Time Cutting force Time Work Material Work Milling Cutters · 0 or 1 edge in contact · Only 1 edge in · 1 or 2 edges in · 2 edges in contact · 2 to 3 edges in at same time. contact at any time. contact. at any time. contact.

„ Improving surface roughness D Surface roughness without wiper flat D Surface roughness with wiper flat (difference in face cutting edge) · Work material: SCM435 (1) Inserts with wiper flat Feed rate Feed rate per tooth per tooth · Cutter: DPG5160R When all of the cutting edges (per tooth) HC (A) v have wiper flats, a few teeth · c = 154m/min f protrude due to inevitable z = 0.234mm/t a = 2mm D Surface roughness with straight wiper flat p runout and act as wiper inserts. Feed rate Feed rate · Face Cutting Edge Angle · Insert equipped with straight per tooth per tooth (A): 28’ wiper flat (B) (B): 6’ (Face angle: Around 15' to1°) ×2,000 HF · Insert equipped with curved ×100 wiper flat h: Projection value of wiper insert D Effects of wiper insert (example) (Curvature: ≈ R500 (example)) Cast Iron: 0.05mm Wiper Insert ( Al: 0.03mm ) (Only normal · Work material: FC250 (2) Wiper insert assembling system teeth) ×1,000 20 · Cutter: DPG4100R Normal 20 A system in which one or two HW teeth (C) 15 · Insert: SPCH42R inserts (wiper inserts) protrude 10 · Face runout: 0.015mm h 5 · Runout: 0.04mm with a smooth curved edge just Roughness (μm) Feed per revolution vc = 105m/min f: Feed rate per revolution (mm/rev) a little beyond the other teeth (With 1 wiper f = 0.29mm/t f f insert) ×1,000 z to wipe the milled surface. 20 20 (1.45 mm/rev) (Applicable to WGX Type, DGC (D) 15 (C): Normal teeth HC 10 Type, etc.) (D): Per wiper edge HW 5 Roughness (μm) Hc: Surface roughness with only normal teeth Hw: Surface roughness with wiper insert

N19 Technical Guidance Troubleshooting for Milling, Milling Edition

„Troubleshooting for Milling

Failure Basic Remedies Countermeasure Examples

Excessive Flank Wear Tool Grade · Select a more wear-resistant grade. · Recommended Insert Grade P30ŠP20 Coated Steel Cast Iron Non-Ferrous Alloy Carbide Š T250A, T4500A ACK100 (Coated) ( K20 Š K10 ) { Cermet DA1000 (SUMIDIA)

Finishing (Cermet) BN7000 (SUMIBORON)

References Cutting · Decrease the cutting speed. Roughing ACP100 (Coated) ACK200 (Coated) DL1000 (Coated) N Conditions · Increase feed rate.

Excessive Crater · Recommended Insert Grade Wear · Select a crater-resistant grade. Tool Grade Steel Cast Iron Non-Ferrous Alloy · Use a sharp chipbreaker. (G Š L) T250A, T4500A Tool Design Finishing ACK100 (Coated) DA1000 (SUMIDIA) · Decrease the cutting speed. (Cermet) Cutting Conditions · Reduce depth of cut and feed rate. Roughing ACP100 (Coated) ACK200 (Coated) DL1000 (Coated) Parts

Chipping Tool Grade · Use a tougher grade. · Recommended Insert Grade P10ŠP20ŠP30 Steel Cast Iron K01ŠK10ŠK20 Tool Design · Select a negative/positive cutter Finishing ACP200 (Coated) ACK200 (Coated) Reference

Technical Guidance Guidance Technical with a large peripheral cutting edge Roughing ACP300 (Coated) ACK300 (Coated) angle (a small approach angle). · Recommended cutter: SEC-WaveMill WGX Type · Reinforce the cutting edge (honing). · Cutting conditions: Refer to H20 · Select a stronger chipbreaker. (G Š H) Cutting Conditions · Reduce feed rate. Cutting Edge Failure · If it is due to excessive low speeds · Recommended Insert Grade Fracture Tool Grade or very low feed rates, select a grade resistant to adhesion. Steel Cast Iron · If the cause is thermal cracking, select Roughing ACP300 (Coated) ACK300 (Coated) a thermal impact resistant grade. · Select a negative/positive (or double Tool Design · Recommended cutter: SEC-WaveMill WGX Type negative) cutter type with a large peripheral cutting edge angle (a small approach angle). · Insert Thickness: 3.18 Š 4.76mm · Reinforce the cutting edge (honing). · Select a stronger chipbreaker. (G Š H) · Chipbreaker type: Standard Š Strong edge type · Increase insert size (thickness in particular). Cutting Conditions · Select appropriate conditions for · Cutting conditions: Refer to H20 that particular application.

Unsatisfactory Tool Grade · Select an adhesion-resistant grade. · Recommended Cutters and Insert Grades Machined Surface Carbide Š Cermet Steel Cast Iron Non-Ferrous Alloy Finish Tool Design · Improve axial runout of cutting edges. Cutter WGX Type* DGC Type ANX Type* Use a cutter with less runout Insert ACP200 (Coated) ACK200 (Coated) DA1000 (SUMIDIA) ( Mount the correct insert ) General-purpose · Use a wiper insert. Cutter WGX Type FMU Type ANX Type · Use cutters dedicated for finishing. Insert T4500A (Cermet) BN7000 (SUMIBORON) DA1000 (SUMIDIA) Finishing Cutting Conditions · Increase the cutting speed. Cutters marked with * can be mounted with wiper inserts.

Chattering Tool Design · Select a cutter with sharp cutting edges. · Recommended cutter · Use an irregular pitched cutter. For steel: SEC-WaveMill WGX Type Cutting Conditions · Reduce the feed rate. For cast iron: SEC-Sumi Dual Mill DGC Type Others · Improve the rigidity of the workpiece For light alloy: High-efficiency PCD Cutter for Aluminum and cutter clamp. Alloys ANX Type Others Unsatisfactory Chip Tool Design · Select a cutter with good chip · Recommended cutter: SEC-WaveMill WGX Type Control evacuation features. · Reduce number of teeth. · Use a wide chip pocket.

Edge Chipping On Tool Design · Increase the peripheral cutting edge · Recommended cutter: SEC-WaveMill WGX Type Workpiece angle (decrease the approach angle). · Change the chipbreaker blade type. (G Š L) Cutting Conditions · Reduce the feed rate. Burr formation Tool Design · Use a sharp-edged cutter. · Recommended cutter: SEC-WaveMill WGX Type + FG Chipbreaker Cutting Conditions · Increase feed rate. SEC-Sumi Dual Mill DGC Type + FG Chipbreaker · Use a burr-proof insert. N20 Technical Guidance The Basics of Endmilling, Endmilling Edition References „ Parts

Body Neck Shank Land width Cutter sweep Head Dia. Radial flank Flank width Radial primary Margin width relief angle N O.D. Shank Dia. Margin Radial secondary relief angle Neck length Centre hole Cutting Edge Length Shank length Parts Overall Length Technical Guidance Reference Centre cut With Centre Hole

Rake Face Rake Angle Helix Angle Flute Corner Peripheral cutting edge

Land width Heel Land End cutting edge

End gash

Rounded flute bottom Centre hole Web Thickness Axial primary relief angle Flute depth Chip pocket Axial secondary relief angle Ballnose Radius Concavity angle of end cutting edge (*) * Centre area is lower than the periphery

„ Calculating cutting Calculating cutting speed conditions D Side Milling Groove Milling (square endmill) X × DC × n 1,000 × vc vc = n = 1,000 X × DC

D Calculating feed rate per revolution and per tooth v v n f f f f = × = n f v f ap v = n × f × z f = = ap f z z zn × z DC DC ae (Ballnose Endmill) D Calculating notch width (D1)

2 D1=2× 2×RE×ap - ap

vc : Cutting speed (m/min) D Cutting speed and feed rate (per revolution X : ≈3.14 and per tooth) are calculated using the DC : Endmill diameter (mm) same formula as the square endmill. n : Spindle speed (min-1)

vf : Feed rate (mm/min) f : Feed rate per revolution (mm/rev) DC a Depth of cut fz : Feed rate per tooth (mm/t) RE p RE ap z : Number of teeth

ap : Depth of cut in axial direction (mm)

D1 D1 ae : Depth of cut in radial direction (mm) p f RE : Ballnose radius pf Pick feed N21 Technical Guidance The Basics of Endmilling, Endmilling Edition

„ Up-cut and Down-cut D Side milling D Slotting

fz fz fz References

Work N Material Up-cut side

Work Material Work Material Down-cut side Work Material Feed Direction Work Material Feed Direction Work Material Feed Direction (a) Up-cut (b) Down-cut Parts

Work Material Work Material

Work Material Feed Direction Work Material Feed Direction Reference Technical Guidance Guidance Technical (a) Up-cut (b) Down-cut

D Cutting Edge Wear Amount D Surface Roughness D Cutting Conditions

Work material: S50C Feed Direction Roughness Vertical Direction Roughness Tool: GSX21000C-2D 0.08 (ø10mm, 2 teeth) 0.07 5 Cutting

0.06 Up-cut conditions: vc=88m/min 4 0.05 -1 Down-cut Down-cut (n=2800min ) 0.04 3 vf=560mm/min 0.03 Up-cut Down-cut Rz (μm) Up-cut (fz=0.1mm/t) 0.02 2 a =15mm 0.01 p

lank Wear Widt h (mm) F lank Wear 1 ae=0.5mm 0 50 100 150 200 250 Side milling 0 Cutting Length (m) Dry, air

„ Relation between Side milling Grooving cutting conditions and deflection Work Material: Pre-hardened steel Work Material: Pre-hardened steel Endmill (40HRC) (40HRC) specifications Cutting conditions: vc=25m/min Cutting conditions: v c=25m/min

ap=12mm ap=8mm a a Up Down e=0.8mm e=8mm Cut Cut side side Feed Rate Feed Rate Feed Rate Feed Rate

Cat. Number Helix 0.16mm/rev 0.11mm/rev 0.05mm/rev 0.03mm/rev No. of Teeth Angle Style Style Style Style

Up-cut Down-cut Up-cut Down-cut Up-cut Down-cut Up-cut Down-cut D 2 - S 2 30° 20800 GSX D 2 - S 4 30° 40800 GSX Machined Surface · The tool tip tends to back off with the down-cut. · The side of the slot tends to cut into the up-cut side toward the bottom of the slot. Reference Results Surface · The 4-flute type offers more rigidity and less backing off. · The 4-flute type offers higher rigidity and less deflection. N22 Technical Guidance Troubleshooting for Endmilling, Endmilling Edition

„ Troubleshooting for Endmilling

Failure Cause Countermeasures References · Cutting · Cutting speed is too fast Excessive Wear · Decrease cutting speed and feed rate Conditions · Feed rate is too large · Tool Shape · The flank relief angle is too small · Change to an appropriate flank relief angle · Select a more wear-resistant substrate · Tool Material · Insufficient wear resistance · Use a coated tool · Feed rate is too large · Decrease cutting speed N Chipping · Cutting · Depth of cut is too large · Reduce depth of cut Conditions · Tool overhang is too long · Adjust tool overhang to the correct length Parts · Machine · Workpiece clamping is too weak · Clamp the workpiece firmly Area · Tool mounting is unstable · Make sure the tool is seated in the chuck properly · Feed rate is too large · Decrease cutting speed

Cutting Edge Failure Fracture Technical Guidance · Cutting · Depth of cut is too large · Reduce depth of cut Reference Conditions · Tool overhang is too long · Reduce tool overhang as much as possible · Cutting edge is too long · Select a tool with a shorter cutting edge

· Tool Shape · Web thickness is too small · Change to more appropriate web thickness

Deflection in wall surface · Feed rate is too large · Decrease cutting speed · Cutting · Depth of cut is too large · Reduce depth of cut Conditions · Tool overhang is too long · Adjust tool overhang to the correct length · Cutting on the down-cut · Change direction to up-cut · Helix angle is too large · Use a tool with a smaller helix angle · Tool Shape · Web thickness is too small · Use a tool with the appropriate web thickness · Feed rate is too large · Decrease cutting speed Unsatisfactory Machined · Cutting Surface Finish · Use air blow Conditions · Chip biting · Use an insert with a larger relief pocket · Cutting speed is too fast · Decrease the cutting speed Chattering · Cutting

Others · Cutting on the up-cut · Change direction to down-cut Conditions · Tool overhang is too long · Adjust tool overhang to the correct length · Tool Shape · Rake angle is too large · Use a tool with an appropriate rake angle · Machine · Workpiece clamping is too weak · Clamp the workpiece firmly Area · Tool mounting is unstable · Make sure the tool is seated in the chuck properly Chip blockage · Cutting · Feed rate is too large · Decrease cutting speed Conditions · Depth of cut is too large · Reduce depth of cut · Too many teeth · Reduce number of teeth · Tool Shape · Chip biting · Use air blow

N23 Technical Guidance Basics of Drilling, Drilling Edition

„ Parts of drill

Height of point Leading edge Margin width Back Taper

Margin Lead Neck Flank Body clearance Taper shank Flute Dia.

Land width Point angle Sh ank Dia.

