Nottingham CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN

Issue 7 February 2016 ROWENNA WOOD / RACHEL REESE On behalf of Purcell ® 50 St Mary’s Gate, , NG1 1QA [email protected] www.purcelluk.com

All rights in this work are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means (including without limitation Document Issue by photocopying or placing on a website) without the prior permission in writing of Purcell except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs Issue 1 (June 2015) - Nottingham City Council and Patents Act 1988. Applications for permission to reproduce any part of this work should be addressed to Purcell at [email protected]. Issue 2 (July 2015) - Nottingham City Council Undertaking any unauthorised act in relation to this work may result in a civil claim for damages and/or criminal prosecution. Any materials used in this work which are subject to third party copyright have been reproduced under licence from the copyright owner except in the case of works of unknown authorship Issue 3 (August 2015) - Nottingham City Council, external consultees as defined by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Any person wishing to assert rights in relation to works which have been reproduced as works of Issue 4 (September 2015) - Nottingham City Council unknown authorship should contact Purcell at [email protected]. Issue 5 (October 2015) - Nottingham City Council, HLF and Historic England Purcell asserts its moral rights to be identified as the author of this work under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Issue 6 (December 2015) - Nottingham City Council and Historic England Purcell® is the trading name of Purcell Miller Tritton LLP. Issue 7 (February 2015) - Nottingham City Council © Purcell 2015 RW/CRo/011-235350 CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 4.7 Galleries 156 4.8 Education and Engagement 158 1 INTRODUCTION 9 4.9 Visitor Facilities 159 1.1 Purpose and Scope of the Conservation Management Plan 9 4.10 Transport Links 159 1.2 Structure of the Document 10 4.11 Wayfinding 160 1.3 Vision 11 4.12 Accessibility 160 1.4 Existing Information and Resources 11 4.13 Funding 161 1.5 Consultation 11 4.14 Marketing 161 1.6 Gaps in Knowledge 12 4.15 Security 162 1.7 Abbreviations 12 4.16 Environment and Climate Change 162 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE 13 4.17 Archaeology 162 2.1 Site Overview 13 4.18 Intrusive Features 163 2.2 History of the Site 16 4.19 Major Project Proposals 163 2.3 Wider Heritage Context 66 4.20 Setting and Townscape 164 2.4 Site Description 69 5 POLICIES 165 2.5 Heritage Designations and Setting 101 5.1 Introduction 165 2.6 Ecological Assessment 116 5.2 General Practice 165 2.7 Current Ownership and Management 118 5.3 Policies 167 2.8 Summary of Relevant Existing Documents 120 2.9 Legislative Framework and Guidance 123 6 IMPLEMENTATION AND REVIEW 191 6.1 Implementation 191 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 124 6.2 Review 191 3.1 Criteria for Assessment 124 6.3 Archival Deposition 191 3.2 Summary Statement of Significance 125 3.3 Assessment of Heritage Values 127 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 192 3.4 Significance Plans 140 7.1 Acknowledgements and Consultation 192 7.2 References 193 4 ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES 150 4.1 Introduction 150 APPENDICES 4.2 Heritage Value and Change 150 4.3 Ownership and Management 151 APPENDIX A: LISTING DESCRIPTIONS 196 4.4 Condition 152 APPENDIX B: LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK AND GUIDANCE 204 4.5 Maintenance 152 APPENDIX C: STAFF STRUCTURE 210 4.6 Use 153 4 ; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This Conservation Management Plan (CMP) has been prepared for is accessed via a Grade II listed medieval bridge over the rock-cut Nottingham City Council (NCC) by Purcell, a practice of conservation that separates the from the Upper Bailey. There is also architects and heritage consultants. Its purpose is to update substantially vehicular access from the north-eastern gates round Middle Bailey green to the draft Conservation Plan prepared in 2006 by Prince Research the Palace or via a tunnel to the Kitchen Wing to the north of the Palace. Consultants and to expand it to include the Brewhouse Yard. This The Outer Bailey is laid out as a park with three Grade II listed memorials updated CMP will form part of the Stage 2 funding bid to the Heritage including one to Captain and a Grade II listed Edwardian Lottery Fund to refurbish and extend the Ducal Palace, provide new Bandstand. At the northern end of the Outer Bailey is the Bothy, an education facilities in Brewhouse Yard and relandscape the grounds. eighteenth century building currently used by the Parks Team, that is Grade II listed. The medieval , which was heavily restored in 1908 and The CMP is intended to assess the significance of the site, evaluate the today contains the ticket office and a shop, together with the medieval walls issues and opportunities it has and to provide conservation policies and towers of the Outer Bailey are Grade I listed. The site comprises by to guide the future development and use of the site, both for the two scheduled ancient monuments. Far below the Castle, nestled into the immediate major project and beyond. It is a tool to facilitate the ongoing base of Castle Rock, are the Grade II listed Brewhouse Yard Cottages, the understanding and long-term general upkeep of the site and should be cave system behind which extends into Castle Rock. Rock Cottage, also monitored and reviewed regularly. Grade II listed sits separately on a small ledge of rock. These cottages house the Museum of Nottingham Life as well as stores and staff accommodation. Nottingham Castle is located slightly west of Across from the cottages on the corner of Castle Road and Castle on a sandstone promontory known as Castle Rock. The Castle once Boulevard is the Grade II listed Waterworks, which is used predominantly extended over a larger area with a fourth bailey to the north and a for staff offices and collections stores. The site is located in the Castle park to the west but these have since been developed for housing. Conservation Area. This CMP considers not only the two scheduled ancient monuments and numerous listed structures of the Castle itself but also the caves in Nottingham Castle was established as a strategic garrison by William the Castle Rock and the cottages and Waterworks in Brewhouse Yard. A Conqueror in 1067 and subsequently developed into a royal castle favoured plan (overleaf) shows the site boundary and the buildings in and around by various medieval kings and was the monarch’s principal castle in the the site. Midlands. Richard I laid to re-establish his rule in 1194, Edward III captured Roger Mortimer to begin his rule in 1330 and Richard III set forth The site includes the Grade I Castle Museum and Art Gallery (also from the Castle in 1485 to the Battle of Bosworth. The Castle entered a known as the Ducal Palace), which was originally built for the Dukes period of decline in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, in which of Newcastle on the site’s highest point across the Upper and part of time it was plundered and stripped of much of its contents. Although sold the Middle Bailey of the medieval castle. It is surrounded by a parapet to the Earl of Rutland in 1611, from the lost North Bailey, Charles I raised his wall to the south and west and a terrace with step and gate piers, all standard in 1642. Used as a Civil War stronghold, the Castle was slighted of which are Grade II listed. The Middle Bailey to the north is mostly in 1651 before the ruins were sold to William Cavendish in the 1660s. In occupied by a green around which are the remains of the Middle Bailey the late seventeenth century the site underwent a renaissance with the walls and towers, a memorial bust of Major Jonathan White and a erection of the Ducal Palace, although by the late eighteenth century the second pair of gate piers, all of which are Grade II listed. The Middle site had ceased to be used by the Dukes of Newcastle. During the 1831 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY riot, the Palace was substantially damaged by facility; the perceived distance between the Castle fire. After more than four decades, the Palace and the city centre; and the lack of level access in was restored and converted to a museum and Brewhouse Yard Cottages and the Waterworks. art gallery between 1876 and 1878 by TC Hine The proposed refurbishment project offers the 12 14 with the Kitchen Wing converted by Herbert opportunity to address, at least in part, some of 13 15 N Walker between 1889 and 1891. The first director, these issues whilst the associated archaeological 11 George Harry Wallis, served for 51 years and investigations provide the chance to considerably 17 28 was instrumental in establishing the nature of enhance understanding of the medieval castle, B the collections. The grounds were cultivated to particularly the Outer Bailey. form a municipal garden and the erection of a 10 9 16 number of memorials meant that by the mid- The analysis of the issues and opportunities 19 18 27 twentieth century it had become a place of civic informs a set of policies, explained in section 5, 20 commemoration. to guide the ongoing care and future development 8 22 3 of the site. The refurbishment projects aims to 7 2 21 An assessment of the heritage values together with address many of the issues identified. 6 4 a statement of significance are provided in section 1 3 and these have been written in accordance with This CMP should be adopted by NCC and 24 A the guidelines laid out in Conservation Principles, reviewed on a regular basis so that it remains Policies and Guidance (2008) published by Historic a useful live management tool. 23 25 England (formerly English Heritage). The summary Castle Museum and Art Gallery/ statement of significance is repeated on pages 7-8. 1 5 Ducal Palace Based on visits to the site and consultation with 2 Service Wing 26 Nottingham City Museums & Galleries (NCMG) staff, a brief analysis of the issues and opportunities 3 Service Wing Courtyard of the site is set out in section 4. Some of the key 4 East Terrace issues include the need for proactive maintenance 13 Afghan War Memorial 22 Bandstand of the buildings and structures; visitors’ difficulty 5 Parapet and Terrace Wall 14 Castle Gatehouse and Gateway 23 Mortimer’s Hole in understanding the site; the lack of adequate Entrance to King David’s 6 and coherent signage across the site and in the Dungeon 15 Statue 24 Brewhouse Yard Cottages buildings; the lack of environmental controls 7 Gate Piers in the galleries, particularly in the Palace; the 16 Outer Bailey Wall and Towers 25 Rock Cottage acute shortage of storage space for collections 8 Memorial Bust Memorial Sundial/Edward’s 17 26 Waterworks and for merchandise and equipment; the poor Tower quality of some of the collections storage; the 9 Castle Green 27 Castle Road Caves 18 Captain Albert Ball Memorial potential conflict between events and collections 10 Children’s Play Area 28 Caves management; the lack of coherence of the galleries 19 Middle Bailey Bridge in terms of design and the datedness of some Middle Bailey Wall and Black Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem Public 11 A of the displays; the re-thinking of education and Tower 20 East Terrace Steps and Gate Piers House outreach space; the lack of a good quality research 12 Bothy (Former Orderly Room) 21 Walkways on the rock cut ditch B Richard’s Tower

6 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

SUMMARY STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The Medieval Castle piers around the Ducal Palace are important in their own Such was the importance of Nottingham’s strategic location, right as examples of the late seventeenth century fashion For explanation of the levels of significance, see page 125. the Castle was retained and developed throughout the for formal gardens in the French Baroque style. However, medieval period, unlike some other established in their significance is primarily as part of the landscape that Nottingham Castle is a highly significant site with a large the wake of the Norman Conquest, and it was also an was designed around the Ducal Palace for the Dukes of number of heritage assets, the importance of which are important strategic garrison in the Civil War. It also became Newcastle. There is potential for further understanding of recognised by their individual listings and scheduling. The the sovereign’s principal residence in the Midlands and the Baroque gardens to emerge although any remains are Castle site has been in use for over 950 years and there are continued to be used by the Tudor monarchs. The extant likely to be fragmentary and may well have been missed in several phases to its development: a medieval castle (initially medieval fabric, both above and below ground, that survives earlier excavations. a strategic and later a royal castle), a nobleman’s from this period, even where modified in later centuries, private residence, a museum, military parade ground and is of high significance at a national level. The extant above The restoration of the Palace and its conversion to a a municipal garden. The different layers of history are ground fabric in particular not only contributes to an museum eradicated any understanding of the interiors of reflected in the built fabric and landscape. understanding of Nottingham Castle but forms part of a the Ducal Palace but did create a public institution that national understanding of the development of castle design reflected Nottingham’s status as a major regional town Castle Rock throughout the medieval period, especially Richard’s Tower and which has always been valued by the local public. The The sandstone outcrop on which the Castle is located and the Gatehouse, which is one of only three to survive museum is an important one in the museological landscape, is of very high significance at a national and a local level. from Henry III’s reign. Also of high significance are the its first director, George Harry Wallis, having trained at the The promontory gave both commanding views of the rock cut ditches, which illustrate to a degree the medieval South Kensington Museum, brought its ethos of creating a surrounding area and was readily defensible making it baileys although this is marred by the later alterations to museum that would promote high quality design through an ideal location for a military garrison at a strategically the levels of the Upper and Middle Baileys and also the the display of historic and contemporary exemplars important location on the Trent. At a local level, the planting in the rock cut ditch between the Outer and to create what is arguably the first municipally funded outcrop’s location to the west of the original settlement Upper Baileys. Despite numerous excavations, there is still decorative arts museum outside London. resulted in Nottingham’s unusual development in the high potential for the buried archaeology to contribute to medieval period as two separate boroughs. the understanding of the medieval castle and its phases of The Park development. In the wake of the creation of the museum and with A highly significant element of the site is the series of restoration works undertaken on the Gatehouse and outer caves that exist below the Castle. The sandstone rock of Ducal Palace walls, the Outer Bailey was relandscaped as a public park Nottingham has facilitated the development of a much The exterior of the Ducal Palace is an important surviving that has continued to evolve and to be highly valued by local more extensive network of caves and passages than exist example of the Baroque palaces and country houses that people as a green space in the city centre. The listed 1908 under other castles and they make a very important were built following the Restoration and whilst the Ducal Bandstand is a typical feature of Edwardian parks and is contribution to the character of Nottingham Castle. Of Palace is not as an accomplished a design as houses such very similar to one built slightly earlier in the Arboretum in particular significance are King David’s Dungeon, the Wine as Chatsworth, another Cavendish estate, it is nonetheless Nottingham. Cellar, Mortimer’s Hole and the North-west Passage, which a significant national and regional example despite Hine’s is thought to be the actual passage used by Edward III, later changes particularly to the west front. At a local level, The park, both as a place of civic commemoration and in rather than Mortimer’s Hole. the building is significant particularly as a reminder of the reflection of its use by the Robin Hood Rifles, has several 1831Riot. military memorials. Of these, the most significant is the Albert Ball memorial, which is not only the largest and Contributing both to the setting of the Ducal Palace and most decorative of the memorials but also commemorates an understanding of the seventeenth century phase of the someone who was a national hero in the First World site’s development, the separately listed terraces and gate War. The siting of the Major Jonathan White memorial