References Heel Shank Length Helix Angle

Chisel edge angle Flute Cutting edge Width Body clearance N Cutting edge Outer corner Rake Face Flute Length Overall Length Chisel edge Depth of body clearance Chisel edge corner Parts

Diameter of body clearance Chisel edge length Rake Angle Relief Angle

B Reference Technical Guidance Guidance Technical

A Web thinning

A:B or A/B = Groove width ratio

D Minimum requirement relief D Relation between edge D Point angle and force angle for drilling treatment and cutting force

f: Feed rate (mm/rev) 8,000 T T Tx f 6,000 P Md Md 4,000 DC DX X T h rust (N) 2,000 DX X·DC 0 Point angle (small) Point angle (large) f 0.2 0.3 0.4 x=tan-1 P π/DX Feed Rate (mm/rev) * A large relief angle is needed When point angle is large, thrust increases at the centre of the drill. but torque decreases. 60 D Effects of web thinning 40 D Point angle and burr

Torque (N·m) Torque 20

0 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.4 118° Feed Rate (mm/rev) 0.6 140° T h rust T h rust Drill: MULTIDRILL KDS215MAK 0.4 150° Edge treatment width: DŠ0.15mm UŠ0.23mm

Burr h eig t (mm) 0.2 Work material: S50C (230HB) v 0 Cutting conditions: c=50m/min Wet 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 Removed Feed Rate (mm/rev) Work material: SS41 Web thinning decreases the thrust Cutting speed: v =50m/min c concentrated at the chisel edge, makes the When point angle is large, burr height drill edge sharp, and improves chip control. becomes low. D Chisel width decreased by thinning Typical types of thinning

S Type N Type X Type S Type: Standard type used for general-purposes. N Type: Suitable for thin web drills. X Type: For hard-to-cut materials or deep hole drilling. Entry easier. N24 Technical Guidance Basics of Drilling, Drilling Edition

„ Reference of power requirement and thrust

8 12,000 f=0.3 f=0.3 10,000 f: Feed rate (mm/rev) 6 8,000 f=0.2 f=0.2 References 4 6,000

f=0.1 T h rust (N) 4,000 f=0.1 2

Power consumption (kW) 2,000 Work material: S48C (220HB) 0 0 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 Drill diameter (DC) (mm) Drill diameter (DC) (mm) N „ Cutting condition selection

Control cutting force Parts D The following table shows the relation between edge treatment width and cutting force. If the cutting force is too great For low-rigidity machines and causes issues, take measures such as reducing the feed rate or reducing the cutting edge treatment of the drill.

Edge treatment width Drill Diameter: ø10mm Cutting Conditions Work material: S50C Technical Guidance 0.15mm 0.05mm (230HB) Reference

vc (m/min) f (mm/rev) Torque (N/m) Thrust (N) Torque (N/m) Thrust (N) 40 0.38 12.82,820 12.02,520

50 0.30 10.82,520 9.41,920 60 0.25 9.22,320 7.61,640 60 0.15 6.41,640 5.21,100

D High speed machining recommendation If the machine has enough power and sufficient rigidity, reasonable tool life can be ensured even when adopting higher-efficiency machining. However, sufficient coolant must be supplied.

Wear example Š

Š Flank

Margin Š Rake Face

vc=60m/min vc=120m/min Work material : S50C (230HB) Cutting conditions : f = 0.3mm/rev H=50mm Tool life : 600 holes (Cutting length: 30m)

„ Explanation of Margins (Difference between single and double margins)

D Single Margin (2 guides: S part) D Double Margin (4 guides: S part)

D Shape used on most drills D 4-point guiding reduces hole bending and undulation for improved stability and accuracy during deep hole drilling.

N25 Technical Guidance Basics of Drilling, Drilling Edition

„ Runout accuracy For the runout accuracy of web-thinned drills, the MDS140MK runout after thinning (A) is important in addition to 0. 25 S50C vc = 50m/min f the difference in lip height (B). 0. 20 = 0.3 mm/rev

0. 15 References

0. 10 N (A) Hole expansion (mm) 0. 05

(B) 0 Centre runout 0.005 0.02 0.05 0.1 (A): Runout accuracy of thinning point (A) (mm) (B): The difference of the lip height Peripheral runout 0.005 0.020.10.05 0.02 0.1 (B) (mm) Parts „ Drill mounting peripheral D When the tool rotates Peripheral runout Hole expansion Cutting Force* runout accuracy The peripheral runout accuracy (mm) 0 0.05 (mm) 0 10 (kg) of the drill mounted on the 0.005

Reference spindle should be controlled

Technical Guidance Guidance Technical within 0.03mm. If the runout 0.09 exceeds the limit, the drilled hole will also become large and * Horizontal cutting force. an increase in the horizontal Drill: MDS120MK, work material: S50C (230HB)

cutting force, which may result Cutting Conditions: vc=50m/min, f = 0. 3mm/rev, H = 38mm in drill breakage. Runout: Within 0.03mm Water-soluble Coolant Runout: Within 0.03mm D When the work material rotates 0.03mm The peripheral runout at the drill edge (A) and the concentricity at (B) should be controlled within 0.03mm. C h uck (A) (B)

„ Work material surface (Entrance) (Exit) and drill performance D Work material with slanted or uneven surface If the surface of the hole entrance or exit is slanted or uneven, decrease the feed rate to 1/3 to 1/2 of the recommended cutting conditions.

„ How to use a long drill D Problem Hole bend When using a long drill (e.g. XHGS Type), SMDH-D

Type drill or SMDH-12D Type drill at high rotation Position shift speeds, the runout of the drill tip may cause a deviation of the entry point as shown on the right, bending the drill hole and resulting in drill breakage.

D Remedies Method 1

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

1xDC prepared 2 to 3mm n -1 hole machining =100 to 300min Drilling under Short drill (same diameter) recommended conditions Method 2 *Low rotational speed minimises centrifugal forces and prevents the drill from bending.

Step 1 2 to 3mm Step 2

Drilling under (n=100 to 300min-1) f=0.15 to 0.2mm/rev recommended conditions N26 Technical Guidance MULTIDRILL Usage Guidance, Drilling Edition

„ Drill Retention „ Using Cutting Oil References (1) Choosing Cutting Oil D External Coolant Supply (1) Collet Selection D Vertical drilling D If the cutting speed is more than and Maintenance 40m/min, cutting oil (JISW1 type D Ensure proper chucking of drills 2) is recommended as its cooling to prevent vibration. Collet type effects and chip control capacity chucks are recommended, as Collet are good, and it is highly soluble. the grip is strong and can be D For optimum tool life at cutting used with ease. speeds of less than 40m/min, N Drill chucks and keyless chucks sulfo-chlorinated oil (JISA1 type are not suitable for MULTIDRILLs 1) is recommended as it has a ( as they have a weaker grip force. ) Collet Chuck Drill Chuck lubricating effect and is Use high pressure Easy to use non-water soluble. * Insoluble at entrance Parts D When replacing drills, cutting oil may be flammable. To Collet regularly remove cutting chips prevent fire, a substantial amount D Horizontal drilling inside the collet by cleaning of oil should be used to cool the the collet and the spindle with component so that smoke and

oil. Repair marks with an heat will not be generated. Technical Guidance oilstone. Use high pressure at entrance Reference If there are marks, (2) Supply of Coolant D Internal Coolant Supply repair with an oilstone or D External Coolant Supply (2) Drill Mounting There must be a sufficient change to a new one. D Coolant supply D The peripheral runout of the external supply of coolant at equipment drill mounted on the spindle the hole position. must be within 0.03mm. Coolant pressure 0.3 to D Do not chuck on the drill 0.5MPa, coolant volume 3 to flute. 10M/min is a guideline. D Internal Coolant Supply If the drill flute is inside the holder, For holes ø4 or smaller, the oil chip evacuation will be obstructed, pressure must be at least 1.5MPa D Internal supply from ( causing damage to the drill. ) to ensure a sufficient supply of machine coolant. For ø6 and above, if L/D is < 3, the pressures should be at 0.5 to 1.0MPa. If L/D is > 3, a Peripheral runout Do not grip on the hydraulic pressure of at least 1 to within 0.03mm. drill flute. 2MPa is recommended.

„ Calculation of Power Consumption and Thrust „ Clamping of the Workpiece

High thrust forces occur during Especially high-efficiency drilling. Therefore, Calculating cutting speed large drills D the workpiece must be DC n supported to prevent fractures X × × caused by deformation. Large vc = 1,000 n torques and horizontal cutting H forces also occur. Therefore, the

1,000 × vc Hole Depth workpiece must be clamped Deformation Š chipping Support needed n = firmly enough to withstand them. X × DC DC

„ Drill Regrinding D Calculating feed rate per revolution and per tooth v v c : cutting speed (m/min) D Tool life determinant v n f f f When to regrind f = × = : ≈ 3.14 D n X When one or two feed marks (lines) appear on the 1 to 2 DC : Drill diameter (mm) margin, when corner wear reaches the margin width feed marks n : Rotation speed (min-1) or when small chipping occurs, it indicates that the D Calculation of Cutting Time v drill needs to be sent for regrinding. f : Feed rate (mm/min) Regrind promptly. f : Feed rate per revolution (mm/rev) H T = H : Drilling depth (mm) How and where to regrind vf T D : Cutting time (min) We recommend regrinding and recoating. Appropriate HB : Work material Brinell hardness Regrinding alone is fine, but if the work material is Tool Life steel, recoating is recommended to prevent D Calculation of Power Consumption and Thrust shortening of tool life. Note: Ask us or an approved vendor to recoat with our proprietary coating. Excessive DC0.68 v 1.27 f 0.59 Power consumption (kW) = HB× × c × /36,000 marks D Regrinding on your own 0.95 0.61 Thrust (N)=0.24×HB×DC ×f ×9.8 Customers regrinding their own drills can obtain MULTIDRILL Regrinding Instructions from us directly * When designing the machine, an allowance of 1.6 x power consumption or their vendor. and 1.4 x thrust should be given. Over-used

N27 Technical Guidance Troubleshooting for Drilling, Drilling Edition

„ Troubleshooting for Drilling

Failure Cause Basic Remedies Countermeasure Examples

Excessive · Inappropriate cutting · Use higher cutting speeds · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue Wear on conditions · Increase feed rate · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue Rake Face · Reduce pressure if using internal coolant · 1.5MPa or less (external coolant supply can be used at hole depths (L/D) of 2 or less)

References · Unsuitable coolant

· Use coolant with more lubricity · Use JIS A1 grade No. 1 or its equivalent N · Reduce feed rate at entry point · f=0.08 to 0.12mm/rev Chisel Point · Off-centre starts Breakage · Pre-machining of flat surface for entry · Drill flat base with Flat MULTIDRILL · Equipment, work materials, · Change cutting conditions to reduce resistance · Increase vc to decrease f (reduce thrust) etc. lack rigidity · Improve clamp strength of work material · Cutting edge is too · Increase size of chisel width · Use a chisel with a width of 0.1 to 0.2mm

Parts weak · Increase amount of honing on cutting edge · Increase the width of the thinning area at the centre by 1.5 times Breakage on · Inappropriate cutting · Decrease the cutting speed · Refer to the lower limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue Peripheral conditions · Reduce feed rate · Refer to the lower limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue Cutting · Unsuitable coolant · Use coolant with more lubricity · Use JIS A1 grade No. 1 or its equivalent Edge · Equipment, work materials, etc. lack rigidity · Improve clamp strength of work material Reference · Cutting edge is too · Increase amount of honing on cutting edge · Increase the width of the outer cutting edge by 1.5 times Technical Guidance Guidance Technical weak · Reduce the front relief angle · Reduce the front relief angle by 2 to 3° · Entry from peripheral cutting edge · Increase margin width (W margin specification) · Increase the margin width by 2 to 3 times

Drill Failure · Reduce feed rate · Refer to the lower limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue · Interruption during · Increase amount of honing on cutting edge · Increase the width of the outer cutting edge by 1.5 times drill engagement · Reduce the front relief angle · Reduce the front relief angle by 2 to 3° Margin Wear · Inappropriate cutting conditions · Decrease the cutting speed · Refer to the lower limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue · Use coolant with more lubricity · Use JIS A1 grade No. 1 or its equivalent · Unsuitable coolant · Use more coolant · If using external coolant, switch to internal coolant · Remaining margin wear · Schedule for earlier regrind and ensure back taper · If margin damage occurs, regrind to 1mm or less · Increase amount of back taper · Make back taper 0.5/100 · Improper tool design · Reduce margin width · Reduce the margin width to around 2/3 · Use the optimal cutting conditions and tools · Refer to recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue Drill · Chip blockage Breakage · Use more coolant · If using external coolant, switch to internal coolant · Collet clamp too · If the collet chuck is damaged, replace it · Use a collet with strong grip force weak · Change the collet holder to the next size up · Equipment, work materials, etc. lack rigidity · Improve clamp strength of work material f Oversized · Reduce feed rate at entry point · =0.08 to 0.12mm/rev Holes · Off-centre starts · Decrease the cutting speed · Refer to the lower limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue · Pre-machining of flat surface for entry · Flat machining with endmill · Use the optimal drill type for the hole depth · Refer to this catalogue · Drill lacks rigidity · Improve overall drill rigidity · Large web, small groove width · Improve drill mounting precision · If the collet chuck is damaged, replace it · Drill has runout · Improve drill retention rigidity · Change the collet holder to the next size up · Equipment, work materials, etc. lack rigidity · Improve clamp strength of work material Poor · Inappropriate cutting · Increase cutting speed · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue Surface conditions · Reduce feed rate · Refer to the lower limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue Roughness · Unsuitable coolant · Use coolant with more lubricity · Use JIS A1 grade No. 1 or its equivalent Holes are · Off-centre starts · Increase feed rate · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue not straight · Drill is not mounted · Improve drill mounting precision · If the collet chuck is damaged, replace it Unsatisfactory Hole Accuracy properly · Improve drill retention rigidity · Change the collet holder to the next size up · Equipment, work materials, · Improve clamp strength of work material etc. lack rigidity · Select a double margin tool · Refer to this catalogue Chips clog · Inappropriate cutting · Increase cutting speeds · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue conditions · Increase feed rate · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue · Poor chip evacuation · Increase volume if using internal coolant Long Stringy · Inappropriate cutting · Increase feed rate · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue Chips conditions · Increase cutting speeds · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue

Chip Control · Strong cooling effect · Reduce pressure if using internal coolant · The pressure should be 1.5 MPa or less if using internal coolant Unsatisfactory · Dull cutting edge · Reduce amount of edge honing · Reduce the width to around 2/3 N28 Technical Guidance Hardened Steel Machining with SUMIBORON, SUMIBORON Edition

„ Recommended Zones for SUMIBORON by Workpiece Hardness and Shape „ Cutting speed recommendations for each work material

Heavy 300

Coated carbide References Cermet SUMIBORON 200 Interrupted Cutting Light 100 Cutting Speed (m/min) Ceramic Carburised or induction hardened material Bearing Steel Die Steel

Continuous Cutting 40 45 50 55 60 65 N Workpiece hardness (HRC) * While 50HRC is the limit for conventional coated carbide, coated carbide AC503U enables Prone to Fairly large amount Large amount machining up to 62HRC (low-speed/continuous) notch wear of wear of wear Parts

„ Influence of coolant on tool life „ Relation between work material hardness and cutting force D Continuous Cutting D Interrupted Cutting Feed Force Milling of SKD11 to 4 U grooves Technical Guidance v

Cutting speed: =100m/min Reference 0.3 c 150 Principal Force Dry Depth of cut: a = 0.2 mm Oil-based coolant p Feed Force 0.25 f Water soluble emulsion Feed rate ( ) =0.1 mm/rev Back Force ) (mm)

B Water soluble 0.2 Heavy Back 100 Force

Interrupted Cutting 0.15 100 Principal Force 0.1 In continuous cutting of bearing steel, Cutting force (N) Cutting force 50 0.05 there is not much difference 50 between dry and wet cutting. Life Tool Work Material: SK3 Flank Wear Width (V Flank Wear v 0 Dry Wet cut Cutting Conditions: Cutting speed ( c) =120m/min, 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 a 0 Depth of cut ( p) = 0.2mm Cutting Time (min) 0 10 30 50 70 Feed rate (f) =0.1 mm/rev Workpiece hardness (HRC) Work material: SUJ2(58 to 62 HRC) For continuous cutting, the influence of coolant on tool life is minimal. Cutting conditions: TPGN160304 Back force increases substantially for harder workpieces. vc=100m/min, ap=0. 15mm, f=0. 1mm/rev For interrupted cutting, the thermal impact Continuous Cutting shortens the tool life in wet conditions.

„ Relation between flank wear and cutting force „ Influence of work material hardness on cutting force and accuracy

300

Cutting Speed : vc = 120m/min SCM430 Hard Soft Hard Depth of Cut : a = 0.5mm Cutting conditions: Cutting speed (v ) = 80 m/min p 65HRC c zone zone zone Feed rate : f = 0.3mm/rev Dry 200 Depth of cut (ap) = 0.15mm Feed rate (f) = 0.1mm/rev Work material: S38C

Back force (N) Back force S55C 90 100 24HRC 70 50 45(HS) 0 30 100 For hardened steel 400 machining, back force 300 External dimensions in the Principal Force (N) Principal Force 106N 0 increases substantially 200 soft zone are smaller due to

100 due to the expansion of (N)Back force (HS) hardness Shore lower cutting forces. flank wear. 0 Feed force (N) Feed force 0 -10 13μm 0.05 0.10 -20 Flank Wear Width (VB) (mm) Dimensions (μm)

„ Relation between cutting speed and surface roughness „ Improvement of surface roughness by altering the feed rate Constant Feed Rate Variable Feed Rate

BN250 Vc=120 Work material: SCM420H BN250 Vc=150 58 to 62HRC Previous edge position f BN250 Vc=180 f 0.3 Holder: MTXNR2525 Tool: NU-TNMA160408

Cutting Conditions: 0.2

vc=120,150,180m/min f = 0.045mm/rev

0.1 ap= 0.15mm Stationary Notch Location Shifting Notch Location Wet Surface roughness (Ra) (μm) Surface roughness

0 0 40 80 120 160 Machining output (pcs.) At high cutting speeds, surface roughness is more stable.

Varying the feed rate spreads the notch location over a larger area. ŠSurface finish improves and notch wear decreases. N29 Technical Guidance High Speed Machining of Cast Iron with SUMIBORON, SUMIBORON Edition

„ Advantages of using SUMIBORON for cast iron machining

High-speed Machining High-speed Machining High-precision Machining

D Gray Cast Iron D Ductile Cast Iron

BNS8125/BNS800 500 1,000 BN7000 BNX10 Ceramic

BNS8125

(m/min) BN500 Coated carbide References

(m/min)

C

C BNS800 Cermet N BN7000 BNC500 BNC500 500 200 Dimensional Tolerance Ceramic BN7000 Š 200 Ceramic Coated carbide Cutting Speed v Cutting Speed v Coated carbide Cermet

Cermet Good 11020 1 10 0.4 0.8 1. 6 3.2 Parts

Tool Life Ratio Tool Life Ratio Good Š Surface Roughness Standard Ra (μm)

„ Turning

D Cast iron structure and wear shape examples Reference 0.4 Work material : Continuous cutting with FC250 10 FC FCD Dry Technical Guidance Guidance Technical Tool material : BN500 ) (mm) Wet (water soluble)

B 8 0.3 Tool Shape : SNGN120408 v Cutting Conditions : c =450m/min 6 0.2 a Structure p=0.25mm f =0.15 mm/rev 4 0.1 Dry & Wet (water soluble) 2

0 (Rz) (μm) Surface roughness 0 Flank Wear Width (V Flank Wear 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 200 400

Matrix Pearlite Pearlite + Ferrite Cutting Distance (km) Cutting speed (vc) (m/min)

Wet Machine : N/C lathe WET DRY Work Material : FC250 200HB Holder : MTJNP2525 (Water Tool Grade : BN500 soluble) Tool Shape : TNMA160408 v Dry Cutting Conditions : c=110 to 280m/min f =0.1 mm/rev Tool wear shape Tool a Crater wear p=0.1mm Wet (vc=200 to 500m/min) For turning cast iron with SUMIBORON, cutting speeds (vc) should be 200m/min and above. Wet cutting is recommended.

„ Milling BN Finish Mill EASY (for high-speed finishing of cast iron)

· Enables cutting with vc of 2,000m/min · Surface finish roughness 3.2Rz (1.0Ra) · Economical insert reduces running costs. · Unit style enables easy runout adjustment. · Employs safe, anti-centrifugal-force construction for high-speed conditions.

0.25 250 Cutting Conditions Ceramic Ceramic ap=0.5mm, fz=0.15mm/t vc = 400m/min vc = 600m/min 0.20 200 Dry

150 0.15 vc = 600m/min vc = 1,000m/min

ear Wid t h (mm) 0.10 100 Number of passes

Fl a nk W Thermal cracks occur. 0.05 50 vc = 1,500m/min Wet 0.0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 300 450 600 750 900 1,050 1,200 1,350 1,500 Number of passes(Pass) Cutting Speed (m/min)

· Work material: Gray cast iron (FC250) Dry cutting is recommended for high speed milling of cast

· Cutting conditions: ap =0.5mm, fz =0.1mm/t Dry iron with SUMIBORON. · Tool grade: BN7000

N30 Technical Guidance Machining Exotic Alloys with SUMIBORON, SUMIBORON Edition

„ Sintered Alloy D SUMIBORON „ Cemented Carbide D Cermet

1. Flank wear 2. Surface roughness 3. Height of burr

D „ 0.7 0.5 „ 12 „ (μm)

z 0.6 10 D References 0.4 D „ 0.5 D 8 D 0.3 D 0.4 6 D D 0.3 0.2 D D 4 D D D 0.2 D„ D D D D „ D„

Flank Wear Width (mm) Flank Wear 0.1 2 0.1 D „ „ D D Surface Roughness R

D D Maximum height of burr (mm) 050100150 200 050100150 200 050100150 200 Cutting Speed (m/min) Cutting Speed (m/min) Cutting Speed (m/min) N Work material: Equivalent to SMF4040, ø80-ø100mm heavy interrupted Cemented carbide and cermet can perform at vc up to 100m/min. However, if vc is around 120m/min or higher, wear facing with grooves and drilled holes. (After 40 passes) occurs rapidly, resulting in poorer surface roughness and greater spread of burrs. On the other hand, SUMIBORON Cutting conditions: f=0.1mm/rev, a =0.1mm Wet p exhibits stability and superior wear resistance, burr prevention and surface roughness, especially at high speeds.

Tool Cat. No.: TNGA160404 Parts „ Heat-Resistant Alloy Nickel based alloy D

Typical tool damage of CBN tool when cutting Inconel 718 Technical Guidance Cutting conditions: f = 0.06mm/rev, ap= 0.3mm Wet Cutting conditions: f = 0.12mm/rev, ap= 0.3mm Wet

 Influence of cutting speed (Tool grade BNX20, f =0.06mm/rev, L=0.72km) Reference

vc =300m/min vc =500m/min Notch Wear 600 600 BN7000 500 500 BNX20

Flank Wear Flank Wear Whisker reinforced ceramic 400 400 Coated carbide (K class)  Influence of feed rate (Tool grade BNX20, v =300m/min, L=0.18km) c 300 300 f f =0.12 mm/rev =0.06 mm/rev BN7000 200 BNX20 200 100 Whisker reinforced 100

Notch Cutting Speed (m/min) ceramic Cutting Speed (m/min) Flank Wear Wear 0 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 1000 2000 3000

 Influence of tool grade (vc=500m/min, f =0.12 mm/rev. L=0.36km) Cutting Length (m) Cutting Length (m) BNX20 BN7000

Tool life criteria Tool life criteria Notch Notch wear = 0.25mm (S) Notch wear = 0.25mm (S) Wear Flank Wear or flank wear = 0.25mm or flank wear = 0.25mm BNX20 is recommended for high speed and low feed BN7000 is recommended for cutting at high feed rates rates; BN7000 is recommended for cutting speeds (over f=0.1mm/rev). Cutting Conditions: ap= 0.3mm Wet 0.5mm below vc=240m/min.