7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

contributes to its significance as it the bust, by known Marsh, TC Hine and Herbert Walker. In museological terms, Waterworks sculptor Albert Tofts, of the Major located approximately the association with the Wallis family through the first The Waterworks building belongs to the Victorian building where he once watched over the parade ground. The director, George Harry Wallis, is also important. The site phase of the city’s development. As a building, it has Afghan War Memorial and the Memorial Sundial are has a strong connection with the Robin Hood Rifles as the retained a high level of architectural detail externally and associated with the Sherwood Foresters, whose museum Castle Company had a parade ground and drill hall here. internally that contribute to its character. Its original function is also housed in the Ducal Palace. These and the Victoria However, the most famous association is the internationally is clearly proclaimed on the intricate ironwork gates that Cross memorial are part of a pattern of war memorials recognised connection with the legend of Robin Hood form an attractive feature on the corner of the block. nationally but are primarily of regional and local significance. which draws visitors to Nottingham and to the Castle from Internally, there is a clear difference in the surviving fittings around the world. and finishes of the commercial and the residential elements Although much of the fabric associated with the nineteenth of the building. The building also contributes to the pattern century military use of the site has been lost, the former Collections of Nottingham’s expansion and reflects the need for civil Orderly Room of the Robin Hood Rifles (the Bothy) Although beyond the scope of this report, it is worth noting services for a growing population. survives, although altered. The two World Wars left their that the collections at the Castle Museum and Art Gallery mark on the site, albeit in a relatively small way, in the First include some highly significant collections, including the World War caves on Castle Road and the ARP warden’s lace and lace machinery collections, which have recently shelter near the former Orderly Room. These are of received Designated status, having been identified as being historical interest at a local level but do not contribute of national importance. Other highlights include the locally substantially to the overall character of the site. There is made medieval alabasters, ceramics and archaeology. potential to research and better understand the uses of the site during the wars. Brewhouse Yard Cottages and Rock Cottage The Brewhouse Yard Cottages and Rock Cottage, Associations heavily restored in the 1970s, are survivors from the later The significance of Nottingham Castle is considerably seventeenth century when Nottingham’s medieval housing enhanced by its connections with a variety of people was increasingly replaced with brick dwellings and this throughout its history. The Castle has strong associations contributes to their significance at a local level. However, with the monarchs from William I to Charles I, with both of their greater significance lies in the caves that lie behind these as well as Richard I, John, Henry III, Edward III, Edward or below them, which show how the geology of the city IV and Richard III being particularly closely associated was utilised to create accommodation beyond apparently either through events involving them at the Castle or relatively ordinary buildings. This arrangement is unusual the contribution they made to the development of the and of national importance. The buildings now house the Castle buildings. Also of importance are associations with Museum of Nottingham Life, which is not only a valued favoured and noble families, namely the Peverels, the Earls educational and leisure facility but enables visitors to see the of Rutland and the Dukes of Newcastle. In addition there kind of domestic caves that proliferate across Nottingham are a number of architects and craftsmen who contributed but which are generally in private ownership. to the development of site, such as Vanbrugh, Samuel

8 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE CMP This Conservation Management Plan (CMP) has been prepared for The CMP is intended to assess the significance of the site, evaluate Nottingham City Council (NCC) by Purcell, a practice of conservation the issues and opportunities it has and to provide conservation architects and heritage consultants. This document has been specifically policies to guide the future development and use of the site, both for prepared by Rowenna Wood MA(Cantab) MA, Heritage Consultant, the immediate major project and beyond. It is a tool to facilitate the and Rachel Reese BA(Hons), Historic Researcher, and reviewed by ongoing understanding and long-term general upkeep of the site and Michael Morrison BA Arch RIBA IHBC, Senior Partner. should be monitored and reviewed regularly.

The purpose of this CMP is to update substantially the draft This CMP covers the Castle site, including the structures in the grounds Conservation Plan prepared in 2006 by Prince Research Consultants. and the caves; the Brewhouse Yard, including Rock Cottage; and the This updated CMP will form part of the Stage 2 funding bid to the Waterworks. The level of detail for the different areas varies with a Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF). This bid is for a proposed project to greater emphasis on the parts of the site affected by the proposed create new galleries by inserting a roof over the Kitchen Courtyard, project. The Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem public house is not included to reorganise the galleries and facilities within the Ducal Palace, to within the scope of this CMP. construct a new visitor centre in or near the Gatehouse, to refurbish the Bothy, to create a circular visitor route through the caves, to This report does not address the collections in any detail but refurbish the Bandstand, to landscape the grounds to reflect the information on the collections can be found in the collections policies medieval setting of the castle, and to create education spaces in the and plans listed in the Bibliography that have been prepared to meet Brewhouse Yard and Waterworks buildings. accreditation and designation requirements by Nottingham City Museums and Galleries (NCMG).

9 1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT The structure for this document has been informed by the Executive This provides an overview of the CMP, including its HLF Conservation Plan Guidance. Summary overarching aims and conclusions.

The following table outlines the information can be found in each section of the CMP, based on three main aims: UNDERSTANDING Introduction This outlines the scope of the CMP, why it has been written,

1. Understanding the Site (Section 1) its structure and how it should be used. SITE THE 2. Assessing Heritage Value 3. Creating a Positive Future This describes the site, summarises its history, its relationship Understanding to the townscape and wider heritage context, and its current (Section 2) uses and management. ASSESSING HERITAGE HERITAGE VALUE Significance This provides an understanding of what makes the site (Section 3) important, why and to whom. CREATING A POSITIVE A POSITIVE CREATING Issues and This describes the issues, vulnerabilities and opportunities Opportunities associated with a range of aspects of the site, such as

(Section 4) management, condition, access and education. FUTURE

Policies This provides specific guidance and recommendations for the (Section 5) site’s future maintenance and care.

10 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 1 INTRODUCTION

1.3 VISION 1.4 EXISTING INFORMATION AND 1.5 CONSULTATION RESOURCES NCMG’s mission statement for Nottingham Castle is: The first draft of the CMP will be submitted to identified Nottingham Castle has been the subject of numerous internal stakeholders at NCC for review. Their comments ‘We will inspire and challenge the way people experience, studies during the twentieth and early twenty first centuries. have been incorporated into the second draft as explore and develop their ideas about Nottingham Castle and the world through the creative use of our museum A number of the most relevant historical and archaeological appropriate. A second draft has been issued to a wide sites, collections and cultural resources.’ reports and publications are: group of consultees including the HLF, Historic England, Nottingham Civic Society, Friends of Nottingham Museums, The Vision for the current project is: • Dixon, P., Nottingham Castle: Some Aspects of the Nottingham Castle Trust and Trent & Peak Archaeology. Medieval Castle (2005); Their comments have been incorporated, in consultation ‘This project will deliver the step change required to with NCC, where appropriate. establish Nottingham Castle as a world class heritage • Drury, P., Nottingham Ducal Palace: Understanding and Assessment (2005); site. We will celebrate Nottingham Castle’s unique and During the preparation of this CMP, Purcell has spoken diverse 1,000 year heritage, encompassing the group • Kinsley, G. (Trent & Peak Archaeological Unit), to the Project Team at NCC, regarding the ownership, of heritage assets around the Castle including the ‘A Contribution to Archaeological Issues in the management and use of the site. A questionnaire was also caves within the Castle Rock and Brewhouse Yard in a Nottingham Castle Conservation Plan’ (2005); circulated amongst a number of NCC staff who work at the seamless, combined and cohesive visitor offer.’ Castle to gain an understanding of the perceived value of • Land Use Consultants, Nottingham Castle Development the site, its issues and opportunities. The overarching aims of the current project are: Plan: Contribution on Landscape (2005); 1. ‘To reveal the diverse heritage of the last 1,000 years in • Prince Research Consultants, Nottingham Castle a compelling and engaging way that does justice to its Conservation Management Plan (2006); national and global significance. • SLR Consulting, Appendix B: Description of Heritage 2. To bring alive the story of Nottingham caves. Assets (2012). 3. To use the events at the Castle and Nottingham to There are also a number of published books and articles interpret the birth of social and democratic ideas - to about the history of the castle including: include the Reform Act Riots, Luddites, the Chartists, and the Civil War. • Drage, C., Nottingham Castle: A Place Full Royal 4. For Nottingham Castle to once again be the pride of the (Nottingham, 1990) city and to meet the expectations of its visitors and to fully meet its potential as a flagship for the City and a catalyst • Foulds, T., ‘’This great house, so lately begun, and all of for its regeneration. freestone’: William Cavendish’s Italianate Palazzo Called Nottingham Castle’, Transactions of the Thoroton Society 5. To contribute to a stronger visitor economy. of , (2002). 6. To enhance the environment within the site to bring together and conserve the collections. Further publications on the Castle, the Ducal Palace and the 7. To encompass the group of heritage assets around the caves have been published by Andrew Hamilton. Castle including the caves below the Castle and Brewhouse Yard in a project that will conserve and enhance the For a full list of information consulted, see the Bibliography most important heritage assets in the City in a seamless, in Section 8. Summaries of several of the recent reports can combined and cohesive visitor offer.’ be found in section 2.8.

11 1 INTRODUCTION

1.6 GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE Limited information regarding the café, shop and deliveries has been provided. When site visits were carried out in May 2015, a number of areas of the site were not accessible including: These gaps should be addressed in future revisions.

• The central and lower parts of the Western Passage, 1.7 ABBREVIATIONS the Upper Bailey Cave, the Middle Bailey Passage, ACE – Arts Council England Slaughterhouse Cave, the Water Caves, the Air Raid Shelter Caves, and most of the Castle Road and Rock AHRC – Arts and Humanities Research Council Cottage caves; CMP – Conservation Management Plan • The basement of the Outer Gatehouse; DCMS – Department for Culture, Media and Sport • The interior of the Bothy and the pill box; HLF – Heritage Lottery Fund • The interior of the Bandstand; Nesta – National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts • The boiler room in the Kitchen Courtyard; NCC – Nottingham City Council • All roofs and roof spaces; NCMG - Nottingham City Museums & Galleries • The upper floors of Rock Cottage; OS - Ordnance Survey • A small number of rooms in the Waterworks.

No historic plans of the Brewhouse Yard Cottages or Rock Cottage have yet been consulted as part of the research for this CMP. The history described in this report is largely based on existing historical and archaeological reports supplemented by visits to the NCMG archive, the Nottingham University Library and the Nottinghamshire Archives and limited desk-based research.

The use of the concrete structure, referred to as an air raid warden’s shelter, requires further research as does the use of the site during the Second World War although this layer of history is not one of the more important ones in the development of the site.

12 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

2.1 SITE OVERVIEW Nottingham Castle is situated in the west of the centre of east, and Castle Boulevard to the south. To the west are private Nottingham upon a sandstone ridge known as Castle Rock. At homes which have also been built on the Rock. The site is within the southern foot of the Rock sits Brewhouse Yard. The site the Castle Conservation Area and the Castle site on the Rock is is bounded by Lenton Road to the north, Castle Road to the a Scheduled Ancient Monument, as are the Rock and Cottages to the south.