„ Cutting Performance (Machining Titanium Alloy) D Wear Resistance D Machined Surface Roughness (μm) 0.4 8.0 Carbide 2.5 7.0 Conventional PCD NCB100 0.3 (After Cutting 1km) 0 Conventional CBN NCB100 6.0 -2.5 Rz3.6μm 0.2 Conventional 5.0 Carbide Conventional CBN NCB100 PCD 4.0 2.5 0.1 Theoretical NCB100 3.0 Surface 0 Roughness (After Cutting 35km) Surface Roughness Rz (μm) Rz Surface Roughness Flank Wear Width (mm) Flank Wear -2.5 Rz4.2μm 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 Cutting Distance (km) Cutting Distance (km) Conventional PCD 2.5 Work Material: Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) Work Material: Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) (After Cutting 1km) 0 Tool Used: CNGA120408 Tool Used: CNGA120408 -2.5 Rz6.2μm Cutting Conditions: vc = 150m/min, f = 0.15mm/rev, ap = 0.5mm Cutting Conditions: vc = 150m/min, f = 0.15mm/rev, ap = 0.5mm Wet (High Pressure Coolant) Wet (High Pressure Coolant) „ Hard facing alloys

Work Material: Colmonoy No.6 Work Material: Stellite SF-20 (NiCr-based self-fluxing alloy) (Co-based self-fluxing alloy)

Tool Cat. No. : SNGN090308 Tool Cat. No. : SNGN090308

Cutting conditions : vc =50,300m/min Cutting conditions : vc =50m/min f =0.1 mm/rev f =0.1 mm/rev

ap = 0.2mm ap = 0.2mm Dry Dry BNS800 BNS800 (v =300m/min) Competitor's Solid CBN c 0.10 Whisker reinforced ceramic (vc=50m/min) Chipping 0.5 0.08 Cutting is effectively impossible because of Whisker reinforced ceramic Chipping Competitor's Solid CBN v 0.4 ( c =50m/min, after 0.1km of cutting) (After 2km of cutting) the large degree of wear even at vc=50 0.06 0.3 0.2 0.04 0.1 0.02 Minimal wear at vc=300m/min No chipping 0 Width (mm) Flank Wear 0

Flank Wear Width (mm) Flank Wear 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1. 0 1. 2 0 0.5 1. 0 1. 5 2.0 2.5 Cutting Distance (km) BNS800 Cutting Distance (km) BNS800 (vc =300m/min, after 1km of cutting) (After 2km of cutting) N31 Technical Guidance Cutting Edge Failure and Countermeasures when Machining Hardened Steel, SUMIBORON Edition

Insert Failure Cause Countermeasures · Select a more wear-resistant grade (e.g. BNC2115, Flank Wear · Grade lacks wear resistance BNC2010,BN1000 or BN2000) · Reduce the cutting speed to

vc=200m/min or less (higher feed rate also reduces tool-to-work contact time) · Cutting speed is too fast

· Use an insert with a larger relief angle

References N Crater wear

· Grade lacks crater wear · Select a higher-efficiency grade (e.g. BNC2115, BNC2010, resistance BNX25 or BNX20) Parts

Breakage at Bottom of Crater

· R educe the cutting speed to

vc=200m/min or less and increase the feed rate (low · Cutting speed is too fast speed, high feed) Reference (higher feed rate alone also reduces tool-to-work contact Technical Guidance Guidance Technical time)

Flaking · Grade lacks toughness · Select a tougher grade (e.g. BNC2125, BNC2020 or BN2000)

· Select an insert with a stronger cutting edge (increase negative land angle and perform honing) · Back force is too high · If the grade is tough enough, improve the cutting edge sharpness · Change to a grade with a higher notch wear resistance (e.g. Notch Wear BNC2115, BNC2010 or BN2000)

· Increase cutting speed (150 m/min or more) · High stress at boundary · Change to the Variable Feed Rate method, which alters the feed rate in fixed output intervals

· Increase negative land angle and perform honing

Chipping at Forward Notch Position · Change to a micro-grained grade with a higher fracture resistance (e.g. BNC300 and BN350)

· Impact to front cutting edge · In crease the feed rate is too large or occurs constantly (higher feed rates are recommended to reduce chipping)

· Select an insert with a stronger cutting edge (increase negative land angle and perform honing)

Chipping at Side Notch Position · Change to a grade with a higher fracture resistance (e.g. BN350 or BNC300) · Reduce feed rate

· Impact to side cutting edge is · Use an insert with a larger side cutting angle too large or occurs constantly · Use an insert with a larger corner radius · Select an insert with a stronger cutting edge (increase negative land angle and perform honing)

Thermal Crack · Completely dry conditions are recommended

· Thermal shock is too severe · Select a grade with better thermal conductivity

· Reduce cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut to decrease the machining load

N32 Technical Guidance Reference: SI Unit Conversion List

„ Basic SI units D Quantity as a reference of SI D Basic unit provided with unique name and symbol (extracted) Quantity Material Symbol Quantity Material Symbol Length Metre m Frequency Hertz Hz Mass Kilogram kg Force Newton N Time Second s Pressure and stress Pascal Pa References Current Ampere A Energy, work, and heat quantity Joule J Temperature Kelvin K Power and efficiency Watt W Quantity of substance Mol mol Voltage Bolt V Luminous intensity Candela cd Electrical Resistance Ohm Ω „ SI prefixes D Prefix showing integral powers of 10 combined with SI units N Coefficient Material Symbol Coefficient Material Symbol Coefficient Material Symbol 1024 Yotta Y 103 Kilo k 10-9 Nano n 21 2 -12 10 Zeta Z 10 Hecto h 10 Pico p Parts 1018 Exa E 101 Deca da 10-15 Femto f 1015 Peta P 10-1 Deci d 10-18 Atto a 1012 Tera T 10-2 Centi c 10-21 Zepto z 9 10 Giga G 10-3 Milli m 10-24 Yocto y Technical Guidance 6 -6 10 Mega M 10 Micro μ Reference „ Principal SI unit conversion list ( portions are SI units)

D Force D Stress N kgf Pa(N/m2) MPa(N/mm2) kgf/mm2 kgf/cm2 kgf/m2 11.01972 × 10-1 11 × 10-6 1.01972 × 10-7 1.01972 × 10-5 1.01972 × 10-1 9.80665 1 1 × 106 1 1.01972 × 10-1 1.01972 × 10 1.01972 × 105 9.80665 × 106 9.80665 1 1 × 102 1 × 106 9.80665 × 104 9.80665 × 10-2 1 × 10-2 11 × 104 9.80665 9.80665 × 10-6 1 × 10-6 1 × 10- 4 1

2 2 D Pressure 1Pa = 1N/m , 1MPa = 1N/mm Pa(N/m2) kPa MPa GPa bar kgf/cm2 mmHg or Torr 11 × 10-3 1 × 10-6 1 × 10-9 1 × 10-5 1.01972 × 10-5 7.50062 × 10-3 1 × 103 11 × 10-3 1 × 10-6 1 × 10-2 1.01972 × 10-2 7.50062 1 × 106 1 × 103 11 × 10-3 1 × 10 1.01972 × 10 7.50062 × 103 1 × 109 1 × 106 1 × 103 11 × 104 1.01972 × 104 7.50062 × 106 1 × 105 1 × 102 1 × 10-1 1 × 10-4 11.01972 7.50062 × 102 9.80665 × 104 9.80665 × 10 9.80665 × 10-2 9.80665 × 10-5 9.80665 × 10-1 17.35559 × 102 1.33322 × 102 1.33322 × 10-1 1.33322 × 10-4 1.33322 × 10-7 1.33322 × 10-3 1.35951 × 10-3 1

2 D Work/Energy/Heat Quantity 1Pa = 1N/m J kW·h kgf·m kcal 12.77778 × 10-7 1.01972 × 10-1 2.38889 × 10-4 3.60000 × 106 13.67098 × 105 8.60000 × 102 9.80665 2.72407 × 10-6 12.34270 × 10-3 4.18605 × 103 1.16279 × 10-3 4.26858 × 102 1

D Power (efficiency and motive energy) / Thermal flow 1J=1W/s,1J=1N/m W kgf·m/s PS kcal/h 11.01972 × 10-1 1.35962 × 10-3 8.60000 × 10-1 1 × 103 1.01972 × 102 1.35962 8.60000 ×102 9.80665 1 1.33333 × 10-2 8.43371 7.355 × 102 7.5 × 10 1 6.32529 × 102 1.16279 1.18572 × 10-1 1.58095 × 10-3 1 1W = 1J/s, PS: Horsepower D Specific heat D Thermal conductivity D Spindle Speed 1kcal (kg/°C) J/(kg·K) W/(m/K) kcal/(h·m·°C) min-1 rpm cal/(g/°C) 12.38889 ×10-4 18.60000 ×10-1 11 4.18605 ×103 1 1.16279 1 1min-1=1rpm N33 References

„ Metals Symbols Chart (Excerpt)

D Carbon Steel for Structural Use P D Cr-Mo Steel (continued) P JIS AISI/ASTM DIN/EN GB BS AFNOR īOCT JIS AISI/ASTM DIN/EN GB BS AFNOR īOCT C10E 040A10 18CrMo4 1008 08 08 S10C C10R 045A10 XC10 SCM421 4121 22CrMoS35 20CrMnMo 25XīM 1010 10 10 ̶̶ 1.1122 045M10 1.7243 25CrMo S12C 1012 ̶̶040A12 XC12 ̶ SCM425 ̶ 25CrMo ̶̶̶ C15E 1.7218 S15C 1015 C15R 15 055M15 ̶ 15 SCM430 4130 ̶ 30CrMo 708A30 30CD4 30XM 1.1132 34CD4 4135 34CrMo4 708A37 C22 SCM435 35CrMo 38CD4 35XM S20C 1020 20 070M20 20 4137 1.7220 709A37 CK22 ̶ 35CD4 C25 708M40

References C25E 42CrMo4 708A40

4142 S25C 1025 C25R 25 25 SCM440 42CrMoS4 42CrMo 708A42 42CD4 38XM ̶̶ 4140 N C16D 1.7225 709A42 1.0415 709M40 C30 4145 50CrMo4 080A30 SCM445 50CrMo 708A47 S30C 1030 C30E 30 30 4150 1.7228 ̶̶ 080M30 ̶ C30R C35 P C35E 080A35 D Manganese Chromium Steel/Manganese Steel S35C 1035 35 35 C35R 080M36 ̶ 1522 18Mn5 150M19 SMn420 20Mn2 20M5 20ī 1.1172 1524 1.0436 120M19 C40 060A40 28Mn6 1040 C40E SMn433 1330 30Mn2 ̶̶30ī2 S40C 40 080A40 40 1.1170 C40E C40R ̶

Parts 1335 080M40 SMn438 35Mn2 150M36 40M6 35ī2 1.1186 1541 ̶ 1042 XC42H1 1340 S43C ̶̶080A42 40ī 40Mn2 135M40 35ī2 1043 XC42H2 SMn443 1345 35M5 ̶ 45Mn2 150M36 45ī2 C45 1541 C45E 1045 060A45 20MnCr5 S45C C45R 45 XC45 45 SMnC420 5120 20CrMn ̶̶18Xī 1045H 080M46 1.7147 1.1191 41Cr4 SMnC443 5140 40CrMn 1.1192 1.7035 ̶̶̶ C50 Reference C50E S50C 1049 50 080M50 XC50 50 C50R Carbon Tool Steel P Technical Guidance Guidance Technical D 1.1206 SK140 W2-13A 1050 ̶ T13 ̶ Y2140 ̶ S53C ̶ 50Mn 080A52 XC54 ̶ SK1 W1-13 1053 SK120 C120U W1-11 1/2 T12 BW1C Y 120 y12 C55 SK2 1.1555 2 C55E XC55H1 C105U S55C 1055 55 070M55 55 SK105 W1-10 C55R XC55H2 1.1545 T11 BW1B Y 105 SK3 W1-10 1/2 1 ̶ 1.1203 C105W1 C60 060A57 SK95 W1-9 C105U Y190 S58C 1060 C60E 60 XC60 ̶ T10 BW1A y10 080A57 SK4 W1-9 1/2 1.1545 Y180 C60R SK85 W1-8C C60E 60 C80W1 T8Mn BW1A ̶ y8ī S60C 1059 ̶̶60 SK5 W1-8 1.1221 60Mn C80U C10E 045A10 SK80 W1-8A T8 ̶̶y8 S09CK 1010 ̶ XC10 ̶ 1.1525 C10R 045M10 C70U C15E SK70 1070 T7 ̶̶y7 S15CK 1015 XC12 1.1520 C15R ̶̶ ̶ S20CK ̶ CK22 ̶̶XC18 ̶ D High Speed Steel P P HS18-0-1 Z80WCV D Cr Steel SKH2 T1 W18Cr4V BT1 P18 1.3355 18-04-01 17Cr3 SCr415 5115 15Cr 15X Z80WKCV 1.7016 ̶̶ SKH3 T4 S18-1-2-5 BT4 ̶ 18-05-04-01 ̶ SCr420 5120 ̶ 20Cr ̶ 20MC5 20X Z80WKCV 34Cr4 SKH4 T5 ̶̶BT5 ̶ 5130 530A30 18-10-04-02 SCr430 34CrS4 30Cr 32C4 30X Z160WKCV 5132 530A32 SKH10 T15 S12-1-4-5 W12Cr4V5Co5 BT15 P12K5V5 1.7033 12-05-05-04 37Cr4 S6-5-2 Z160WDCV SCr435 5135 35Cr 530A36 38C4 35X SKH51 M2 W6Mo5Cr4V2 BM2 P6M5ø2 1.7034 1.3339 06-05-04-02 41Cr4 530M40 HS6-6-2 SCr440 5140 41CrS4 40Cr 42C4 40X SKH52 M3-1 W6Mo6Cr4V2 ̶̶̶ 530A40 1.3350 1.7035 S6-5-3 Z160WDCV SCr445 5147 45Cr 45X SKH53 M3-2 HS6-5-3 W6Mo5Cr4V3 P6M5ø3 ̶ ̶̶ ̶ 06-05-04-03 1.3344 Z130WDCV P SKH54 M4 W6Mo5Cr4V4 BM4 D Nickel Chromium Steel ̶ 06-05-04-04 ̶ 20NiCrMo2-2 S6-5-2-5 10NiCr5-4 M35 Z190WDCV 20CrNi SKH55 HS6-5-2-5 W6Mo5Cr4V2Co5 BM35 P6M5K5 4720 17CrNi6-6 20XH M41 06-05-05-04-02 SNC415 12CrNi2 1.3243 4715 1.5918 ̶̶12XH 15CrNi6K SKH56 M36 1.5805 ̶̶̶̶̶ HS10-4-3-10 Z130WKCDV 1.6523 SKH57 M48 W10Mo4Cr4V3Co10 ̶ ̶ 3140 41crCrMo7-3-2 40CrNi 1.3207 10-10-04-04-03 SNC236 ̶̶40XH HS2-8-2 Z100DCWV 4337 34CrNiMo6 34CrNi2 SKH58 M7 W2Mo9Cr4V2 1.3348 ̶ 09-04-02-02 ̶ SNC246 8645 ̶ 45CrNi ̶̶45XH HS2-10-1-8 Z130DKCWV 15niCr13 SKH59 M42 W2Mo9Cr4VCo8 BM42 P2M9K8ø SNC815 E3310 12CrNi3 12XH3A 1.3247 09-08-04-02-01 1.5752 ̶̶ 20NiCrMo13-4 SNC620 20CrNi3 20XH3A ̶ 1.6660 ̶̶ D Alloy Tool Steel P 30NiCrMo16-6 SNC631 30CrNi3 30XH3A ̶ 1.6747 ̶̶ SKS11 F2 ̶̶̶̶̶ 35NiCrMo16 SKS2 105WCr6 105WC13 SNC836 37CrNi3 ̶ ̶̶ ̶ ̶ 1.6773 ̶̶̶ SKS51 L6 ̶̶̶̶̶ D Ni-Cr-Mo Steel P SKS41 ̶̶4CrW2Si ̶̶4XB2C SKS43 W2-9 1/2 ̶̶BW2 Y1105V ̶ 8615 20NiCrMo2-2 805A20 8617 20NiCrMoS2-2 20CrNiMo SKS44 W2-8 1/2 ̶̶̶̶̶ 805M20 20XH2M SNCM220 8620 17NiCrMo6 18CrMnNiMo 20NCD 2 805A22 18XHīM 95MnWCr5 8622 1.6566 20NiCrMoK SKS3 O1 9CrWMn ̶̶9XBī 805M22 1.2825 4718 1.6523 SKS31 O7 105WCr6 CrWMn ̶ 105WC31 XBī 8637 39NiCrMo3 SNCM240 40CrNiMo 40XH2MA X210Cr12 8640 1.6510 ̶̶ SKD1 D3 Cr12 BD3 X200Cr12 X12 1.2080 SNCM415 ̶̶̶̶̶ SKD4 ̶̶30W4Cr2V BH21 Z32WCV5 ̶ 20XH2M SNCM420 4320 17NiCrMo6-4 20CrNi2Mo X30WCrV9-3 (20XHM) SKD5 H21 3Cr2W8V BH21 Z30WCV9 3X2B8ø 1.2581 41NiCrMo7-3-2 SNCM439 4340 40CrNi2Mo 40XH2MA X37CrMoV5-1 1.6563 ̶̶ SKD6 H11 4Cr5MoSiV BH11 X38CrMoV5 4X5MøC 1.2343 41NiCrMo7-3-2 SNCM447 4340 45CrNiMoV X40CrMoV5-1 1.6563 ̶̶̶ SKD61 H13 4Cr5MoSiV1 BH13 Z40CDV5 4X5Mø1C 1.2344 X32CrMoV33 P SKD7 H10 3Cr3Mo3V BH10 32DCV28 D Cr-Mo Steel 1.2365 ̶ 18CrMo4 38CrCoWV18-17-17 SCM415 15CrMo 15XM SKD8 H19 3Cr3Mo3VCo3 BH19 ̶ 1.7243 ̶̶ 1.2661 ̶̶ 20MoCr4 X153CrMoV12 SCM420 20CrMo 708M20 20XM SKD10 D2 Cr12Mo1V1 X12M1ø1 ̶ 1.7321 ̶ 1.2379 ̶̶ N34 References