SITE BOUNDARY MAID MARION WAY DUCAL PALACE

BREWHOUSE YARD FRIAR LANE NOTTINGHAM RAILWAY STATION

BROADMARSH SHOPPING CENTRE

NOTTINGHAM CANAL

LENTON ROAD

OGLE DRIVE

CASTLE ROAD

PEVERIL DRIVE

CARRINGTON STREET

HAMILTON DRIVE CASTLE BOULEVARD HOPE DRIVE

Site Location Plan (base plan © 2015 Infoterra Ltd & Bluesky) 13 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

The study takes in the site as a whole, but with The eastern half of the site is occupied by the Castle particular emphasis on the listed buildings within Gardens, at a lower ground level and sited on what the Castle grounds, namely the Ducal Palace, now a was once the Outer Bailey. The Gardens are typical museum and art gallery, and the Gatehouse, and also of an early twentieth century municipal garden, with those listed buildings in Brewhouse Yard, namely the landscaped areas and pathways lined by trees. The N Brewhouse Yard Cottages, Rock Cottage, and the Castle Green can be accessed from the north of the Waterworks building. There are also a number of Gardens by ramped pathways. listed structures within the castle grounds including memorials and garden buildings. Given the topography of the site, movement around the site is restricted and largely dictated by the The Castle grounds comprise the area of three of the available pathways. Vehicular access is through the baileys of the medieval Castle whilst Brewhouse Yard gateway adjacent to the Gatehouse and is directed is a flat area at the base of Castle Rock. Castle Road along a partially sunken, ramped road to the north rises from south to north but the Gatehouse is still and west edge of the Castle Green or to the located above road level and is accessed via a ramped Kitchen Courtyard by a route through the middle pavement. Generally, to the west, south and much of the site via tunnel. Pedestrian access is through of the east of the site, the land falls away sharply, the Gatehouse; access to the various components creating a steep cliff face. As such, the site is largely of the site, including the memorials in the Gardens, above street level and can only be accessed at the the Castle Green and the Museum and terraces, is north-east corner where the street level rises. directed via pathways leading from the Gatehouse. VEHICLE ACCESS

PEDESTRIAN ACCESS The Museum sits at the highest point of the site and The Castle site is located on Nottingham Castle is surrounded by hard surfaced areas on the east side Sandstone, previously known as ‘Bunter Pebble Site Access Plan (base plan © 2015 Infoterra Ltd & Bluesky) with lawns forming flat terraces. This area correlates Beds’ on account of its containing quartzite pebbles. to the Upper Bailey of the medieval Castle as well as The sandstone formed as a result of river deposits, part of the Middle Bailey. The terraces date from the and the outcrop marks the edge of the River creation of the Ducal Palace in the 1670s. Trent floodplain, while Brewhouse Yard, at the southern foot of the rock, was originally the site To the north of the Museum, the land slopes away of the , a small tributary of the Trent. N gently, leading to the Castle Green, a large flat The importance of the Castle Rock as the primary MIDDLE OUTER grassed area accessed from the terraces by stairs example of Nottingham Castle Sandstone Formation BAILEY BAILEY or a ramped pathway. This space corresponds is recognised in its designation as a Geological Site approximately to the Middle Bailey, which once of Interest for Nature Conservation (SINC) and a contained ancillary buildings and the late medieval Regionally Important Geological Site (RIGS). This area historically part of the INNER royal apartments. To the east of the Ducal Palace BAILEY terraces, the land falls away steeply as this was Middle Bailey the location of the Middle Bailey (hereafter referred to as the ‘rock cut ditch’). Paths were BREWHOUSE installed in the early twentieth century providing YARD access to and from the Castle Gardens at the bottom of the rock cut ditch. Areas of the Castle for the purposes of this report (base plan © 2015 Infoterra Ltd & Bluesky) 14 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

NO. DESCRIPTION NO. DESCRIPTION Castle Museum and Art 1 16 Outer Bailey Wall and Towers Gallery/Ducal Palace N Memorial Sundial/Edward’s 17 2 Service Wing Tower 12 14 3 Service Wing Courtyard 18 Captain Albert Ball Memorial 11 13 15 4 East Terrace 19 Middle Bailey Bridge 17 28 East Terrace Steps and Gate 5 Parapet and Terrace Wall 20 B Piers Entrance to King David’s 6 Walkways on the rock cut 21 10 9 16 Dungeon ditch 19 18 7 Gate Piers 27 22 Bandstand 8 20 22 8 Memorial Bust 3 23 Mortimer’s Hole 7 2 9 Castle Green 21 24 Brewhouse Yard Cottages 6 4 10 Children’s Play Area 1 25 Rock Cottage Middle Bailey Wall and Black 24 A 11 Tower 26 Waterworks 23 25 12 Bothy (former Orderly Room) 27 Castle Road Caves 5 13 Afghan War Memorial 28 Air Raid Shelter Caves Castle Gatehouse and Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem 14 A 26 Gateway Public House 15 Robin Hood Statue B Richard’s Tower

Site Plan (base plan © 2015 Infoterra Ltd & Bluesky)

15 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

2.2 HISTORY OF THE SITE THE PRE-MEDIEVAL SITE This section is intended to provide a summary of the history It is unclear whether the site was occupied before the of the Castle, described in detail in publications, such as construction of the medieval castle in 1067. Archaeological Nottingham’s Royal Castle and Ducal Palace, with a particular finds on the site have included Mesolithic flints and Iron Age focus on the development of the built fabric. Some short pottery close to the north boundary, while a brooch dating biographies are included to illustrate the associative value from the sixth or seventh century has also been found. of the site. Historic development plans for the site and This suggests that the site could have been occupied in 1 individual main buildings can be found on pages 50-65. prehistoric times and reoccupied in the post-Roman era.

The earliest confirmed settlement at Nottingham was SUMMARY established by the Danes in 868 on a hill approximately The site has a long and varied history, which has entailed 1km east of Castle Rock and this expanded westwards several phases of use. It was conceived as a strategic towards to around 500m east of Castle Rock. It had its own garrison in the eleventh century, and subsequently defences.2 developed into a royal castle by various medieval kings. It entered a period of decline in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, in which time it was plundered and stripped of much of its contents. Although it was used as a Civil War stronghold, the Council of State ordered the slighting of the Castle in 1651. Later the ruins were sold to William Cavendish in the 1660s following the restoration of the monarchy. In the late seventeenth century the site underwent a renaissance with the erection of the Ducal Palace building, although by the late eighteenth century the site had ceased to be used by the Dukes. During the 1831 riot, the Palace was gutted by fire. After more than four decades, the Palace was restored and converted to a museum and art gallery in the late nineteenth century. The grounds were cultivated to form a municipal garden and the erection of a number of memorials meant that by the mid-twentieth century it had become a place of civic commemoration.

1 Philip Dixon, Nottingham Castle: Some Aspects of the Medieval Castle. 2 Linda Monkton and Pete Smith, Nottingham: The Creation of the City’s Identity, (Cambridge: English Heritage, 2009), 5

16 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

THE MEDIEVAL CASTLE

1067 1100-35 1141 1154 1171-89 1174-89 An earthwork castle During the reign Peverel forced to Peverel family fell Middle Bailey earthworks Henry II built a king’s was constructed by of Henry I, if not give up the Castle from power replaced by a stone curtain chamber, queen’s chamber, William I before, the Upper to King Stephen wall with a square tower and a long chamber, as well Bailey defences were during the Civil War gateway and a stone as other structures replaced with a stone but recaptured it in curtain wall 1142

THE MEDIEVAL CASTLE (continued)

1194 1194-1195 After 1199 1212 1251 1252-55 Richard I besieged the Construction of a “postem A new stone tower added King John engaged 10 Outer Gate began to Outer Bailey Castle and the wooden giving access to the motte”, to the Upper Bailey miners to excavate tunnels be rebuilt in stone replaced with stone Outer Bailey gateway was possible what is known as at the Castle for one year curtain wall burnt Mortimer’s Hole

THE MEDIEVAL CASTLE (continued)

1289-1362 1327 1368 1373-77 1476-80 Repairs on the Gatehouse Edward III arrested Roger Construction of new Construction of Gate Major rebuilding took Mortimer at the Castle kitchen, rebuilding of Middle Tower in the Upper place under Edward IV Gate and construction of Bailey, part of the including Richard’s Tower wall between this and the substantial works by and new state Apartments new Romylowe’s Tower Edward III 1327-1377 in Middle Bailey

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THE MEDIEVAL CASTLE The Middle Bailey, forming part of the western side of Following the Norman Conquest, William I identified the site, stood at a higher level to the Outer Bailey. The William Peverel the Elder and William Peverel the Castle Rock as a strategic position on the and difference in ground level between the two sections was Younger Father had an earthwork castle established there in 1067. It was spanned by a bridge. In the south-west corner of the site, at William Peverel the Elder (c.1040-c.1115) was a Norman composed of an inner ward, possibly a middle ward, and an the highest point of Castle Rock, was the . The knight who was a favourite of . outer ward that extended to the edge of the rock above slope to the east of the Inner Bailey, running down to the By the time of the Domesday Survey he was listed as Castle Street.1 The original castle site covered a greater Outer Bailey, was the site of the moat. The topography of holding 162 manors, including that of which Nottingham land mass than at present, with the Outer Bailey extending the moat still exists in part today, although it has since been Castle was a part. He also built a number of castles, further north beyond the present site boundary. The Castle made accessible through the installation of pathways in the including in Derbyshire. site itself totalled ten acres, although there was a further early twentieth century. 250 acres of land associated with the Castle that included His son, William Peverel the Younger (c.1080-1155) the Park to the west, fields, and mills to the south, where By the early twelfth century the Castle site had reached was reneged on an earlier oath and supported King Brewhouse Yard is now located.2 its full extent, and there is no later record of expansion of Stephen against the Empress Matilda, daughter of the site.3 The Upper Bailey would have contained a watch Henry I. Peverel was captured at the Battle of Lincoln The early timber Castle served a dual purpose. Firstly, tower, along with residential apartments, while the Middle in February 1141 and lost control of Nottingham Castle. its location high above the town rendered it an imposing Bailey would have included services and ancillary buildings When Matilda’s son, Henry II, acceded to the throne 4 structure that would help the to subdue and such as the stables and kitchens. These would have all in 1154, the Peverels were stripped of their lands and dominate the people of Nottingham, and secondly, it initially been timber framed. The large Outer Bailey would holdings. occupied a strategic position on the River Trent and have provided a grazing area for horses and possibly houses 5 provided a base for military approaches into Yorkshire. for the garrison. The timber and earthwork defences of the early medieval Castle were gradually replaced. A stone curtain wall was Within the Castle walls, the entirety of which was elevated constructed to the Upper Bailey during the reign of Henry upon the Castle Rock, the site was divided into three clear I (1100-35), if not before. In 1140, the Earl of Gloucester topographical sections corresponding with the locations of burnt Nottingham but failed to capture the Castle. William the Outer, Middle and Upper Baileys. Although the builders Peverel was forced to give up the Castle in 1141 but of the Castle used the natural topography of the sandstone recaptured it the following year. However, he had to flee outcrop in forming the site, further defences were added abroad following the accession of Henry II. by digging ditches and piling earth to make embankments. The Outer Bailey, which formed the western and northern Henry II (1154-89) visited the Castle a number of times, section of the site, was the lowest area of ground within the and between 1171 and 1189 he spent over £1800 on Castle, although it still stood above the surrounding ground strengthening it. Between 1171 and 1189, the earthwork level. As such, the main entrance to the Castle was sited on defences of the Middle Bailey were replaced by a stone the western perimeter of the Outer Bailey walls, where the curtain wall. restored thirteenth century Gatehouse stands today.

1 Dixon, Nottingham Castle. 3 Drage, Nottingham Castle: A Place Full Royal, 19. 2 Prince Research Consultants, Nottingham Castle Conservation 4 Drage, Nottingham Castle, 36. Management Plan (2006). 5 Drage, Nottingham Castle, 36.

18 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Under Henry II’s aegis, royal apartments were constructed and an engineer were engaged for a full year from 1212, The rest of the medieval Castle was completed under in the Upper Bailey, including the king’s chamber and presumably to excavate caves.9 Henry III (1216-72). From 1237 he began a programme queen’s bedchamber, both of stone with thatched roofs. A of building at the Castle, including the strengthening of stone Great Hall was built in the Middle Bailey in 1181-83 Richard I (1157-1199) and the construction of two towers in the with a thatched or shingled roof that was replaced by a Under the kingship of his father, Henry II, Richard was Upper Bailey. In 1251, the timber defences of the Outer 6 leaded one in 1240. A stone Chapel was also located in largely involved in governing royal lands in France as Bailey were replaced with a gatehouse, curtain wall and the Middle Bailey. The Castle began to be used as a royal well as leading rebellions against his father. After he towers.10 The Gatehouse initially consisted of two towers palace like Windsor and Winchester.7 succeeded to the English throne in 1189, he spent with a chamber over the entrance passage. The work little time in England, embarking almost instantly on done to the exterior was also matched by a scheme of Henry II (1133-1189) the Third Crusade. As he was returning from the redecoration and modernisation within the Castle.11 From the age of 14, Henry was actively involved in the Crusades in December 1192, he was captured and campaign of his mother, the Empress Matilda, campaign spent over a year imprisoned near Vienna. During Henry III (1207-1272) to claim the English throne from her cousin, Stephen this time his brother John revolted and attempted Henry succeeded his father John in 1216 at the age of Blois, a period known as ‘’. A year after to seize power in England. As part of this, John took of nine, but did not assume formal control of his making peace with Stephen, Henry became king following control of Nottingham Castle. Upon Richard’s release government until 1227. He had a particular interest Stephen’s death in 1154. He has been characterised as from captivity in 1194, he returned to England to in architecture, spending vast amounts of money on an energetic but ruthless ruler, and his reign is most regain power, which involved successfully besieging developing the royal palace at Westminster and on known for the Thomas Becket controversy. However, Nottingham Castle, a pivotal event in allowing Richard undertaking major works on royal castles. However, Henry also worked hard at stabilising government after to re-establish his authority. He spent the remaining his favouritism of his French Savoyard and Lusignan the uncertainty of The Anarchy, and this involved years of his reign largely in France, attempting to regain relatives created much tension at Court, and caused the investing in new and existing royal buildings, including his Norman lands. Nottingham Castle, which he visited frequently. His English barons to rebel against him in 1258 and 1263. personal life was also characterised by tension and he Between the late thirteenth and late fifteenth centuries enjoyed a fractious relationship with his five sons, three John (1166-1216) repair work was carried out on the Castle, with Edward I of whom led a rebellion against him in his last years. John was a favourite of his father, Henry II, from spending over £1000 on repair work for example.12 Edward whom he received much land in England and on the III, who ended the regency with which his reign began by In 1194, Richard I successfully laid siege to the Castle after it Continent, which led to tension with his brothers. arresting Roger Mortimer at Nottingham Castle in 1327, had been seized by his brother John in 1191 when Richard This tension continued after his father’s death, and he undertook substantial building works. These included the had been on the Crusades and later imprisoned. This siege spent much of his brother Richard’s reign attempting rebuilding of chambers and granaries in the Upper Bailey. was instrumental in re-establishing Richard’s power in to establish himself as an alternate ruler while Richard The constable, Stephen Romylowe, oversaw the building of England. After Richard’s death in 1199, King John’s building was away on the Crusades. As part of this, he seized a new kitchen in the Middle Bailey, the rebuilding of Middle programme at the Castle between 1204 and 1207 likely control of Nottingham Castle for a period, until Richard Gate, the construction of a new tower on the west side of consisted of strengthening those areas whose weaknesses successfully besieged it on his return to England. When Middle Bailey and the construction of a stone wall between 8 had been exposed by Richard’s siege. In 1212-3 a stone John came to the throne in 1199, his reign was equally the two. tower was built in the Upper Bailey and a was contentious. His Norman campaign of 1200 to 1204 constructed on the outer gate. Contemporary to this, a resulted in the loss of the Norman lands, and in 1215 Edward IV and Richard III (between 1475 and 1485), carried wall was inserted running east to west at the north end of he was made to sign the Magna Carta as a means of 13 the Outer Bailey, creating the North Bailey, and ten miners out an extensive building programme costing £3000. restraining royal powers. In popular culture, particularly as a result of the legend of Robin Hood, John has become firmly established as an inept and villainous king 10 Drage, Nottingham Castle, 44. 6 Drage, Nottingham Castle, 41. 11 Dixon, Nottingham Castle. 9 withDrage, strong Nottingham connections Castle, 43. to Nottingham Castle. 7 Hamilton, Andrew, Nottingham’s Royal Castle and Ducal Palace, (1999) 12 Drage, Nottingham Castle, 49. 8 Drage, Nottingham Castle, 42. 13 Philip Dixon, Nottingham Castle. 19 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Under Edward IV, the Middle Bailey was substantially remodelled Only parts of the medieval Castle remain. The Gatehouse to provide a set of state apartments that moved away from the commissioned by Henry III in the mid-thirteenth century openness of the great hall to a private sequence of rooms. The exists today as the visitor entrance, although it was heavily royal apartments took the form of a series of canted bays with restored in 1908. The south-east section of Henry III’s timber upperworks and would have been several storeys high. Outer Bailey curtain wall and towers also stands. To the Edward also began construction of a tall tower at the northern north of the site, the rear of Edward IV’s royal apartments edge of the Middle Bailey, which was finished by Richard III and exist as ruins at ground level; the foundations of Richard’s subsequently known as ‘Richard’s Tower’. Tower are also visible, although now in private ownership. The Middle Bailey bridge, built in the twelfth century for Edward IV (1442-1483) Henry II, now provides an access way from the lower Edward was the first Yorkist king of England, ruling first level municipal gardens to the Castle Green. Some of the between 1461 and 1470 and then again from 1471 until his cave systems also have features dating from this period. death. Much of the first part of his reign was dominated by Whilst much of the fabric of the medieval Castle has gone, the , a series of dynastic wars between the the footprint of the late medieval Castle was recorded in rival houses of York and Lancaster. After he was restored to Smithson’s plan of 1617 although recent archaeologists have the throne in 1471, he faced little opposition as most of his noted that the angle of the Upper Bailey and the Middle rivals had been removed following the Battle of Tewkesbury. Bailey is not quite correct. Furthermore, archaeological His second reign was characterised by the restoration of reports suggests that a considerable amount of medieval stability to England, and he spent large amounts of money on evidence may be buried under made ground across the collecting and building in order to convey a sense of wealth site.1 and power. The features of the Medieval Castle landscape that are still evident today are namely the outline of the Outer Bailey and Middle Baileys, the position of the Middle Bridge, part Richard III (1452-1485) of the moat, and the position of the main entrance by the Richard became king in 1483 under dubious circumstances, Castle Gatehouse. Those features which have been lost after his nephew, Edward, the son of Edward IV, was declared include the extensive acreage surrounding the Castle walls, illegitimate. Almost immediately, he was faced with a revolt which has since been given over to housing development, from disaffected gentry who railed against Richard’s claim to and the northern section of the Outer Bailey. the throne. Much of Richard’s short reign was characterised by dealing with these revolts, which culminated in the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, and led to Richard’s defeat by Henry Tudor. Despite such unrest during his short reign, Edward IV’s building work at Nottingham Castle was finished under Richard III, with Richard’s Tower being named after him. Richard was supposedly at the Castle when he heard of Henry Tudor’s invasion and it was from the Castle that he set out to battle at Bosworth.

1 Gavin Kinsley (Trent & Peak Archaeological Unit), ‘A Contribution to Archaeological Issues in the Nottingham Castle Conservation Plan’ (2005). 20 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Robin Hood Nottingham Castle is closely linked with the legend of Robin Hood, supposedly being the site of Hood’s final showdown with the Sheriff of Nottingham. Although there are many version of the legend, they share a common narrative of Hood as a heroic outlaw and a skilled archer. Robin Hood has been a popular folk figure since the late medieval period, and the historicity of the legend has been debated for centuries. Although traditional ballads associate Hood with a number of locations throughout England, popular culture has firmly rooted the legend in Nottinghamshire with the Sheriff of Nottingham and Nottingham Castle both key features in most N modern adaptation.

Smithson’s plan of Nottingham Castle 1617 (Taken from Thoroton’s History of Nottinghamshire Vol. 11, 1797)

21 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

THE LATE FIFTEENTH TO MID-SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES

1525 1536 1560-70 The Castle was recorded Gatehouse repaired for Repairs to the Castle as being in poor condition the Pilgrimage of Grace ordered by Elizabeth I

THE LATE FIFTEENTH TO MID-SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES (continued)

1611 1617 1620 Brewhouse Yard was Smithson’s Map The Castle was plundered sold out of royal hands of the Castle by James VI

THE LATE FIFTEENTH TO MID-SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES (continued)

1622 August 1642 1651 The Castle was sold The Castle was chosen by The Council of State out of royal hands to Charles I as a rallying point ordered the destruction the Earl of Rutland for Royalist Forces of the Castle

22 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

THE LATE FIFTEENTH TO MID SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES After the Tudor accession in 1485, royal involvement with the Castle declined. By 1525, it was recorded as being in poor condition and the Great Hall in ruins. The Outer Gatehouse was also a ruin, although it was restored in 1536 in connection with the Pilgrimage of Grace. In the late sixteenth century, surveys of the Castle recorded that considerable expenditure was required in order to repair the buildings, and between the 1570s and 1590s, Elizabeth I provided substantial sums for the restoration of the site, which included repairing the curtain wall and the majority of the buildings in the Middle and Upper Baileys.

By the early seventeenth century, the Castle was once more in a poor condition, with a survey of 1607 assessing that £433 6s 8d 1 2 was required for repair work.1 In 1611, Brewhouse Yard at the southern foot of Castle Rock was sold out of royal hands, and in The Pilgrimage of Grace 1622 the Castle site itself was sold to the Earl of Rutland, who This was a popular rising was Constable of the Castle. It is thought that Smithson’s 1617 that originated in Yorkshire plan of the Castle was drawn in anticipation of the sale. By this in response to specific point, however, the Castle was largely a ruin and had begun to be political and religious, as plundered. Some materials were salvaged and sent to Belvoir to well as general social and be stored, although by the 1630s an inventory recorded that most economic, grievances. of the Castle buildings lacked roofs, windows, and internal fittings.2 The key impetus for the rebellion, which broke out Although largely a ruin, the Castle was commandeered first by on 13 October 1536, was Royalist and then by Parliamentarian forces during the Civil War. Henry VIII’s break with the Work was undertaken to strengthen the Gatehouse in 1642 as a Roman Catholic Church result of this. Parliamentarian forces managed to successfully hold and the Dissolution of the the Castle against Royalist siege in the , although this was Monasteries after he made largely due to the Castle’s strategic location upon a hill.3 In 1651, himself Supreme Head of the Council of State ordered Colonel Hutchinson to demolish the Church of England. At what was left of the Castle, with the remaining weaponry and its height, the rising had stores being sent to London. The Gatehouse was slighted as a the support of 35,000 men result of this, which led to the loss of some of the upper part of and it was not until the the structure and is probably responsible for the current interior 3 following year that it was ceiling height. 1 Black and white postcard (1935) showing an imagined reconstruction of the Castle in the sixteenth successfully suppressed. century (Reproduced with kind permission of Nottinghamshire Archives, Ref: DD475/19) 2 Conjectural drawing of the Castle in the sixteenth century (Reproduced with kind permission of 1 Drage, Nottingham Castle, 68. Nottinghamshire Archives, Ref: X/PR/10/1) 2 Drage, Nottingham Castle, 68. 3 John Speed’s Map of 1610 (Reproduced with kind permission of NCMG) 3 Dixon, Nottingham Castle.

23 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

THE LATE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES

1663 1674 c.1675 1676 1679 The Castle site was bought Work began on the Construction of Rock 1st died The majority of the by William Cavendish, 1st construction of a Ducal Cottage and Brewhouse house was completed by Duke of Newcastle Palace on the site Yard Museum building Cavendish’s son, Henry, 2nd Duke of Newcastle

THE LATE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES (continued)

1681 1691 1719 1719-25 1720 Parts of the new building 2nd Duke died, succeeded Vanbrugh advised on Alterations to the interior Slaughterhouse Cave were habitable by his daughter and her alterations, predominantly including the external constructed husband, Thomas Holles to the interior lowering of the east elevation ground floor cills

THE LATE FIFTEENTH TO MID-SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES (continued)

1745 1788 1790 Some contents removed Work undertaken by Ducal Palace in poor repair and the site garrisoned Samuel Stretton and was used partly as a against the approach of boarding school for young Prince Charles Edward ladies and as an arms store Stuart for the county militia

24 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

THE LATE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEEN CENTURIES William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle In 1663, William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle, bought (1592-1676) the Castle site for £4,400. He removed what was left of the Cavendish came from a prominent aristocratic family. medieval Castle (the extent of the ruins in 1660 are indicated His paternal grandmother was Bess of Hardwick, on Daniel King’s drawing) but did not commence building the prominent Elizabethan noblewoman responsible work on a new house until 1674. The house was designed by for Chatsworth and Hardwick Hall. Following his Cavendish in conjunction with the architect Samuel Marsh, support of the royal family during the English Civil whom the Duke had employed previously at .1 War, Cavendish fled to the Continent in 1644. He The Duke died only two years after building work commenced, remained there until the Restoration of the monarchy and it is thought that the house was about one third complete in 1660, at which point he returned to England and was by this time.2 Around this time, work also began on the reinstated with his titles and office by Charles II. He was construction of the current Rock Cottage and Brewhouse advanced to a dukedom in 1665, after which point he Cottages in Brewhouse Yard. largely retired from public life. He was noted as a skilled polymath, having been variously an architect, playwright, equestrian and politician among others. Badder and Peat’s map of 1744 (Reproduced with kind permission of NCMG)

The Ducal Palace building took the form of a three-storey, which entailed the levelling of the ground in order to create U-plan structure with a west facing courtyard and an attached the formal terraces with stone parapet walls that surround the rectangular two storey service wing abutting the north Ducal Palace building. elevation at a lower level. This service wing is contemporary to the Ducal Palace, as the main flues in the service wing rise The remaining section of the Middle Bailey was also levelled in through the north wall of the main house. Access between order to create the Castle Green, although this remained at a the Palace and the service wing was provided by the north lower level and could be accessed from the terraces either by staircase in the Ducal Palace, which descended into the upper a sloping pathway to the north-west or newly built stairs to the level of the service wing. Drury suggests that the positioning of north-east. In the centre of the eastern boundary of the Castle the Ducal Palace, on the site of what once was the medieval Green was a ramp leading up from the former Outer Bailey to Upper Bailey and part of the Middle Bailey, probably relates to the Castle Green, which can be seen in Badder and Peat’s map a pre-existing structure on the site.3 of 1744 and is no longer extant.