D Alloy Tool Steel (continued) P D Martensitic Heat Resistant Steel (continued) S JIS AISI/ASTM DIN/EN GB BS AFNOR īOCT JIS AISI/ASTM DIN/EN GB BS AFNOR īOCT D2 4Cr9Si2 SKD11 Cr12MoV BD2 X160CrMoV12 X12Mø SUH11 40X 9C2 D4 ̶ ̶̶42Cr9Si2 ̶̶ X100CrMoV5 2Cr12MoVNbN SKD12 A2 Cr5Mo1V BA2 Z100CDV5 SUH600 1.2363 ̶ ̶̶18Cr12MoVNbN ̶̶̶

616 2Cr12NiMoWV References SUH616 S42200 ̶ 22Cr12NiWMoV ̶̶̶ D Ferritic Stainless Steels M 405 X10CrAl13 0Cr13Al S SUS405 405S17 26CA13 D Austenitic Heat Resistant Steel S40500 1.4002 06Cr13Al ̶ SUH31 4Cr14Ni14W2Mo 331S42 45X14H14B2M 1Cr15 ̶̶ ̶ 429 SUS429 10Cr15 X53CrMnNiN21-9-4 5Cr21Mn9Ni4N S42900 ̶ ̶̶̶ SUH35 ̶ 349S52 Z52CMN21.09 55X20ī9AH4 022Cr15NbTi 1.4871 53Cr21Mn9Ni4N 1Cr17 SUH36 ̶ X53CrMnNi21 9 ̶ 349S54 Z55CMN21-09Az 55X20ī9AH4 430 X6Cr17 SUS430 10Cr15 430S17 Z8C17 12X17 X15CrNiSi20-12 22Cr21Ni12N S43000 1.4016 SUH37 381S34 S11710 ̶ 1.4828 2Cr21Ni12N ̶̶ 430F Y1Cr17 SUH38 N SUS430F X12CrMoS17 210CF17 ̶̶̶̶̶̶ S43020 Y10Cr17 ̶ ̶ 309 X12CrNi23-13 16Cr23Ni13 434 X6CrMo17-1 1Cr17Mo SUH309 309S24 Z15CN24.13 20X23H12 SUS434 434S17 Z8CD17.01 S30900 1.4833 2Cr23Ni13 S43400 1.4113 10Cr17Mo ̶ 310 2Cr25Ni21 SUH310 310S24 Z15CN25.20 S31000 ̶ 20Cr25Ni20 ̶ X12CrNiMnMoN25-18-6-5 1Cr16Ni35 Parts M SUH330 Z12NCS35.16 D Martensitic Stainless Steels ̶ 1.4565 12Cr16Ni35 ̶ ̶ 410 X10Cr13 12Cr13 SUS410 410S21 Z13C13 12X13 S41010 1.4006 1Cr13 K 403 12Cr12 D Gray Cast Iron SUS403 ̶ ̶̶̶ S40300 1Cr12 FC100 No 20B GG-10 HT100 100 ̶ Cy10 444 X2CrMoTi18-2 019Cr19Mo2NbTi Technical Guidance SUS444 FC150 No 25B GG-15 HT150 150 FGL150 Cy15 S44400 1.4521 00Cr18Mo2 ̶̶̶ 416 X12CrS13 Y12Cr13 FC200 No 30B GG-20 HT200 200 FGL200 Cy20 Reference SUS416 416S21 Z12CF13 S41600 1.4005 Y1Cr13 ̶ FC250 No 35B GG-25 HT250 250 FGL250 Cy25 420 X20Cr13 20Cr13 SUS420J1 420S29 Z20C13 20X13 FC300 No 45B GG-30 HT300 300 FGL300 Cy30 S42000 1.4021 2Cr13 420 X30Cr13 30Cr13 FC350 No 50B GG-35 HT350 350 FGL350 Cy35 SUS420J2 420S45 Z30C13 30X13 S42000 1.4028 3Cr13 420G X29Cr13 Y30Cr13 SUS420F Z30CF13 K S42020 1.4029 Y3Cr13 ̶ ̶ D Nodular Cast Iron 431 FCD400 60-40-18 GGG-40 QT400-18 400/17 FGS370-17 By40 SUS431 X17CrNi16-2 17Cr16Ni2 431S29 S43100 ̶̶ FCD450 ̶ GGG-40.3 QT450-10 420/12 FGS400-12 By45 440C 108Cr17 SUS440C Z100CD17 S44004 ̶ 11Cr17 ̶ ̶ FCD500 80-55-06 GGG-50 QT500-7 500/7 FGS500-7 By50 FCD600 ̶ GGG-60 QT600-3 600/7 FGS600-2 By60 M FCD700 100-70-03 GGG-70 QT700-2 700/2 FGS700-2 By70 D Stainless Steel (Precipitation Hardened Structure) FCD800 120-90-02 GGG-80 ̶ 800/2 FGS800-2 By80 630 X5CrNiCuNb16-4 0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb SUS630 Z6CNU17.04 S17400 1.4542 05Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb ̶ ̶ 631 X7CrNiAl17-7 0Cr17Ni7Al Aluminum and Al Alloys - Sheets, plates and strips N SUS631 Z8CNA17.07 09X17H7 ɘ D S17700 1.4568 07Cr17Ni7Al ̶ A1060P 1060 EN AW-1060 L2 ̶̶̶ A1050P 1050 A199.50 1A50 ̶̶̶ D Austenitic Stainless Steels M A1100P 1100 EN AW-1100 L5-1 ̶̶̶ 201 X12crMnNiN17-7-5 1Cr17Mn6Ni5N A1200P 1200 EN AW-1200 L5 EN AW-1200 EN AW-1200 ̶ SUS201 ̶ Z12CMN17-07Az ̶ S20100 1.4372 12Cr17Mn6Ni5N A2014P 2014 EN AW-2014 LD10 EN AW-2014 EN AW-2014 ̶ 202 X12CrMnNiN18-9-5 1Cr18Mn9Ni5N SUS202 284S16 S20200 1.4373 12Cr18Mn9Ni5N ̶̶ A2017P 2017 EN AW-2017 2A11(LY11) EN AW-2017 EN AW-2017 ̶ X12CrNi17 7 A2219P 2219 EN AW-2219 2A16(LY16) ̶̶̶ 301 1Cr17Ni7 SUS301 1.4319 Z12CN17.07 17X18H9 S30100 12Cr17Ni7 ̶ A2024P 2024 EN AW-2024 2A12(LY12) EN AW-2024 EN AW-2024 ̶ 1.4310 302 X9CrNi18-9 1Cr18Ni9 A2124P 2124 EN AW-2124 2A12(LY12) ̶̶̶ SUS302 302S25 Z10CN18.09 12X18H9 S30200 1.4325 12Cr18Ni9 A3003P 3003 EN AW-3003 LF21 EN AW-3003 EN AW-3003 ̶ 302B 1Cr18Ni9Si3 SUS302B A3004P 3004 EN AW-3004 3004 ̶̶̶ S30215 ̶ 12Cr18Ni9Si3 ̶̶̶ X8CrNiS18-9 A3005P 3005 EN AW-3005 3005 ̶̶̶ 303 Y1Cr18Ni9 SUS303 X10CrNiS189 303S21 Z10CNF18.09 S30300 Y12Cr18Ni9 ̶ A3015P 3105 EN AW-3105 3105 ̶̶̶ 1.4305 A5005P 5005 EN AW-5005 5005 ̶̶̶ 303Se Y12Cr18Ni9Se SUS303Se 303S41 12X18H10E S30323 ̶ Y1Cr18Ni9Se ̶ A5050P 5050 EN AW-5050 ̶̶̶̶ 304 X5CrNi18-10 0Cr18Ni9 SUS304 304S31 Z6CN18.09 08X18H10 A5052P 5052 EN AW-5052 5A02 EN AW-5052 EN AW-5052 ̶ S30400 1.4301 06Cr19Ni10 A5154P 5154 ̶ LF3 ̶̶̶ 304L X2CrNi19-11 00Cr19Ni10 SUS304L 304S11 Z2CN18.10 03X18H11 S30403 1.4306 022Cr19Ni10 A5254P 5254 ̶ LF3 ̶̶̶ 304N X5CrNiN19-9 06Cr19Ni10N SUS304N1 Z6CN19-09Az A5454P 5454 EN AW-5454 5454 EN AW-5454 EN AW-5454 ̶ S30451 1.4315 06Cr19Ni10NbN ̶ ̶ A5456P 5456 EN AW-5456 305 X2CrNiN18-10 1Cr18Ni12 ̶ SUS305 305S19 Z8CN18.12 S30500 1.4311 10Cr18Ni12 ̶ A6101P 6101 EN AW-6101 6101 309S X6CrNi23-13 0Cr23Ni13 SUS309S 0X23H12 A6061P 6061 EN AW-6061 6061(LD30) EN AW-6061 EN AW-6061 ̶ S30908 1.4950 06Cr23Ni13 ̶̶ A7075P 7075 EN AW-7075 7A04 EN AW-7075 EN AW-7075 310S X6CrNi25-20 0Cr25Ni20 ̶ SUS310S 08X23H20 S31008 1.4951 06Cr25Ni20 ̶̶ A7178P 7178 EN AW-7178 7A03(LC3) ̶̶̶ 316 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 0Cr17Ni12Mo2 SUS316 316S31 Z7CND17.12 S31600 1.4401 06Cr17Ni12Mo2 ̶ N 316L X2CrNiMo17-12-2 00Cr17Ni12Mo2 D Aluminum Alloy Die Castings SUS316L 316S11 Z2CND17.12 03X17H14M2 S31603 1.4404 022Cr17Ni12Mo2 ADC1 A413.0 EN AC-44300 YL102 ̶̶̶ 316N 0Cr17Ni12Mo2N SUS316N ADC3 A360.0 EN AC-43400 YL104 EN AC-43400 EN AC-43400 S31651 ̶ 06Cr17Ni12Mo2N ̶̶̶ ̶ 317 0Cr19Ni13Mo3 ADC5 518.0 ̶ Al-Mg7 ̶̶̶ SUS317 ̶ 317S16 ̶̶ S31700 06Cr19Ni13Mo3 ADC10 ̶ EN AC-46000 YL112 ̶̶̶ 317L X2CrNiMo18-15-4 00Cr19Ni13Mo3 SUS317L 317S12 Z2CND19.15 03X19H13M3 ADC12 YL113 LM20 S31703 1.4438 022Cr19Ni13Mo3 ̶̶ ̶̶ 321 X6CrNiTi18-10 0Cr18Ni10Ti ADC14 B390.0 ̶̶̶̶̶ SUS321 321S31 Z6CNT18.10 08X18H10T S32100 1.4541 06Cr18Ni1Ti AC4C 357 G-AlSi7Mg ZAlSi7Mg1A LM25 A-S7G-03 ̶ 347 X6CrNiNb18-10 0Cr18Ni11Nb SUS347 347S31 Z6CNNb18.10 08X18H12Ȼ S34700 1.4550 06Cr18Ni11Nb AC4CH 356 G-AlSi7Mg ZALSi7Mg LM25 A-S7G ̶ ̶ 308 G-AlSi6Cu4 ZAlSi5Cu6Mg LM21 ̶̶ Ferritic Heat Resistant Steels S D D Hardened Steel H 409 06Cr11Ti SUH409 X6CrTi12 409S19 Z6CT12 S40900 0Cr11T1 ̶ C4BS 440A X100CrMo13 7Cr17 ̶̶̶ 446 2Cr25N SUH446 Z12C24 AC4A 610 X110CrMoV15 ̶̶̶̶ S44600 ̶ 16Cr25N ̶ ̶ AC4A 0-2 X65CrMo14 ̶̶̶̶ D Martensitic Heat Resistant Steel S SUH1 ̶̶45Cr9Si3 401S45 Z45CS9 ̶ 4Cr10Si2Mo SUH3 Z40CSD10 40X10C2M ̶̶40Cr10Si2Mo ̶ 8Cr20Si2Ni SUH4 443S65 Z80CSN20.02 ̶̶80Cr20Si2Ni ̶ N35 References