The demolition of the remains of the Medieval Castle and the construction of the Ducal Palace in the late seventeenth century led to the alteration of the topography of the Castle site, primarily with regards to the areas of the Upper and Middle Baileys, with medieval ground now being buried around one metre under the surface level of these areas.4 The Daniel King’s contemporary view of Nottingham Castle in 1660 footprint of the Ducal Palace extended northwards from the (Reproduced with kind permission of NCMG) Upper Bailey into the southern section of the Middle Bailey,

1 Drury, Nottingham Ducal Palace. 2 Drury, Nottingham Ducal Palace. 3 Drury, Nottingham Ducal Palace: Understanding and Assessment. 4 Kinsley, ‘A Contribution to Archaeological Issues in the Nottingham Castle Conservation Plan’. 25 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Each elevation of the Palace was treated with a different sleeping quarters for servants. The second floor was split level of decoration; the east front was the most into two as a result of the two double height rooms on decorative, followed by the south front, as these were the first floor. The north set of second floor rooms were the two elevations that faced over the town. The east reached by dog-leg extension of the north staircase, and elevation can be seen in Clee’s drawing of 1741, showing appear to have been used as bedrooms for minor guests that the windows originally appear to have been sashes. and family members or senior household staff. The south The north and west fronts were considerably plainer, set of second floor rooms were much grander, being although the west front would have been the main reached by the south staircase, and most likely contained entrance for carriage approaches.5 Both the east and the private apartments of the Duke and Duchess.8 west fronts had an external flight of stairs providing access to the first floor doors, which formed the main The Service Wing was composed of two storeys, with entrance ways into the Palace. This reflected the internal the upper storey being high-ceilinged. The internal layout of the Palace, which had its principal rooms on space was split by a central staircase; to the east of this the first floor, known as a ‘piano nobile’ and a feature of on the upper storey was the kitchen and bakehouse, Classical architecture that was still uncommon in England while to the west of this on the upper storey was one in the 1660s. large room.9 It is possible to see the division of space in an early OS map from the nineteenth century when Internally, the first floor contained the state rooms, with the structure was without a roof. a double height saloon and state chamber. A staircase Clee’s engraving of the East Front, c. 1741 was located at both the north and south ends of the The structure of the Palace was completed by the building, with the latter being the largest and most 2nd Duke of Newcastle, Henry Cavendish, in 1679. important of the two. The rooms were largely arranged sequentially, with an enfilade running through the east Work commenced on the interior in the early 1680s, section of rooms. Along with the state reception rooms, although parts of the building were habitable by the 10 a number of important bedrooms could also be found end of 1681. on the first floor, as well as a private family parlour or dining room.6 This level was richly decorated: most of the rooms were wainscoted and had panels containing pictures, tapestries, and hangings, although they lacked the ornate plasterwork found in many contemporary houses.7

The ground floor of the Ducal Palace followed a similar plan to the first floor, with large rooms that corresponded with those on the floor above. By 1717, it would appear that most of the rooms on the ground floor were used as working and

5 Drury, Nottingham Ducal Palace: Understanding and Assessment. 8 Drury, Nottingham Ducal Palace. 6 Drury, Nottingham Ducal Palace: Understanding and Assessment. 9 Drury, Nottingham Ducal Palace. 7 Drury, Nottingham Ducal Palace: Understanding and Assessment. 10 Drury, Nottingham Ducal Palace.

26 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

An East Prospect of the Castle in Badder and Peat’s map of 1744 (taken from Charles Deering The , 1751. NCM)

2

Plan of Nottingham 1670 (taken from Thoroton’s History of Nottinghamshire, Vol II, 1797)

27 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

When the 2nd Duke died, he was succeeded by his daughter and son-in-law, John Holles; they carried out few alterations to the Palace, save possibly removing a balustrade from the first floor presence chamber.11 A number of minor alterations took place between 1719 and 1725 under the direction of Thomas Pelham-Holles, the 1st Duke of Newcastle of the 2nd creation. In 1719, the architect Vanbrugh advised on alterations to the interiors, and over the next few years changes were made to make the house more comfortable and modern. The ground floor rooms were updated to provide an additional set of family rooms, and as a result of this the cills of the windows on this level were lowered.12 Changes were also made to the service wing, with the large first floor room west of the staircase being partitioned.13 1

1 Detail from Kip and Knyff’s ‘Prospect of Nottingham from the East’ 1707 (Reproduced with kind permission of the Manuscripts and Special Collections, The . Ref: NS 484/51) 2 1776 Engraving of west front of Ducal Palace (Reproduced with kind permission of 2 Nottinghamshire Archives, Ref: X/PR/10/20)

11 Drury, Nottingham Ducal Palace. 12 Drury, Nottingham Ducal Palace. 13 Drury, Nottingham Ducal Palace.

28 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

N 1 1 1769 Plan of Ground Floor (Reproduced with kind permission of the Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham. Ref: NPE P4/5/2) 2 1769 Plan of Principal Floor (Reproduced with kind permission of the Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham. Ref: NPE P4/5/3)

N 2

29 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

After 1725, the Palace entered a period of decline. Few changes were made to the building from this point, although some of its contents were removed when the building was garrisoned against the approach of Bonnie Prince Charlie in 1745. In 1788, work was undertaken by Samuel Stretton which possibly related to the rearrangement of the north set of second floor rooms.14 By the 1790s, the Castle site was occupied as a boarding school for young ladies and also as an arms store by the county militia.15

N

1769 Plan of Second Floor (Reproduced with kind permission of the Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham. Ref: NPE P4/5/2.)

J Wigley’s view of the west front of the Castle (taken from Thoroton’s History of Nottinghamshire, Vol II, 1797)

14 Drury, Nottingham Ducal Palace. 15 Drury, Nottingham Ducal Palace.

30 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

1800 1808 1809-1821 1829 1831 £200 raised from furniture Repairs to building Bothy probably Last tenants left The Palace was gutted by sale as sale of the Palace with a view of turning built fire after being stormed by was contemplated it into apartments Reform Bill rioters

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY (continued)

1850 1859 1861 Duke of Newcastle Bothy used as the East Front stairs considered subdividing and Orderly Room of the were removed converting the Palace into Robin Hood Rifles separate dwellings and building villas in the Castle Grounds

31 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY The curtailment of the Outer Bailey appears to have taken Badder and Peat’s map of 1744 shows that the northern place by 1839, and is likely to date from the creation of a section of the Outer Bailey had not yet been curtailed, road leading to , the Duke of Newcastle’s while the southern half was laid as formal beds and housing development to the west of the Castle, which cut parterres. By the early nineteenth century, this southern across the north of the Castle and now represents the section had developed into pleasure gardens with plots northern boundary of the site. The 1839 plan shows an that were rented to locals who built various summerhouses increasing amount of vegetation growing upon the slope and grottos upon them. A plan of 1801 shows the area of the Castle Moat, and it also indicates the location of the divided into rectangular plots, with a walkway running north structures built by residents in the pleasure gardens. to south through the middle with two smaller walkways branching off. The 1801 plan also shows vegetation growing at the southern foot of the moat, as well as more plots In the mid nineteenth century, the Duke of Newcastle to the north suggesting that the Outer Bailey had not considered developing the Castle Green and Outer Bailey been fully curtailed by this point. It would appear that the into a housing estate by erecting residential villas on large ramp between the Middle and Outer Baileys had been plots. The plans for his proposals show that the north to demolished by this point. south path in the Outer Bailey was to be retained and widened, while a number of further routes around the In 1800, the sale of the site was contemplated, with a sale grounds were to be created, including one running north of furniture from the Palace raising £200. Repairs were to south along the western side of the Outer Bailey which carried out on the Palace in 1808 with a view to letting it as would provide direct access to the road to the Park on the apartments and the last tenants left in 1829. On the 10th north boundary. October 1831, the Palace was set upon by a mob who were incensed by the rejection of the Reform Bill by the House of Lords.

The Palace was set ablaze by the rioters but, despite this, the masonry shell survived with most damage externally being to the window heads and upper storeys of the north and west elevations as a result of the wind direction. A drawing from 1865 shows that the external walls of the Palace were still standing with damage concentrated on the parapet. Although the debris was cleared from the site, the Palace was left to stand as a shell, and the external stairs on the east front were removed in 1861.

32 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

N

1

2

1 Plan of Nottingham Castle 1801 (Reproduced with kind permission of the Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham. Ref NE P/2) 2 Smith and Wild’s Map, 1820 (Image courtesy of NCMG) 3 Detail from map plan showing proposals to subdivide Palace and build houses in the grounds 1850 (Reproduced with kind permission of the Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham. Ref: NPE P4/3/1)

N

3

33 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

1

2 3

1 Model of the Castle showing the fire damage to the window heads on the east and south elevations (Reproduced with kind permission of NCMG). The model was produced by the Duke in his action against the Broxtowe Hundred in which he claimed damages for negligence for their failure to prevent rioters entering the Castle. The Duke won the case. 2 Engraving of the burning of the Ducal Palace in 1831 (Reproduced with kind permission of Nottinghamshire Archives, Ref: X/PR/10/5) 3 Drawing of the Palace ruins 1865 (Reproduced with kind permission of Nottinghamshire Archives, Ref DD475/24)

34 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Gatehouse was occupied as the Porter’s Lodge. A Plan of the Castle and Gardens from 1801 shows that a large rectangular riding school had been erected to the south-east of the Castle Gatehouse, where the Robin Hood statue is now found. The Riding School had been built in 1798 for the Nottingham Troop of Yeomanry. To accommodate it, part of the Outer Bailey Wall was demolished and rebuilt further west. The 1801 plan also shows that there was a small square building to the west of it, directly south of the Gatehouse.1 Another plan of 1839 shows the Riding School still in situ, with the small square building having become a long rectangular building adjoining the Gatehouse and labelled as the Stables. By the 1880s the Riding School had been extended or replaced with a Drill Hall and the stable block had been replaced by a small square extension, probably the single storey pitch roofed structure currently used as a toilet block.

The Bothy, adjoining the north boundary wall, dates from the early nineteenth century and appears of the 1839 plan labelled as stables. The adjoining boundary wall was likely constructed at the same time, when work took place to improve access in 1809 and 1821. From 1859 the Bothy was used as the Orderly Room of the Robin Hood Rifles. N

Detail of a Plan of the Castle Yard and Gardens showing a stables and riding school adjacent to the Gatehouse, 1839 (Reproduced with kind permission of the Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham. Ref: NPE P4/9)

1 Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham, Plan of Castle and the Gardens, Ref: NPE P4/10.

35 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

BREWHOUSE YARD A map of 1801 shows a long straight structure running parallel to the Brewhouse Yard Museum from Castle Road to a short distance from the front of Rock Cottage. (NPE P4 10). By 1852, further buildings had been added to the site running off from this long building. There is also by this time a Waterworks building in the same location as the present day Waterworks. A drawing from 1872 of the Brewhouse Yard Museum suggests that it previously had four gabled dormers between the two cross-wings, rather than the three it has presently. This may be an artistic representation of the building, however, as the drawing does not show any of the structures that were in front of the building by this time, nor is there any evidence of the gables having rebuilt on the building itself. 1

N

3 1 Drawing of Brewhouse Yard cottages by Thomas Hammond, 1872 (reproduced by kind permission of Nottingham Castle Museum and Galleries) 2 Detail of Draft Plan of 1852 showing additional buildings in Brewhouse Yard (Reproduced with kind permission of the Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham. Ref: NPE P4/14) 2 3 View of the Ducal Palace (reproduced with kind permission of NCMG. Reference: NAS 1745)

36 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY

1875 1876-8 1878 1879 Ducal Palace ruins leased Work undertaken by TC The Museum and Art First Bandstand erected to the Nottingham Hine to repair the Palace Gallery was opened by on the Castle Green Corporation building and convert it into Edward VII and his wife a Museum and Art Gallery

THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY (continued)

1889-91 1890 The Service Wing was Memorial bust of Major repaired and converted into Jonathan White erected a textile gallery by Herbert Walker

37 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND THE between exterior and interior. At the new first floor level, in 1878 which shows which collections were in each room. CREATION OF THE MUSEUM the windows were blocked by internal walls; and, a new From this, it would seem that the first floor galleries were The 1845 Museums Act gave town councils of larger partially glazed roof with lay lights provided light for the used to display the fine art collection, while those on the municipal boroughs the power to establish museums. It was first floor galleries. In order to disguise the pitched roof, the ground floor were used to exhibit the decorative arts. The part of a reformist movement that sought to improve the parapet was heightened. south staircase was also used to display portraits of principal way that the working classes spent their free time with a protagonists in the Civil War, which no doubt was linked to focus on public education and ‘rational amusement’. Despite the substantial changes made by Hine, at ground the former Castle’s occupation during the Civil War. floor level at least the plan of the new Museum largely In 1872, the success of the Midland Counties’ Art Exhibition, matched that of the Ducal Palace. Most of the inner walls The first director and curator of the museum was George which included loans from the South Kensington Museum, were cut down to first floor level or just above, enabling Harry Wallis, who brought the ethos of the South led the Town Council to search for a permanent home for the floor plan of the Ducal Palace to be retained. One Kensington Museum, where he had worked for 11 years, to the exhibition. change was that the north staircase was moved from the Nottingham. The purpose of the museum was to promote northernmost central room to the room directly south. high quality design and manufacturing through the display In 1875, the Castle site was leased to the Nottingham Both the south and the new north staircases were given of exemplars. Wallis retained his post for 51 years and was Corporation, who had the intention of restoring the balustrades of a gothic design. Other changes at ground instrumental in establishing the museum’s collections. building and converting it into a museum and art gallery. floor level included the removal of some partition walls A local architect, TC Hine, was employed to oversee the from the northern rooms of the east wing in order to conversion, with work commencing in 1876. create a large gallery space. TC Hine (1814-1899) Born into a prosperous middle class family, Hine Although the Ducal Palace was a ruin, the outer walls At first floor level, the floor plan largely replicated that trained in London before moving to Nottingham and of the building had remained in good condition since its of the original Ducal Palace, although the floor level was establishing a partnership with William Patterson, a destruction, with only some of the wall tops falling. As a raised. It would seem that at least some of the lower builder. After 1867, he worked in partnership with his result, most of the exterior work consisted of repair work sections of the new first floor walls were part of the original son, George Thomas Hine, before retiring in 1890. to the masonry. The most substantial change was the Ducal Palace. The new first floor inserted by Hine was of Although little known outside of Nottingham, within removal of the west front external stair and its replacement fireproof construction with brick jack arches between cast the city he was prolific and helped to shape the with a loggia with a semi-circular colonnade. The east iron beams. Hine brought elements of stylised seventeenth developing Victorian city. Many of his buildings survive, front external stair, which had been removed in 1861, century design into the interior of the new Museum, including the Corn Exchange, and the Adams Building in was not replaced. The most noticeable changes were to particularly with regards to the semicircular broken the Lace Market. As the Duke’s architect in the 1850s, all applications for new houses in the Park had to be the fenestration. The original first floor windows of the pediments over the door frames and the large curved approved by Hine. He also had a significant impact on Ducal Palace were thought to have been either early sash brackets supporting the ceiling beams. emerging architects in Nottingham and became known windows or inward opening French timber casements; as as ‘The Father of the Midland Architects’. part of Hine’s work they were turned into stone mullion Although it is unclear how most of the galleries were and transom windows. finished, a colour drawing of the long main gallery shows the original black and white tiled flooring which is currently Hine enacted more substantial changes to the interior hidden beneath the modern timber flooring. The walls of the Palace, where the original three floor levels were were painted with in a pale colour with the architectural abandoned for a ground floor of a taller height than that of dressings picked out in white or cream. The coved ceilings the Palace, and a double height first floor. As a result, the had moulded strips, no longer remaining, and light was new floor level cut through the windows of what used to provided through the fully glazed roof. A catalogue to the be the original first floor, so that there is little coherence collections was published upon the opening of the museum

38 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

1878 FLOORPLAN

George Harry Wallis (1847-1936) George Harry Wallis was the son of George Wallis, who was a deputy commissioner for the Great Exhibition and headmaster of the Birmingham School of Design before joining the South Kensington Museum where he became in 1863 senior keeper of the art collections.1 G H Wallis trained under his father at the South Kensington Museum between 1867 and 1878, having been a student of the forerunner of the Royal College of Art. He was appointed as the first director and curator of the Nottingham Castle Museum and he worked hard to develop a permanent art collection. N He retired in 1929.2 G H Wallis’s brother, Sir Whitworth Wallis, was director of the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery.

1 ‘George Wallis (1811-1891)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://www.oxforddnb. com/view/article/28570?docPos=2 accessed 15 September 2015. 2 ‘Death of Mr. George Harry Wallis’, Nottingham Evening Post, 17 August 1936, 4.

39 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

1 2

1 Colour drawing of the Castle Long Gallery, late nineteenth or early twentieth century (Reproduced with kind permission of Nottinghamshire Archives, Ref: X/PR/9) 2 Typical doorframe contemporary to Hine’s rebuild 3 Detail from Gothic balustrade of south staircase

3

40 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Hine also carried out repair work to many of the medieval structures in the grounds. The terrace and parapet walls surrounding the Ducal Palace to the east, south and west were heavily rebuilt, and the Middle Bailey Bridge was also restored. Hine also added a flat roofed extension addition to the Bothy as well as making alterations to the north 1 Colour drawing of Castle Gatehouse post 1881 repair work boundary wall. and before 1908 rebuilding (Reproduced with kidn permission of Nottinghamshire Archives, Ref: X/PR/9) The Service Wing, which had been damaged in the 1831 2 Detail of 1887 plan of Castle and grounds showing the riot, was left as a shell by Hine. It was rebuilt and converted wall structure in the Service Wing (Reproduced with kind permission of the Manuscripts and Special Collections, The into a textile gallery between 1889 and 1891 by Herbert University of Nottingham. Ref: NPE 4/13/8) Walker. This restoration entailed rebuilding much of the 3 Detail of 1887 plan of Castle and grounds additional north elevation, in pink sandstone and the fenestration structures in Brewhouse Yard (Reproduced with kind permission of the Manuscripts and Special Collections, The made regular. The original first floor level was reinstated 1 using concrete clad steel. The first floor was left as a University of Nottingham. Ref: NPE 4/13/8) single large open space for use as a textile gallery, while at ground floor level, Walker reinstated some of the original cross walls, as well as inserting new ones, in order to create workshops and stores. The first floor was finished N N with terrazzo flooring, now only partly visible, and had an ornately carved coffered ceiling with egg and dart moulding, still visible today.

Herbert Walker Walker was born in 1846 and practised as an architect in Nottingham, setting up a partnership, Herbert Walker & Son, at some point before 1907. His work is not well known, but it did include the Boulevard Hotel in Nottingham (1883) and an Infection Hospital for the Basford Union (1894), as well as the work he did at Nottingham Castle and Brewhouse Yard. An additional branch of Herbert Walker & Son was established at Sleaford in Lincolnshire suggesting that Walker’s architectural practice was relatively successful.

2 3

41 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

With the restoration of the Ducal Palace and its alteration into a Museum and Art Gallery came the development of the Castle grounds. Landscape works were carried out to the area between the Gatehouse and Castle Green which involved the planting of rhododendron beds, monkey puzzle trees and wellingtonias, all of which have since been lost.

The first (published in 1881-83) OS map shows that the Outer Bailey was still divided into plots with various garden structures and a central pathway running north to south. An additional pathway appears to have been created along the west side of this area, leading south from the Middle Bailey Bridge. The map shows that further pathways had been created to the north of the side, leading off from the large paved area adjacent to the Gatehouse entrance. These pathways comprised one which led underneath the Middle Bailey Bridge and two which lead to the Castle Green, one providing a route around its northern border and the other looping around to its southern edge.

N 1881-84 1:2500 OS Map (Ordnance Survey © Crown Copyright 2015. All rights reserved. License number: 100020449)

42 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015

Landmark Historical Map County: NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Published Date(s): 1881-1884 Originally plotted at: 1:2,500 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

1900 1908 1920s 1921 Construction of the • Restoration of the Gatehouse War Memorial sundial Erection of Captain Waterworks building and Outer Bailey wall and placed in the ground Albert Ball statue towers • Bandstand erected in the Castle gardens • Grounds laid out as public park

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (continued)

1925 1960s 1972 1976-84 Insertion of turnstile Insertion of mezzanine floor Brewhouse Yard and Rock Archaeological excavations system and new in south-west room Cottage purchased by the revealed surviving medieval carriageway by Council fabric in the Upper and Gatehouse Middle Baileys

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (continued)

1977 1984 1994-5 Museum of Nottingham • Mezzanine floor Lifts inserted and Life opened inserted in the mezzanine floors added in Service Wing the north wing of the Ducal Palace • Middle Bailey Wall marked out on Castle Green

43 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

TWENTIETH CENTURY Further restoration of the medieval fabric of the Castle took place in 1908. This included the substantial rebuilding of the Outer Bailey wall and towers as well as the restoration of the Gatehouse. This scheme involved the refacing of the towers in ashlar, with the roof level heightened and a parapet added. The small square c.1881 windows in the north tower were also removed. A photograph taken in 1920 shows that there was set of wrought iron gates approximately 10 metres beyond the Gatehouse with an octagonal wooden lodge either side, the location of which can be seen on the 1910 OS map. The gate and lodges were probably removed in 1926, when a turnstile entrance and exit system was added to the west side of the entrance passage, along with a small extension to the north-west of the Gatehouse to house the turnstile office. Carrying on from the turnstile office a new entrance way for carriages was erected.

By 1901, a number of changes in the landscape of the site are visible. The north to south Outer Bailey pathway had been curtailed to the south, while the route leading through the tunnel to the sunken service wing courtyard had been established. Pathways, still present today, leading from the eastern terrace to the Outer Bailey and following the topography of the medieval moat had also been created by the beginning of the twentieth century. It is possible to see the beginnings of the development of the Castle Grounds into an area of civic commemoration, with the Memorial Bust of Major Jonathan White on the west of the Castle Green marked on the 1900-1901 OS map. Also shown is a circular area of ground by the north boundary and right of N the location of the Afghan War Memorial. A photograph 1901 1:2500 OS Map (Ordnance Survey © Crown Copyright 2015. All rights reserved. License number: 100020449) from 1920 (not reproduced here) shows that this area contained planted beds encircled by a tarmacked path. This pathway has since been returned to grass, although the circular area of planted beds still remains.

44 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015

Landmark Historical Map County: NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Published Date(s): 1901 Originally plotted at: 1:2,500 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

The Castle grounds, in particular the Outer Bailey garden area, were developed into municipal gardens during the first decade of the twentieth century. The redevelopment was centred upon the Bandstand that was built in the middle of the north to south path of the Castle Gardens in 1908 and which replaced an earlier bandstand located on Castle Green. A square hard-surfaced area was formed surrounding the bandstand with pathways leading from it to the north and south. Further walkways were also introduced following the east and south perimeters of the Outer Bailey walls and providing views over the city. The 1915-16 OS map indicates that this area was a largely open space with the main concentration of trees along the eastern Outer Bailey walkway and also lining some of the paths north of the bandstand. It is on this OS map that the Afghan War Memorial is first shown. In the 1920s, further memorials were constructed in the Castle Gardens, including the Captain Albert Ball Statue and the memorial sundial, which reinforced the site’s use as an area of civic commemoration.

N 1916 1:2500 OS Map (Ordnance Survey © Crown Copyright 2015. All rights reserved. License number: 100020449)

45

Landmark Historical Map County: NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Published Date(s): 1916 Originally plotted at: 1:2,500 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

By the 1950s, the square area around the bandstand had been altered to a smaller circular area, although the line of the paths radiating from this area was maintained. Further alterations to pathways are visible to the area by the Castle Gatehouse, where the large paved area had been broken up by landscaped sections which are still present today. By the 1970s, a greater number of trees can be seen in the municipal gardens, including to the south of the bandstand. From the maps there appears to have been little change to the area surrounding the Ducal Palace and the Castle Green during the twentieth century, with the majority of landscape development focused on the Castle Gardens.

In the early twentieth century, caves were cut into the eastern side of the rock and used as firing ranges for the Robin Hood Rifles. These were later used as air raid shelters in the Second World War.

In 1949, in celebration of the Quincentenary of the city, Philip Clay donated the statue of Robin Hood and the associated plaques. They were unveiled by the future Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh. The statues and plaques were arranged on the site of the Former Drill Hall and are shown on the OS map.

Between 1976 and 1984 extensive archaeological excavations were undertaken by the Nottingham Civic Society, which revealed that the medieval castle had not been entirely destroyed. These excavations revealed the base of Richard’s Tower and the adjoining Middle Bailey Wall and amongst other discoveries. N 1954 1:2500 OS Map (Ordnance Survey © Crown Copyright 2014. All rights reserved. License number: 100020449)

46 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015

Landmark Historical Map Mapping: Epoch 5 Published Date(s): 1954 Originally plotted at: 1:1,250 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

The museum itself underwent little change until the latter half of the twentieth century. In the 1960s, a mezzanine floor was inserted in the one of the south-west rooms, now used as the Mercian Regiment Gallery.1 This mezzanine floor is currently reached via a door in the south staircase half landing and used as a meeting room. In the 1970s, a new door was inserted in the first floor west gallery providing access to the landing of the south staircase.2 The most substantial changes occurred in the 1990s, when mezzanine floors were inserted at ground floor level at the north end of the building. A lift shaft encircled by a staircase providing access to the lower level Service Wing was also inserted at this time; it occupies roughly the same space of the original north staircase of the Ducal Palace.

The Service Wing was also altered in the late twentieth century. In 1984 an additional floor was inserted to create a second floor. This resulted in the loss of the high ceilinged first floor, and instead the two upper floors now have low ceilings and a cramped feel. An external door was inserted on the west wall to provide access to the new second floor. Photographs taken during this work also seem to show the top of a doorcase pediment at the east end of the south 1 2 wall of the wing. The first floor also had partition walls inserted in order to create exhibition, office and education 1 Photograph showing opening for door to the new second floor gallery in the west wall of the spaces. A small extension was added at the west end of the Service Wing, 1980s (Reproduced with kind permission of NCMG) new upper floor. In 1996, a landslide to the south-west of 2 Photograph showing work to the Service Wing in the 1980s (Reproduced with kind permission of NCMG) the Palace revealed the foundations of the Ducal Palace as well as the Curtain wall of the Inner Bailey.

1 Nottinghamshire Archives, Plan to insert a mezzanine floor, CA/ PL/2/161/11/66 2 Nottinghamshire Archives, Plan of New Door Opening in Long Gallery (1974), CA/PL/2/302/11/74

47 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

BREWHOUSE YARD In 1900, a new waterworks building was constructed to the south of Brewhouse Yard largely replacing the previous Waterworks which can be seen in a photograph taken in the late nineteenth century. It would seem that part of the former Waterworks building was retained and now forms the north-west range of the current Waterworks. Herbert Walker designed the new building and his plans show that the west section of the building, with the bay window, was used as a house, whilst the retained building to the rear was occupied by a boiler house, plumbers shop and store rooms. The rest of the ground floor was split up into offices in the south part of the building, with workshops and a stables in the north-eastern wing. The first floor was occupied by general stores and workshops, with a hay loft over the stables. 1

1 Photograph showing the pre-1900 Waterworks (Reproduced with kind permission of NCMG) 2 Brewhouse Yard in the 1950s (Reproduced with kind permission of the Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of 2 Nottingham. Ref: NPE Ph 5/1)

48 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Since its construction, parts of the Waterworks have been altered, although a number of original walls and room partitions have been retained. The ground floor façade of the plumbers block has been altered, and the stable area has been converted into offices and workshops, necessitating the removal of the stable stalls.