„ Steel and Non-Ferrous Metal Symbols Chart (Excerpt) D Classifications and Symbols of Steels D Non-Ferrous Metals

Classification Material Symbol Code Description Classification Material Symbol

Rolled Steels for welded structures SM “M” for “Marine”: Usually used in welded marine structures CxxxxP Copper and copper alloys - sheets, Re-rolled Steels SRB “R” for “Re-rolled” and “B” for “Bar” CxxxxPP

plates and strips

References Rolled steel for general structures SS S for “Steel” and S for “Structure” CxxxxR N Light gauge sections for general structures SSC “C” for “Cold” after SS CxxxxBD Structural Steel

Steel Sheets Hot rolled mild steel sheets / plates in coil form SPH P for “Plate” and “H” for “Hot” Copper and copper alloys - welded CxxxxBDS Carbon steel tubes for piping SGP “GP” for “Gas Pipe” pipes and tubes CxxxxBE Carbon steel tubes for boiler and heat exchangers STB “T” for “Tube” and “B” for “Boiler” CxxxxBF Copper and Alloys Seamless steel tubes for high-pressure gas cylinders STH “H” for “High Pressure” after ST Aluminum and Al alloys - Sheets, AxxxxP Carbon steel tubes for general structures STK “K” for “Kozo” (“structure” in Japanese) after ST plates and strips AxxxxPC Parts Carbon steel tubes for mechanical structures STKM “M” for “Machine” after STK AxxxxBE Aluminum and Al alloys

Alloy steel tubes for structures STKS “S” for “Special” after STK AxxxxBD Rods, bars and wires Alloy steel tubes for piping STPA “A” for “Alloy” after STP AxxxxW Steel Tubes Carbon steel tubes for pressure piping STPG “P” for “Piping” and “G” for “General” after ST Aluminum and Al alloys - Extruded shapes AxxxxS

Reference Carbon steel tubes for high-temperature piping STPT “T” for “Temperature” after ST AxxxxFD

Technical Guidance Guidance Technical Aluminum and Al alloy castings

Carbon steel tubes for high-pressure piping STS “S” for “Special” after ST Aluminum and Alloys AxxxxFH Stainless steel tubes for piping SUS-TP “T” for “Tube” and “P” for “Piping” after SUS Magnesium alloy sheets and plates MP

Carbon steels for mechanical structures SxxC “C” for “Carbon” Magnesium Wrought Alloys Alloys Wrought Aluminum-chromium-molybdenum steels SACM “A” for “Al”, “C” for “Cr” and “M” for “Mo” Nickel-copper alloy sheets and plates NCuP

Chromium molybdenum steels SCM “C” for “Cr” and “M” for “Mo” Nickel Nickel-copper alloy rods and bars NCuB Material Chromium steels SCr “Cr” for “Chromium” after “S” for “Steel” Titanium rods and bars TB Nickel Chromium steels SNC “N” for “Nickel” and “C”for “Chromium” Titanium Wrought Materials Materials Wrought Nickel Chromium Molybdenum steels SNCM “M” for “Molybdenum” in SNC Brass castings YBsCx Manganese steels and manganese chromium steels SMn “Mn” for “Manganese” High-strength brass castings Steel for Mechanical Structures for mechanical structures SMnC “C” for “Chromium” in SMn HBsCx Carbon tool steels SK “K” for “Kogu” (“tool” in Japanese) Bronze castings BCx Hollow drill steels SKC “C” for “Chisel” after SK Phosphorus Bronze castings PBCx SKS S for “Special” after SK Aluminum bronze castings AlBCx Alloy tool steel SKD D for “Die” after SK SKT T for “Tanzo” - Japanese word for “forging” after SK Aluminum Alloy Castings

Tool Steels Tool AC High-speed tool steels SKH “H” for “High speed” after SK Magnesium alloy castings MC Free cutting sulphuric steels SUM “M” for “Machinability” after SU

Castings Zinc alloy die castings ZDCx High-carbon chromium bearing steels SUJ “J” for “Jikuuke” (“bearing” in Japanese) after SU Aluminum Alloy Die Castings ADC Spring steels SUP “P” for “Spring” after SU

Special Steels Magnesium alloy die castings MDC

Stainless Steel Stainless Steel SUS “S” for “Stainless Steel” after SU White metals WJ Heat-resistant Steel SUH “U” for “Special Usage” and “H” for “Heat” Aluminum alloy castings for bearings AJ Heat-resistant steel bars SUH-B “B” for “Bar” after SUH Copper-lead alloy castings for bearings KJ Heat-resistant steel sheets SUHP “P” for “Plate” after SUH Heat-resistant Steel Heat-resistant Carbon steel forgings for general use SF “F” for “Forging” Carbon steel booms and billets for forgings SFB “B” for “Billet” after SF Chromium molybdenum steel forgings SFCM “C” for “Chromium” and “M” for “Molybdenum” after SF Nickel Chromium Molybdenum steel forgings SFNCM “N” for “Nickel” in SFCM Forged Steels Forged Gray cast iron FC “F” for “Ferrous” and “C” for “Casting” Spherical graphite / Ductile cast irons FCD “D” for “Ductile” after FC Blackheart malleable cast irons FCMB “M” for “Malleable” and “B” for “Black” after FC

Cast Iron Whiteheart malleable cast irons FCMW “W” for “White” after FCM Pearlite malleable cast iron FCMP “P” for “Pearlite” after FCM Carbon cast steels SC “C” for “Casting” Cast stainless steels SCS “S” for “Stainless Steel” after SC Heat-resistant cast steels SCH “H” for “Heat” after SC

Cast Steels High-manganese cast steels SCMnH “Mn” for “Manganese” and “H” for “High” after SC

N36 References

„ Hardness Scale Comparison Chart D Approximate corresponding values for steel hardness on the Brinell scale Rockwell Hardness Rockwell Hardness References A B C D Tensile A B C D Tensile Brinell Scale Scale Scale Scale Vickers Shore Brinell Scale Scale Scale Scale Vickers Shore Strength Strength 3,000kgf 60kgf 100kgf 150kgf 100kgf 50kgf Hardness 3,000kgf 60kgf 100kgf 150kgf 100kgf 50kgf Hardness brale 1/10in brale brale (GPa) brale 1/10in brale brale (GPa) ball ball HB HRA HRB HRC HRD HV HS HB HRA HRB HRC HRD HV HS ̶ 85.6 ̶ 68.0 76.9 940 97 ̶ 321 67.5 (108.0) 34.3 50.1 339 47 1.06 N ̶ 85.3 ̶ 67.5 76.5 920 96 ̶ 311 66.9 (107.5) 33.1 50.0 328 46 1.03 ̶ 85.0 ̶ 67.0 76.1 900 95 ̶ 302 66.3 (107.0) 32.1 49.3 319 45 1.01 Parts 767 84.7 ̶ 66.4 75.7 880 93 ̶ 293 65.7 (106.0) 30.9 48.3 309 43 0.97 757 84.4 ̶ 65.9 75.3 860 92 ̶ 285 65.3 (105.5) 29.9 47.6 301 ̶ 0.95

745 84.1 ̶ 65.3 74.8 840 91 ̶ 277 64.6 (104.5) 28.8 46.7 292 41 0.92 Technical Guidance Reference 733 83.8 ̶ 64.7 74.3 820 90 ̶ 269 64.1 (104.0) 27.6 45.9 284 40 0.89 722 83.4 ̶ 64.0 73.8 800 88 ̶ 262 63.6 (103.0) 26.6 45.0 276 39 0.87

712 ̶̶̶̶̶̶̶ 255 63.0 (102.0) 25.4 44.2 269 38 0.84 710 83.0 ̶ 63.3 73.3 780 87 ̶ 248 62.5 (101.0) 24.2 43.2 261 37 0.82 698 82.6 ̶ 62.5 72.6 760 86 ̶ 241 61.8 100.0 22.8 42.0 253 36 0.80 684 82.2 ̶ 61.8 72.1 740 ̶̶ 235 61.4 99.0 21.7 41.4 247 35 0.78 682 82.2 ̶ 61.7 72.0 737 84 ̶ 229 60.8 98.2 20.5 40.5 241 34 0.76 670 81.8 ̶ 61.0 71.5 720 83 ̶ 223 ̶ 97.3 (18.8) ̶ 234 ̶̶ 656 81.3 ̶ 60.1 70.8 700 ̶ ̶ 217 ̶ 96.4 (17.5) ̶ 228 33 0.73 653 81.2 ̶ 60.0 70.7 697 81 ̶ 212 ̶ 95.5 (16.0) ̶ 222 ̶ 0.71 647 81.1 ̶ 59.7 70.5 690 ̶̶ 207 ̶ 94.6 (15.2) ̶ 218 32 0.69 638 80.8 ̶ 59.2 70.1 680 80 ̶ 201 ̶ 93.8 (13.8) ̶ 212 31 0.68 630 80.6 ̶ 58.8 69.8 670 ̶̶ 197 ̶ 92.8 (12.7) ̶ 207 30 0.66 627 80.5 ̶ 58.7 69.7 667 79 ̶ 192 ̶ 91.9 (11.5) ̶ 202 29 0.64 601 79.8 ̶ 57.3 68.7 640 77 ̶ 187 ̶ 90.7 (10.0) ̶ 196 ̶ 0.62 578 79.1 ̶ 56.0 67.7 615 75 ̶ 183 ̶ 90.0 (9.0) ̶ 192 28 0.62 555 78.4 ̶ 54.7 66.7 591 73 2.06 179 ̶ 89.0 (8.0) ̶ 188 27 0.60 534 77.8 ̶ 53.5 65.8 569 71 1.98 174 ̶ 87.8 (6.4) ̶ 182 ̶ 0.59 514 76.9 ̶ 52.1 64.7 547 70 1.89 170 ̶ 86.8 (5.4) ̶ 178 26 0.57 495 76.3 ̶ 51.0 63.8 528 68 1.82 167 ̶ 86.0 (4.4) ̶ 175 ̶ 0.56 477 75.6 ̶ 49.6 62.7 508 66 1.73 163 ̶ 85.0 (3.3) ̶ 171 25 0.55 461 74.9 ̶ 48.5 61.7 491 65 1.67 156 ̶ 82.9 (0.9) ̶ 163 ̶ 0.52 444 74.2 ̶ 47.1 60.8 472 63 1.59 149 ̶ 80.8 ̶̶156 23 0.50 429 73.4 ̶ 45.7 59.7 455 61 1.51 143 ̶ 78.7 ̶̶150 22 0.49 415 72.8 ̶ 44.5 58.8 440 59 1.46 137 ̶ 76.4 ̶̶143 21 0.46 401 72.0 ̶ 43.1 57.8 425 58 1.39 131 ̶ 74.0 ̶̶137 ̶ 0.45 388 71.4 ̶ 41.8 56.8 410 56 1.33 126 ̶ 72.0 ̶̶132 20 0.43 375 70.6 ̶ 40.4 55.7 396 54 1.26 121 ̶ 69.8 ̶̶127 19 0.41 363 70.0 ̶ 39.1 54.6 383 52 1.22 116 ̶ 67.6 ̶̶122 18 0.40 352 69.3 (110.0) 37.9 53.8 372 51 1.18 111 ̶ 65.7 ̶̶117 15 0.38 341 68.7 (109.0) 36.6 52.8 360 50 1.13 1) Figures within the ( ) are not commonly used. 2) Rockwell A, C and D scales utilise a diamond brale. 331 68.1 (108.5) 35.5 51.9 350 48 1.10 3) This chart was taken from the JIS Iron and Steel Handbook (1980).