By the 1950s, the row of terraces forming the Brewhouse Yard museum were in a dilapidated state. Photographs shows that a number of windows on the gabled dormers were bricked in. There also appears to be a yard used for scrap and with ancillary buildings in front of Brewhouse Yard terraces. In 1972, the Council purchased the terrace as well as Rock Cottage. A substantial restoration project was undertaken: the render was removed from the exterior and the windows replaces with ones of a uniform design. Changes were carried out internally including the creation of a staff area and a new stair in the west cottage. Five years later the site was opened as the Museum of Nottingham Life. N 1

1 Plan of the Waterworks Building (Image reproduced by kind permission of NCMG) N 2 2 Plan of the Waterworks Building (Image reproduced by kind permission of NCMG)

49 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS

12th to 15th Century c. 13th Century with Late 19th/Early 20th Century Repairs and Additions 1670s N c.1670s with Late 19th Century Restoration c.1675 with 1970s Repairs

Present by Mid 19th Century Early 18th Century

19th Century

Present by Mid 19th Century

1870s

c. 1900

1908 A A Post 1887, Presumed Early to Mid 20th Century Early 20th Century

Late 20th Century

21st Century Rebuild

DO NOT SCALE FROM THIS PLAN

SITEWIDE

50 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Medieval

17th/18th Century

Late 18th/19th Century N Late 18th/19th Century, But Dated 17th Century in Listing Descriptions

20th Century

Unknown

* Unless stated, the following date ranges are taken from Trent and Peak Archaeological Unit. A contribution to Archaeological issues in the Nottingham Castle Conservation Plan (2005).

DO NOT SCALE FROM THIS PLAN

CAVES

51 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

DUCAL PALACE 1670s with 1876-8 Repairs

1670s or 1876-8 Rebuild/repair N 1670s with 1889-91 Repairs C.1720 1876-8 1876-8 First Floor Following Plan of 17th Century Ducal Palace First Floor

Presumed 1876-8

1889-91 Rebuilding

1889-91

20th Century

1960s Mezzanine Floor

1970s 1980s Courtyard 1990s

Unknown

DO NOT SCALE FROM THIS PLAN

A description and photographs of the Kitchen Courtyard can be found on pages 82 and 83.

UPPER BASEMENT

LOWER BASEMENT

52 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

DUCAL PALACE 1670s with 1876-8 Repairs

1670s or 1876-8 Rebuild/repair N 1670s with 1889-91 Repairs C.1720 1876-8 1876-8 First Floor Following Plan of 17th Century Ducal Palace First Floor

Presumed 1876-8

1889-91 Rebuilding

1889-91

20th Century

1960s Mezzanine Floor

1970s 1980s 1990s

Unknown

DO NOT SCALE FROM THIS PLAN

LOWER MEZZANINE

53 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

DUCAL PALACE 1670s with 1876-8 Repairs N 1670s or 1876-8 Rebuild/repair 1670s with 1889-91 Repairs A C.1720 1876-8 G F H 1876-8 First Floor Following Plan of 17th Century Ducal Palace First Floor B B Presumed 1876-8 E E C 1889-91 Rebuilding D

E E 1889-91 G 20th Century

1960s Mezzanine Floor G 1970s 1980s 1990s

Unknown

A Location of east front stairs 20th century doors in B location of 1670s windows GROUND FLOOR Location of west front stairs C (replaced by 1870s loggia) 1990s lift shaft and stairs in location D of 1670s north staircase E Location of 1670s windows Location of 1670s window, converted F to a window c.late nineteenth century and since blocked G Location of 1670s partition walls Window blocked internally H by display cases

DO NOT SCALE FROM THIS PLAN Description and photographs can be found on pages 72 to 81.

54 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

DUCAL PALACE 1670s with 1876-8 Repairs N 1670s or 1876-8 Rebuild/repair 1670s with 1889-91 Repairs C.1720 1876-8 1876-8 First Floor Following Plan of 17th Century Ducal Palace First Floor

Presumed 1876-8

1889-91 Rebuilding

1889-91

A 20th Century 1960s Mezzanine Floor

1970s 1980s 1990s

Unknown UPPER MEZZANINE DO NOT SCALE FROM THIS PLAN

55 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

DUCAL PALACE

1670s with 1876-8 Repairs N 1670s or 1876-8 Rebuild/repair B B 1670s with 1889-91 Repairs C.1720 A 1876-8 1876-8 First Floor Following Plan of 17th Century Ducal Palace First Floor Presumed 1876-8

C 1889-91 Rebuilding

1889-91

B 20th Century

1960s Mezzanine Floor

1970s 1980s 1990s

Unknown

Approximate site of west A front main entrance

Location of 1670s partition B walls

FIRST AND SECOND FLOOR Location of 1670s dog-leg C stair to attic storey

DO NOT SCALE FROM THIS PLAN

56 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

DUCAL PALACE - EAST ELEVATION

1670s 1670s Window Opening Remodelled in 1876-8 1670s with 1876-8 Repairs

1876-8

1876-8 Window Conversion of 1670s Doorway 1876-8 Door Conversion of 1670s Window 1889-91

1889-91 Rebuilding of 1670s Fabric Modern Door in Location of 1670s Doors 20th Century Plaques

20th Century

DO NOTLate SCALE 20th Century FROM THIS PLAN

57 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

DUCAL PALACE - SOUTH ELEVATION

DUCAL PALACE - NORTH ELEVATION

1670s 1670s Window Opening Remodelled in 1876-8 1670s with 1876-8 Repairs

1670s WITH 1889-91 REPAIRS

1876-8

1876-8 Window Conversion of 1670s Doorway 1876-8 Door Conversion of 1670s Window 1889-91

1889-91 Rebuilding of 1670s Fabric Modern Door in Location of 1670s Doors 20th Century Plaques

20th Century

Late 20th Century DO NOT SCALE FROM THIS PLAN

58 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

COURTYARD 1670s 1670s Window Opening Remodelled in 1876-8 1670s with 1876-8 Repairs

1670s with1889-91 Repairs

Presumed Late 17th/Early 18th Century or Later Rebuild Late 17th/Early 18th Century North-facing Elevation c.1720 Arches Refaced in Late 19th Century

1876-8

1876-8 Window Conversion of 1670s Doorway 1876-8 Door Conversion of 1670s Window 1889-91

1889-91 Rebuilding of 1670s Fabric Modern Door in Location of 1670s Doors South-facing Elevation 20th Century Plaques

20th Century

Late 20th Century

Presumed late 19th or 20th Century

Present by 1954 OS Map

DO NOT SCALE FROM THIS PLAN

West-facing Elevation East-facing Elevation 59 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

DUCAL PALACE - SOUTH FACING RETURN ELEVATION DUCAL PALACE - NORTH FACING RETURN ELEVATION 1670s 1670s Window Opening Remodelled in 1876-8 1670s with 1876-8 Repairs

1876-8

1876-8 Window Conversion of 1670s Doorway 1876-8 Door Conversion of 1670s Window 1889-91

1889-91 Rebuilding of 1670s Fabric Modern Door in Location of 1670s Doors 20th Century Plaques

20th Century

Late 20th Century DO NOT SCALE FROM THIS PLAN DUCAL PALACE - WEST ELEVATION

60 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

WATERWORKS

Pre 1900 c.1900 c.1900 or Later Rebuild

20th Century Late 20th Century Presumed Later 20th Century Unknown

A Blocked Windows B Wrought iron entrance gates

C Blocked Doors A

C Windows with brick in ll A underneath and metal brackets (external) C

Pre 1900 c.1900 DO NOT SCALE FROM THIS PLAN c.1900 or LaterA description Rebuild and photographs 20th Centurycan be found on pages 98 to 100. N Late 20th Century Presumed Later 20th Century Unknown

A Blocked Windows B Wrought iron entrance gates

C Blocked Doors

A A Windows with brick in ll A underneath and metal brackets (external)

61 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

BREWHOUSE YARD

c.1675 with 1970s Restoration

Presumed c.1675 with 1970s Restoration c.1970s Replacement Fenestration and Doors

Presumed 20th Century

Presumed 20th Century Staircases in Location of Earlier Staircases Late 20th Century

Late 20th Century Staircase B A Unknown

A Location of original rear wall B C.19th century toilet C C C C Twentieth century doors or openings GROUNDDO NOT SCALEFLOOR FROM THIS PLAN

GROUND FLOOR A description and photographs can be found on pages 91 to 93.

N

FIRST FLOOR FIRST FLOOR SECOND FLOOR

62 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 ATTIC

2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

ROCKFIRST COTTAGE FLOOR

Presumed Location of c.1675 Staircase 1970s Repair of c.1675 Fabric

Presumed Original Fabric or Late 20th Century Replacement Presumed Late 20th Century

Unknown

DO NOT SCALE FROM THIS PLAN

A description and photographs can be found on pages 95 to 96.

GROUND FLOOR

ATTIC N

FIRST FLOOR ATTIC

63

FIRST FLOOR GROUND FLOOR

GROUND FLOOR 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

GATEHOUSE c. 13th to 17th Century 13th Century

c.1908 c.1908 Restoration of Medieval Fabric c.1925 20th Century c. Late 20th Century

DO NOT SCALE FROM THIS PLAN

The descriptionof the Gatehouse can be found on page 84.

GROUND FLOOR

ROOF PLAN N

BASEMENT

64 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

GATEHOUSE - ELEVATIONS

13th Century c.1908 c.1908 Restoration of Medieval Fabric c.1925 c. 13th to 17th Century c. Late 19th Century 20th Century

DO NOT SCALE FROM THIS PLAN

65 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

2.3 WIDER HERITAGE CONTEXT the Boots factory site and the Churches of St Mary and Although NCMG holds a nationally important collection of of St Peter with St James as well as to the Nottingham lace, it is not stored or much displayed at the This section considers several contexts of the site and wet of the Castle. Of these, the Castle Gatehouse and Castle. informs the assessment of heritage values (see especially Outer Bailey Wall and Towers are the oldest structures. context in section 3.3) The medieval remains of Nottingham Castle and the The legend of Robin Hood forms an important cultural Ducal Palace are part of a small number of important attraction for Nottingham and the surrounding area, and DEVELOPMENT OF NOTTINGHAM built heritage assets that together reflect the historical Nottingham Castle is an important part of this legend. The Danes established a settlement at Nottingham in development of the city. Nottingham’s links with Robin Hood have been capitalised 868 on a small hill in the area around where St Mary’s upon through the naming of certain streets around the church is now located on the east side of the city centre. With regards to medieval Nottingham, there are few Castle in connection with the legend, such as ‘Maid Marian’s It was almost two centuries later that a fortification was buildings from this period that are extant. The most Way’, and also through the erection of the Robin Hood established by William the Conqueror on the sandstone substantial survivals from Nottingham’s medieval past statue just outside of the Castle walls. The Galleries of outcrop known as Castle Rock. The Norman borough that are the widespread cave system underneath the city, the Justice Museum, located on High Pavement to the east of developed around the Castle was administratively separate earliest of which date from to the mid-thirteenth century, the Castle, contains an exhibition entitled ‘Robin Hood: from the English borough to the east although there was a and also a number of public houses. Three public houses The Rise of a Rebel’. This display explores the legend of large market place between the two. The need to establish within the city claim to date from the thirteenth century, Robin Hood and Nottingham’s role in the legend. The the Castle on the Rock led to the creation of an extremely including the Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Brewhouse museum is based in the Shire Hall and adjoining County unusual medieval town in which the main market place was Yard. Although many of the timbers in these buildings Gaol, a Neo-Classical building of the 1770s with late separated from the ancient church. In the late thirteenth have been replaced, they have cellars which form part nineteenth century additions. It was remodelled and and early fourteenth century a stone wall was constructed of the cave system and date from the Middle Ages. The extended in 1876-79 by TC Hine, who was also working around both boroughs and the market place. However, the also has medieval origins, although it concurrently on Nottingham Castle. Despite considerably medieval street pattern that records the two boroughs has is now surrounded largely by nineteenth and twentieth post-dating the medieval origins of Robin Hood, the survived to a significant degree to the present day. century buildings. Though ruined or heavily restored, the museum builds on its links with the legend through the fact medieval remains of the Castle are very important locally that a County Hall has stood on the site since the twelfth Whilst the destruction of the medieval castle during the in representing the most significant edifice in medieval century and would have been the base of the Sheriff of Civil War would have altered the skyline of Nottingham Nottingham but also because it was a catalyst for the Nottingham. dramatically, the Castle’s most significant contribution to the shaping of the medieval town. development of Nottingham came in the early 19th century There is no formal Robin Hood trail within the city, when the 5th Duke of Newcastle developed the Castle’s Much of Nottingham’s cultural heritage currently derives although some independent Robin Hood tours are run. park for housing for the middle and upper classes who were from its development as an area of lace manufacture in the Nottingham does form part of a wider Robin Hood cultural eager to escape the overcrowding of the city centre.1 nineteenth century, which was centred on the Lace Market. experience, however, which takes into account Sherwood This led to a proliferation of nineteenth centuries buildings Forest and the surrounding area, with the Nottinghamshire NOTTINGHAM’S CULTURAL HERITAGE used as factories, showrooms, warehouses and offices, Tourist Board offering a one hundred mile Robin Hood many of which have been restored in recent years. The Trail around the county. Within the area, The Castle occupies an important part of the cultural importance of lace manufacture as part of Nottingham’s the Newark and Sherwood District Council runs a Robin history of Nottingham in a number of ways, particularly as a cultural heritage can be seen by the fact that the cladding Hood trail that features a number of key sites such as Major result of its medieval origins and its links to the Robin Hood of the Arts Centre, a twenty- Oak and Edwinstowe Church, where Robin Hood and Maid legend. There are only a handful of Grade I listed buildings first century art gallery situated in the Lace Market area, Marian were supposedly married. in Nottingham itself, such as the D6 and D10 buildings at was embossed with a traditional Nottingham lace pattern.