N37 References

„ Dimensional Tolerance of Standard Fittings [Excerpt from JIS B 0401 (1999)] D Dimensional Tolerance Used for Shafts of Standard Fittings Classification of Reference Shaft Tolerance Class Unit: μm Dimensions

References (mm)

or greater or less N b9 c9 d8 d9 e7 e8 e9 f6 f7 f8 g5 g6 h5 h6 h7 h8 h9 js5 js6 js7 k5 k6 m5 m6 n6 p6 r6 s6 t6 u6 x6

-140 -60 -20 -20 -14 -14 -14 -6 -6 -8 -2 -2 0 0 0 0 0 +4 +6 +6 +8 +10 +12 +16 +20 +24 +26 3 ±2 ±3 ±5 ̶ -165 -85 -34 -45 -24 -28 -39 -12 -16 -20 -6 -8 -4 -6 -10 -14 -25 0 0 +2 +2 +4 +6 +10 +14 ̶ +18 +20

-140 -70 -30 -30 -20 -20 -20 -10 -10 -10 -4 -4 0 0 0 0 0 +6 +9 +9 +12 +16 +20 +23 +27 +31 +36 36 ±2.5 ±4 ±6 -170 -100 -48 -60 -32 -38 -50 -18 -22 -28 -9 -12 -5 -8 -12 -18 -30 +1 +1 +4 +4 +8 +12 +15 +19 ̶ +23 +28

-150 -80 -40 -40 -25 -25 -25 -13 -13 -13 -5 -5 0 0 0 0 0 +7 +10 +12 +15 +19 +24 +28 +32 +37 +43 610 ±3 ±4.5 ±7.5 ̶

Parts -186 -116 -62 -76 -40 -47 -61 -22 -28 -35 -11 -14 -6 -9 -15 -22 -36 +1 +1 +6 +6 +10 +15 +19 +23 +28 +34

+51 10 14 +40 -150 -95 -50 -50 -32 -32 -32 -16 -16 -16 -6 -6 0 0 0 0 0 +9 +12 +15 +18 +23 +29 +34 +39 +44 ±4 ±5.5 ±9 -193 -138 -77 -93 -50 -59 -75 -27 -34 -43 -14 -17 -8 -11 -18 -27 -43 +1 +1 +7 +7 +12 +18 +23 +28 ̶ +33 +56 14 18 +45 Reference +54 +67

Technical Guidance Guidance Technical 18 24 ̶ +41 +54 -160 -110 -65 -65 -40 -40 -40 -20 -20 -20 -7 -7 0 0 0 0 0 +11 +15 +17 +21 +28 +35 +41 +48 ±4.5 ±6.5±10.5 -212 -162 -98 -117 -61 -73 -92 -33 -41 -53 -16 -20 -9 -13 -21 -33 -52 +2 +2 +8 +8 +15 +22 +28 +35 +54 +61 +77 24 30 +41 +48 +64

-170 -120 +64 +76 30 40 -232 -182 +48 +60 -80 -80 -50 -50 -50 -25 -25 -25 -9 -9 0 0 0 0 0 +13 +18 +20 +25 +33 +42 +50 +59 ±5.5 ±8 ±12.5 -119 -142 -75 -89 -112 -41 -50 -64 -20 -25 -11 -16 -25 -39 -62 +2 +2 +9 +9 +17 +26 +34 +43 ̶ -180 -130 +70 +86 40 50 -242 -192 +54 +70

-190 -140 +60 +72 +85 +106 50 65 -264 -214 +41 +53 +66 +87 -100 -100 -60 -60 -60 -30 -30 -30 -10 -10 0 0 0 0 0 +15 +21 +24 +30 +39 +51 ±6.5 ±9.5±15 -146 -174 -90 -106 -134 -49 -60 -76 -23 -29 -13 -19 -30 -46 -74 +2 +2 +11 +11 +20 +32 ̶ -200 -150 +62 +78 +94 +121 65 80 -274 -224 +43 +59 +75 +102

-220 -170 +73 +93 +113 +146 80 100 -307 -257 +51 +71 +91 +124 -120 -120 -72 -72 -72 -36 -36 -36 -12 -12 0 0 0 0 0 +18 +25 +28 +35 +45 +59 ±7.5±11 ±17.5 -174 -207 -107 -126 -159 -58 -71 -90 -27 -34 -15 -22 -35 -54 -87 +3 +3 +13 +13 +23 +37 ̶ -240 -180 +76 +101 +126 +166 100 120 -327 -267 +54 +79 +104 +144

-260 -200 +88 +117 +147 120 140 -360 -300 +63 +92 +122

-280 -210 -145 -145 -85 -85 -85 -43 -43 -43 -14 -14 0 0 0 0 0 +21 +28 +33 +40 +52 +68 +90 +125 +159 140 160 ±9 ±12.5±20 -380 -310 -208 -245 -125 -148 -185 -68 -83 -106 -32 -39 -18 -25 -40 -63 -100 +3 +3 +15 +15 +27 +43 +65 +100 +134 ̶̶

-310 -230 +93 +133 +171 160 180 -410 -330 +68 +108 +146

-340 -240 +106 +151 180 200 -455 -355 +77 +122

-380 -260 -170 -170 -100 -100 -100 -50 -50 -50 -15 -15 0 0 0 0 0 +24 +33 +37 +46 +60 +79 +109 +159 200 225 ±10 ±14.5±23 -495 -375 -242 -285 -146 -172 -215 -79 -96 -122 -35 -44 -20 -29 -46 -72 -115 +4 +4 +17 +17 +31 +50 +80 +130 ̶̶̶

-420 -280 +113 +169 225 250 -535 -395 +84 +140

-480 -300 +126 250 280 -610 -430 +94 -190 -190 -110 -110 -110 -56 -56 -56 -17 -17 0 0 0 0 0 +27 +36 +43 +52 +66 +88 ±11.5±16 ±26 -271 -320 -162 -191 -240 -88 -108 -137 -40 -49 -23 -32 -52 -81 -130 +4 +4 +20 +20 +34 +56 ̶̶̶̶ -540 -330 +130 280 315 -670 -460 +98

-600 -360 +144 315 355 -740 -500 +108 -210 -210 -125 -125 -125 -62 -62 -62 -18 -18 0 0 0 0 0 +29 +40 +46 +57 +73 +98 ±12.5±18 ±28.5 -299 -350 -182 -214 -265 -98 -119 -151 -43 -54 -25 -36 -57 -89 -140 +4 +4 +21 +21 +37 +62 ̶̶̶̶ -680 -400 +150 355 400 -820 -540 +114

-760 -440 +166 400 450 -915 -595 +126 -230 -230 -135 -135 -135 -68 -68 -68 -20 -20 0 0 0 0 0 +32 +45 +50 +63 +80 +108 ±13.5±20 ±31.5 -327 -385 -198 -232 -290 -108 -131 -165 -47 -60 -27 -40 -63 -97 -155 +5 +5 +23 +23 +40 +68 ̶̶̶̶ -840 -480 +172 450 500 -995 -635 +132

N38 References

„ Dimensional Tolerance of Standard Fittings [Excerpt from JIS B 0401 (1999)]

D Dimensional Tolerance Used for Holes of Standard Fittings References Classification of Reference Hole Tolerance Class Unit: μm Dimensions (mm) or greater or less B10 C9 C10 D8 D9 D10 E7 E8 E9 F6 F7 F8 G6 G7 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10JS6 JS7 K6 K7 M6M7 N6 N7 P6 P7 R7 S7 T7 U7 X7

+180 +85 +100 +34 +45 +60 +24 +28 +39 +12 +16 +20 +8 +12 +6 +10 +14 +25 +40 0 0 -2 -2 -4 -4 -6 -6 -10 -14 -18 -20 3 ±3 ±5 ̶ +140 +60 +60 +20 +20 +20 +14 +14 +14 +6 +6 +6 +2 +2 0 0 0 0 0 -6 -10 -8 -12 -10 -14 -12 -16 -20 -24 ̶ -28 -30 N +188 +100 +118 +48 +60 +78 +32 +38 +50 +18 +22 +28 +12 +16 +8 +12 +18 +30 +48 +2 +3 -1 0 -5 -4 -9 -8 -11 -15 -19 -24 36 ±4 ±6 +140 +70 +70 +30 +30 +30 +20 +20 +20 +10 +10 +10 +4 +4 0 0 0 0 0 -6 -9 -9 -12 -13 -16 -17 -20 -23 -27 ̶ -31 -36 Parts +208 +116 +138 +62 +76 +98 +40 +47 +61 +22 +28 +35 +14 +20 +9 +15 +22 +36 +58 +2 +5 -3 0 -7 -4 -12 -9 -13 -17 -22 -28 610 ±4.5±7.5 +150 +80 +80 +40 +40 +40 +25 +25 +25 +13 +13 +13 +5 +5 0 0 0 0 0 -7 -10 -12 -15 -16 -19 -21 -24 -28 -32 ̶ -37 -43

-33 10 14 -51 Technical Guidance +220 +138 +165 +77 +93 +120 +50 +59 +75 +27 +34 +43 +17 +24 +11 +18 +27 +43 +70 +2 +6 -4 0 -9 -5 -15 -11 -16 -21 -26 ±5.5±9 +150 +95 +95 +50 +50 +50 +32 +32 +32 +16 +16 +16 +6 +6 0 0 0 0 0 -9 -12 -15 -18 -20 -23 -26 -29 -34 -39 ̶ -44 Reference -38 14 18 -56

-33 -46

18 24 ̶ -54 -67 +244 +162 +194 +98 +117 +149 +61 +73 +92 +33 +41 +53 +20 +28 +13 +21 +33 +52 +84 +2 +6 -4 0 -11 -7 -18 -14 -20 -27 ±6.5±10.5 +160 +110 +110 +65 +65 +65 +40 +40 +40 +20 +20 +20 +7 +7 0 0 0 0 0 -11 -15 -17 -21 -24 -28 -31 -35 -41 -48 -33 -40 -56 24 30 -54 -61 -77

+270 +182 +220 -39 -51 30 40 +170 +120 +120 -64 -76 +119 +142 +180 +75 +89 +112 +41 +50 +64 +25 +34 +16 +25 +39 +62 +100 +3 +7 -4 0 -12 -8 -21 -17 -25 -34 ±8 ±12.5 +80 +80 +80 +50 +50 +50 +25 +25 +25 +9 +9 0 0 0 0 0 -13 -18 -20 -25 -28 -33 -37 -42 -50 -59 ̶ +280 +192 +230 -45 -61 40 50 +180 +130 +130 -70 -86

+310 +214 +260 -30 -42 -55 -76 50 65 +190 +140 +140 -60 -72 -85-106 +146 +174 +220 +90 +106 +134 +49 +60 +76 +29 +40 +19 +30 +46 +74 +120 +4 +9 -5 0 -14 -9 -26 -21 ±9.5±15 +100 +100 +100 +60 +60 +60 +30 +30 +30 +10 +10 0 0 0 0 0 -15 -21 -24 -30 -33 -39 -45 -51 ̶ +320 +224 +270 -32 -48 -64 -91 65 80 +200 +150 +150 -62 -78 -94 -121

+360 +257 +310 -38 -58 -78 -111 80 100 +220 +170 +170 -73 -93-113 -146 +174 +207 +260 +107 +126 +159 +58 +71 +90 +34 +47 +22 +35 +54 +87 +140 +4 +10 -6 0 -16 -10 -30 -24 ±11 ±17.5 +120 +120 +120 +72 +72 +72 +36 +36 +36 +12 +12 0 0 0 0 0 -18 -25 -28 -35 -38 -45 -52 -59 ̶ +380 +267 +320 -41 -66 -91 -131 100 120 +240 +180 +180 -76 -101 -126 -166

+420 +300 +360 -48 -77 -107 120 140 +260 +200 +200 -88-117 -147

+440 +310 +370 +208 +245 +305 +125 +148 +185 +68 +83 +106 +39 +54 +25 +40 +63 +100 +160 +4 +12 -8 0 -20 -12 -36 -28 -50 -85 -119 140 160 ±12.5±20 +280 +210 +210 +145 +145 +145 +85 +85 +85 +43 +43 +43 +14 +14 0 0 0 0 0 -21 -28 -33 -40 -45 -52 -61 -68 -90 -125 -159 ̶̶

+470 +330 +390 -53 -93 -131 160 180 +310 +230 +230 -93 -133 -171

+525 +355 +425 -60 -105 180 200 +340 +240 +240 -106 -151

+565 +375 +445 +242 +285 +355 +146 +172 +215 +79 +96 +122 +44 +61 +29 +46 +72 +115 +185 +5 +13 -8 0 -22 -14 -41 -33 -63 -113 200 225 ±14.5±23 +380 +260 +260 +170 +170 +170 +100 +100 +100 +50 +50 +50 +15 +15 0 0 0 0 0 -24 -33 -37 -46 -51 -60 -70 -79 -109 -159 ̶̶̶

+605 +395 +465 -67 -123 225 250 +420 +280 +280 -113 -169

+690 +430 +510 -74 250 280 +480 +300 +300 -126 +271 +320 +400 +162 +191 +240 +88 +108 +137 +49 +69 +32 +52 +81 +130 +210 +5 +16 -9 0 -25 -14 -47 -36 ±16 ±26 +190 +190 +190 +110 +110 +110 +56 +56 +56 +17 +17 0 0 0 0 0 -27 -36 -41 -52 -57 -66 -79 -88 ̶̶̶̶ +750 +460 +540 -78 280 315 +540 +330 +330 -130

+830 +500 +590 -87 315 355 +600 +360 +360 -144 +299 +350 +440 +182 +214 +265 +98 +119 +151 +54 +75 +36 +57 +89 +140 +230 +7 +17 -10 0 -26 -16 -51 -41 ±18 ±28.5 +210 +210 +210 +125 +125 +125 +62 +62 +62 +18 +18 0 0 0 0 0 -29 -40 -46 -57 -62 -73 -87 -98 ̶̶̶̶ +910 +540 +630 -93 355 400 +680 +400 +400 -150

+1010 +595 +690 -103 400 450 +760 +440 +440 -166 +327 +385 +480 +198 +232 +290 +108 +131 +165 +60 +83 +40 +63 +97 +155 +250 +8 +18 -10 0 -27 -17 -55 -45 ±20 ±31.5 +230 +230 +230 +135 +135 +135 +68 +68 +68 +20 +20 0 0 0 0 0 -32 -45 -50 -63 -67 -80 -95 -108 ̶̶̶̶ +1090 +635 +730 -109 450 500 +840 +480 +480 -172

N39 References

„ Dimensional Tolerance and Fittings [Excerpt from JIS B 0401 (1999)] D Standard Fittings for Holes D Standard Fittings for Shafts

Reference Shaft Tolerance Class Reference Hole Tolerance Class Hole Gap fitting Intermediate fitting Tight fitting Shaft Gap fitting Intermediate fitting Tight fitting g5 h5 js5 k5 m5 h5 H6 JS6 K6 M6 N6* P6 H6

f6 g6 h6 js6 k6 m6 n6* p6* F6 G6 H6 JS6 K6 M6 N6 P6*

References h6 f6 g6 h6 js6 k6 m6 n6 p6* r6* s6 t6 u6 x6 F7 G7 H7 JS7 K7 M7 N7 P7* R7 S7 T7 U7 X7 N H7 e7 f7 h7 js7 E7 F7 H7 h7 f7 h7 F8 H8 H8 e8 f8 h8 D8 E8 F8 H8 h8 d9 e9 D9 E9 H9 d8 e8 h8 D8 E8 H8 H9 c9 d9 e9 h9 h9 C9 D9 E9 H9 Parts H10 b9 c9 d9 B10 C10 D10 Note: *Exceptions may arise with these fittings depending on the dimension category. Note: *Exceptions may arise with these fittings depending on the dimension category.

D Correlation of Tolerance Zones in Standard Hole Fittings D Correlation of Tolerance Zones in Standard Shaft Fittings

Reference Reference Hole H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 Reference Shaft h5 h6 h7 h8 h9

Technical Guidance Guidance Technical Gap fitting Intermediate fitting Tight fitting Gap fitting Fitting Fitting Gap fitting Gap fitting Gap fitting Gap fitting Gap fitting Gap fitting Gap fitting Gap fitting Tight fitting Tight fitting Tight fitting Sliding Driving Intermediate fitting Intermediate fitting Intermediate fitting Loose rotary fitting Rotary fitting Shrinkage fitting Reinforced press fitting Light rotary fitting Press fitting Shaft Tolerance Class f6 g5 g6 h5 h6 js5 js6k5 k6 m5 m6 n6 p6 e7 f6 f7 g6 h6 h7 js6 js7 k6 m6n6 p6 r6 s6 t6 u6 x6 d9 e8 e9 f7 f8 h7 h8 c9 d8 d9 g8 e9 h8 h9 b9 c9 d9 Hole Tolerance Class M6 JS6 K5 M6 N6 P6 F6 F7 G6 G7 H6 H7 JS6 JS7 K6 K7 M6 M7 N6 N7 P6 P7 R7 S7 T7 U7 X7 E7 F7 F8 H7 H8 D8 D9 E8 E9 F8 H8 H9 B10 C9 C10 D8 D9 D10 E8 E9 H8 H9

50 200 H10

H9

H8 H6 H7 0 150

-50 100

Dimensional tolerance (μm) -100 Dimensional tolerance (μm) 50

-150 0 h5 h6 h6 h7 h8 h9

-200 -50

Note: The above table is for reference dimensions greater than 18mm up to 30mm. Note: The above table is for reference dimensions greater than 18mm up to 30mm.

N40 References

„ Standard of Tapers D Morse Taper

Fig 1 With Tang Fig 2 Drawing Thread Type C

K References 8°18' r

R 1 3 ød 2 1 2 øD b øD ød 60° 1 ød ød ød 1 øD E

E e r t øD N a N a B B (Unit: mm) N Morse Taper Taper Tang (1) (2) (2) Taper Taper Angle D1 d1 N B d2 C e Fig Da b Rr Number (D) (approx.) (approx.) (Max) (Max) (Max) (Max) (Max) Parts 1 019.212 0.05205 1°29’27” 9.045 3 9.2 6.1 56.5 59.5 6.0 3.9 6.5 10.5 4 1 1 120.047 0.04988 1°25’43” 12.065 3.5 12.2 9.0 62.0 65.5 8.7 5.2 8.5 13.5 5 1.2 1 220.020 0.04995 1°25’50” 17.780 5 18.0 14.0 75.0 80.0 13.5 6.3 10 16 6 1.6 Technical Guidance 31 0.05020 1°26’16” 23.825 5 24.1 19.1 94.0 99.0 18.5 7.9 13 20 7 2

19.922 Reference 1 1 419.245 0.05194 1°29’15” 31.267 6.5 31.6 25.2 117.5 124.0 24.5 11.9 16 24 8 2.5 1 519.002 0.05263 1°30’26” 44.399 6.5 44.7 36.5 149.5 156.0 35.7 15.9 19 29 10 3 1 619.180 0.05214 1°29’36” 63.348 8 63.8 52.4 210.0 218.0 51.0 19.0 27 40 13 4

1 719.231 0.05200 1°29’22” 83.058 10 83.6 68.2 286.0 296.0 66.8 28.6 35 54 19 5

Morse Taper Taper Screw Part (1) (2) (2) Taper Taper Angle D1 d1 N B d2 K t Fig Da d3 r Number (D) (approx.) (approx.) (Max) (Max) (Max) (Min) (Max) 1 019.212 0.05205 1°29’27” 9.045 3 9.2 6.4 50 53 6 QQ4 0.2 1 1 20.047 0.04988 1°25’43” 12.065 3.5 12.2 9.4 53.5 57 9 M 6 16 5 0.2 1 2 20.020 0.04995 1°25’50” 17.780 5 18.0 14.6 64 69 14 M10 24 5 0.2 1 3 19.922 0.05020 1°26’16” 23.825 5 24.1 19.8 81 86 19 M12 28 7 0.6 1 2 419.254 0.05194 1°29’15” 31.267 6.5 31.6 25.9 102.5 109 25 M16 32 9 1 1 519.002 0.05263 1°30’26” 44.399 6.5 44.7 37.6 129.5 136 35.7 M20 40 9 2.5 1 619.180 0.05214 1°29’36” 63.348 8 63.8 53.9 182 190 51 M24 50 12 4 1 719.231 0.05200 1°29’22” 83.058 10 83.6 70.0 250 260 65 M33 80 18.5 5 Note (1) The fractional values are the taper standards.

(2) Diameters D1 and d1 are calculated from the diameter D value, the taper, a, and M1 and rounded up to one decimal place. Remark 1. Tapers are measured using JIS B 3301 ring gauges. At least 75% must be correct. 2. Screws must have metric coarse screw thread as per JIS B 0205 and Class 3 precision as per JIS B 0209. D Bottle Grip Taper D American Standard Taper (National Taper)

Fig 3 L t1 Fig 4 t L t7 t5 a t4 t2 t3 N L3 B b 1 øD 1 2 1 2 3 øg 6 0° b ød g d d D D 6 0° øD B

7/24 Taper L3 b1 7/24 Taper L4

D Bottle Grip Taper (Units: mm) D Taper No. D1 D2 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 d2 d3 L B 3 4 gb1 t7 Fig (Standard Dimensions) L L BT30 31.75 46 38 20 8 13.6 2 2 14 12.5 48.4 24 7 17 M12 16.1 16.3 BT35 38.10 53 43 22 10 14.6 2 2 14 12.5 56.4 24 7 20 M12 16.1 19.6 BT40 44.45 63 53 25 10 16.6 2 2 19 17 65.4 30 8 21 M16 16.1 22.6 3 BT45 57.15 85 73 30 12 21.2 3 3 23 21 82.8 36 9 26 M20 19.3 29.1 BT50 69.85 100 85 35 15 23.2 3 3 27 25 101.8 45 11 31 M24 25.7 35.4 BT60 107.95 155 135 45 20 28.2 3 3 33 31 161.8 56 12 34 M30 25.7 60.1

D American Standard Taper (National Taper) (Units: mm)

Taper No. Nominal Size Dd1 L N(Min) B(Min) L3 (Min) ga tbFig 1 -0.29 1 30 1 /4” 31.750 17.4 -0.36 68.4 48.4 24 34 /2” 1.6 15.9 16 3 -0.30 5 40 1 /4” 44.450 25.3 -0.384 93.4 65.4 32 43 /8” 1.6 15.9 22.5 3 -0.31 4 50 2 /4” 69.850 39.6 -0.41 126.8 101.8 47 62 1” 3.2 25.4 35 1 -0.34 1 60 4 /4” 107.950 60.2 -0.46 206.8 161.8 59 76 1 /4” 3.2 25.4 60

N41 References

„ Surface Roughness D Types and Definitions of Typical Surface Roughness D Relationship with triangular symbol display Type Symbol Method of Determination Descriptive Figure Designated Designated Designated values for

This value is found by extracting the values for values for 10-point Standard reference length in the mean line Triangular *

References maximum calculated average reference L direction from the surface roughness Symbols N height curve, measuring the intervals average roughness length value *1) between the peaks and valleys in roughness *2) (mm) the extracted area in the longitudinal (Rz) (Ra) (RzJIS) magnification direction of the surface m Rz Rp *1) roughness curve, and expressing this (0.05) (0.012) (0.05) Rz value in micrometres (μm). Rv

R Max. 0.1 0.025 0.1

Remarks: When finding Rz, any L Rz=Rp+Rv JJJJ areas deemed to be 0.2 0.05 0.2

Parts 0.25 scratches are removed 0.4 0.10 0.4 before extracting the

reference length from 0.8 0.20 0.8 an area with no high

peaks or low valleys.

1.6 0.40 1.6 JJJ

Reference This value is found by extracting the 3.2 0.80 3.2 0.8

Technical Guidance Guidance Technical reference length in the mean line 6.3 1.6 6.3

direction from the roughness curve, m taking the average line direction of the

Ra 12.5 12.5 extracted area as the X-axis and the 3.2 JJ Ra (18) (18) 2.5 longitudinal magnification direction L 6.3 as the Y-axis and expressing the 25 25 1 L value found by the equation below in Ra= ∫{f(x)}dx micrometres (μm) with the roughness L 0 (35) (35)

Calculated Roughness curve expressed by y=f(x). 50 12.5 50 J 8 (70) 25 (70) This value is found by extracting the reference length in the mean 100 100 line direction from the roughness (140) (140) 4 1 3 curve, finding the sum of the mean 5 m 2 Yp Yp Yp Yp Yp 3 2 200 200

absolute peak height taken from the 1 5 4 Yv Yv Yv Yv

Yv (50) *2) five highest peaks (Yp) and the mean (280) (280) ̶̶ Rz JIS absolute valley height taken from L (100) 400 400 the five lowest valleys (Yv) measured (Yp1+Yp2+Yp3+Yp4+Yp5)+(Yv1+Yv2+Yv3+Yv4+Yv5) RzJIS= in the longitudinal magnification 5 (560) (560) direction from the mean line direction Remarks: The designated values in ( ) do not apply unless of the extracted area and expressing

10-point Average Roughness 10-point Average otherwise stated. this value in micrometres (μm). * Finish symbols (triangular symbol (V) and tilde (~)) Designated values for the above types of maximum height (Rz)*1), 10-point average roughness *2) were removed from JIS in the 1994 revision. (Rz JIS , calculated average roughness (Ra) classifications, and reference length Mare shown on the table at right with triangular symbols.

*1) The maximum height symbol (Rz) is calculated according to the new JIS B 0601:2001 standard. (This value was Ry under the old standard.)

*2) The 10-point average roughness (Rz JIS) is calculated according to the new JIS B 0601:2001 standard. (This value was Rz under the old standard.)

N42