1 Monkton and Smith, Nottingham, 3-16.

66 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

MEDIEVAL CASTLES England. The Gatehouse at Nottingham is one of only three features were employed by Vanbrugh, however, such as Within Nottinghamshire, there is a relatively low density such extant structures built by Henry III, the other two , which are intended to evoke its medieval of medieval castles. A number of small scale motte and being at Corfe Castle, now ruined, and at Carrickfergus, origins. heavily altered in the sixteenth century. Although bailey castles were built in the twelfth century, including • Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire: This was the site at Dover and Newcastle are also of a similar Aslockton and Cuckney, which were never expanded of a small twelfth or thirteenth century castle which date to Nottingham’s, Dixon argues that Nottingham’s or strengthened by masonry and of which now only was altered in the Tudor period before being heavily Gatehouse is of a more elaborate design, the other two earthworks remain. Laxton Castle was built as a motte and adapted by Vanbrugh, who redesigned the north front being barbican structures. bailey castle contemporary to the initial construction of in an elaborate Baroque style. Vanbrugh’s proposed Nottingham Castle. It was later strengthened by masonry in designs for the remaining elevations were not enacted, The building work carried out by Edward IV and Richard the thirteenth century, after which point the castle fell into and so the restored Tudor phase, with its crenelated III, primarily with regards to the construction of Richard’s disrepair, and currently only earthworks and masonry ruins towers, is still visible. remain. Tower, reflects contemporary developments in medieval castle building. In the fifteenth century tall multi-storey • Castle Howard, Yorkshire: Vanbrugh’s early eighteenth Newark Castle is one of the larger scale medieval castles in tower became a fashionable feature of castles as a century Baroque mansion was built on the site of Nottinghamshire. It was built in the twelfth century, initially means of providing private accommodation in structures Henderskelfe Castle, a quadrangular building with four in timber before being rebuilt in stone. Following slighting that were visually imposing. Although there is little left of towers built in the fourteenth century but ruined not in the Civil War, it was partially restored by Anthony Salvin Richard’s Tower, other more substantial examples exist such long after. The castle was rebuilt in 1683 but destroyed in the mid-nineteenth century. The castle is listed both as a as at Raglan Castle, which although missing its upper storeys by fire in 1693, and not long after was completely Scheduled Ancient Monument and a Grade I listed building, still retains all but one of its walls. demolished to make way for Castle Howard. There are which states that despite its importance as a royal staging no visible remains of the medieval castle. 2 ADAPTED MEDIEVAL CASTLES point, it is not ‘an outstanding example of fortification’. • Belvoir Castle, Leicestershire: Belvoir occupies a similar Like Nottingham Castle, however, it occupies a prime Given the demolition of the medieval castle at Nottingham, high ridge position to Nottingham Castle and was strategic location on the River Trent and has played a key the central feature of the site is the 1670s Ducal Palace originally the site of a Norman castle. Since its initial role in numerous royal disputes. It is also now open to the built by the 1st Duke of Newcastle and later restored by creation, the Castle has been demolished and rebuilt public. TC Hine. As a result, an important context of the site is three times so that little of the original medieval castle that of the medieval castle replaced by a later residence. remains. The medieval castle was demolished in 1649 Philip Dixon has noted a number of castles with similarities The adaptation of medieval fortified sites into residential and rebuilt as a Baroque mansion between 1654 and to Nottingham.3 The work carried out in the twelfth dwellings was common from the late Middle Ages as society 1668 by the 1st Duke of Rutland. The present castle century by Henry II was matched by his work on Newcastle became more peaceful and military fortresses became less dates from the early nineteenth century and is built in a Castle and Dover Castle, both of which were also necessary. There are a small number of medieval castles Gothic Revival style with crenelated and towers strengthened with masonry. As a point of comparison, which followed a similar pattern to Nottingham, being that evoke its fortified origins. Henry II spent £1800 on Nottingham, compared to £900 rebuilt as grand mansions in the seventeenth and early at Newcastle and £7000 at Dover. At Newcastle, only eighteenth centuries. They include: Another example, particularly relevant to Nottingham Henry II’s stone and Henry III’s Black Gate remain, Castle, is Bolsover Castle, Derbyshire. The remains of the while at Dover a considerable amount of the medieval • Kimbolton Castle, Cambridgeshire: Originally a twelfth century castle, sited on a ridge overlooking the castle remains and it stands as arguably the largest castle in medieval motte and bailey castle later rebuilt as a Tudor Vale of Scarsdale, were bought by Sir Charles Cavendish, manor house. Substantial rebuilding took place in the the father of the 1st Duke of Newcastle, in the early late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries by the seventeenth century. Sir Charles began the reconstruction 2 Listing entry for Newark Castle, Ref: SK7963854079 architect Vanbrugh which developed the building into of the castle, building the ‘Little Castle’, which was intended 3 Philip Dixon, Nottingham Castle: Some Aspects of the Medieval a largely Classical edifice. A number of architectural to evoke a Norman keep. The 1st Duke of Newcastle Castle

67 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE completed the Little Castle after his father’s death in 1617, govern; and the establishment by us of an Art Museum Closer to Nottingham, in Leicester, is the New Walk as well as building the Terrace Range, now a ruin, which having for its object the cultivation of the taste of the Museum and Art Gallery. Designed in 1836 by Joseph was regularly extended and updated over the following masses of the population of this borough, and the Hansom, the creator of the hansom cab, for use as a decades. Paul Drury has highlighted the importance of the surrounding towns and counties, is an experiment which Nonconformist Proprietory School, it was converted to a Duke’s work on the Terrace Range at Bolsover as being we trust will be crowned with complete success.” museum in 1849, with a strong emphasis on natural history highly influential on the creation of the Ducal Palace at collections. The Grade II listed, stuccoed building is in the Nottingham.4 The long, low massing of the Ducal Palace There are, however, a number of other municipal Classical style, with a large portico supported by Tuscan is similar to that of the Terrace Range at Bolsover, which institutions which opened before 1878. As a result of the columns. It has later extensions including one from 1876 by can be read as the model for the former. The Ducal Palace 1845 Museums Act, town councils of larger municipal Shenton and Baker and one from 1932 by Albert Herbert. differs in architectural decoration to the Terrace Range. boroughs were given the power to establish museums. This The latter retains connections to the medieval origins of the formed part of a contemporary reformist movement which The Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool opened in 1877. It was site through its crenelated parapet, whilst at Nottingham, sought to improve the way the working classes spent their designed by Vale and Sherlock, and is a Grade II* listed, the Ducal Palace is more overtly Classical and lacks any free time as a means of bringing about greater social good stone built Classical building with later extensions dating identifiably medieval features. and drawing them away from potentially harmful pursuits from the 1880s and 1930s. Its art collection originates such as drinking. As a result, many municipal museums were from 1819, when the Liverpool Royal Institution received Although it was common for medieval castles to be adapted established in areas with strong industrial links and high 37 paintings from the collection of William Roscoe. The or demolished and rebuilt upon, most redevelopment working class populations. collection was developed and expanded over the following brought elements of castle architecture into the new decades, and in 1893 the Institution gave its collection on designs in order to reinforce their fortified history, as can Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens was established long-term loan to the Walker Art Gallery. be seen in the examples listed above. The Ducal Palace at in 1846 as the first municipally funded museum outside Nottingham is unusual in the fact that its architecture lacks of London. It had a strong emphasis on natural history Other comparable museums include Birmingham City any features that strongly identify it with the site’s medieval collections, although its first fine art acquisition occurred in Museum and Art Gallery (1864), Exeter Royal Albert past. On the other hand, a number of medieval remains are 1850. It moved to its present site at the Winter Gardens, Memorial Museum and Art Gallery (1868), and the Brighton still visible at Nottingham, such as the Gatehouse, the Outer a glazed structure based on Crystal Palace, in 1879. That Museum and Art Gallery (1873). Bailey walls, and the general topography of the Castle building was damaged in the Second World War and baileys, unlike at Belvoir or Castle Howard, where their completely demolished in 1960. As a result, the buildings Established much later than Nottingham but partly in a medieval fabric has been lost. currently on the site date from the late twentieth century. medieval castle keep, Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery has fine and decorative arts collections alongside THE CASTLE AS MUSEUM archaeological and natural history collections. Of the Part of the development of Nottingham Castle is its late medieval castle, only the keep, which was refaced by Anthony Salvin in the early nineteenth century, remains and nineteenth century restoration and conversion to a museum it is listed Grade I and a Scheduled Ancient Monument. and art gallery. The Castle supposedly became the site of the first municipal museum and art gallery, a claim made on the basis of the Mayor’s remarks at the opening in 1878:

“We are not aware that Town Councils have, hitherto ventured to take upon themselves duties relating directly to the intellectual well-being of the people who they

4 Paul Drury, Nottingham Ducal Palace: Understanding and Assessment

68 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

2.4 SITE DESCRIPTION A ROBIN HOOD GALLERY B EDUCATION ROOM THE DUCAL PALACE C EDUCATION OFFICE 1670s with late nineteenth century restoration Grade I Listed A D EDUCATION ROOM (Refer to the historic development plans and elevations on pages 52-60.)

N N B I A

A RIOT 1831 GALLERY B STORY OF NOTTINGHAM GALLERY B D C C BACK OF HOUSE STAFF AND PLANT AREAS

H UPPER BASEMENT C N

H D A

H A STORE B STORE E H C CHEMICAL STORE

D WORKSHOP C E STORE B F STORAGE

F G CAVE ENTRANCE G H STORAGE

I EDUCATION SPACE LOWER BASEMENT LOWER MEZZANINE

69 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

A STAFF OFFICE N B STAFF FACILITIES C CURATOR’S OFFICE AND STORE

D BALLANTYNE COLLECTION E NORTH STAIRCASE AND ANCIENT GREEK GALLERY F G I H F COSTUME GALLERY

G GIFT SHOP H MATERIALS GALLERY N M J I CRAFTSMEN GALLERY D E L J CAFE

K MERCIAN REGIMENT

L SOUTH STAIRCASE

C K B M WCs (MEN) A N WCs (WOMEN)

GROUND FLOOR

70 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

A STAFF OFFICE N B STAFF OFFICE

E C STUDY GALLERY

D SALT-GLAZED STONEWARE GALLERY E TEMPORARY EXHIBITION GALLERY

F NEMI ROOM D

F C B A

UPPER MEZZANINE A STAFF OFFICE N B STORAGE E E F C FAMILY ROOM

D CIRCULATION SPACE E LONG GALLERY

F TEMPORARY GALLERY F G STAFF OFFICE D

F C B A

FIRST FLOOR

G G

SECOND FLOOR 71 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Exterior The Ducal Palace has a U-plan with a west facing courtyard. The three storey building is of ashlar construction with rusticated quoins and mullion and transom windows. A dentil cornice runs around the entire house, as does a stone balustrade at roof level. Although sharing common features, each elevation of the Palace has been treated differently. Abutting the north elevation is a two storey service wing, which overlooks a courtyard to the north. Both the service wing and the courtyard are at a lower level to the Ducal Palace.

The East Elevation 1 The east elevation is the principal elevation; historically it would have overlooked the city, although much of this view is now obscured by trees. The elevation, which is rusticated at all levels except for the plain ashlar plinth, is composed of nine bays. The windows are interspersed with attached columns and pilasters of a giant Corinthian 4 order. At ground floor level, the windows are of a simple stone mullion design with projecting sills. The full height first floor windows are mullion and transom, with enriched surrounds and balustrades. The central first floor window was originally a doorway reached by a set of external stairs which were removed in 1861; it is flanked by Ionic columns and has a keystoned in which 2 a ducal coronet above the letter ‘N’ has been carved. Above this window is a recess containing a damaged statue of the first Duke of Newcastle astride a horse which is thought to be original to the 1670s Palace. 1 East elevation looking north The small, rectangular third floor windows of the east 2 Section of the east elevation elevation have decorative surrounds and are formed of 3 Detail of second floor two lights. The keystone of these windows alternates window between carvings of the Duke’s crest and garter and the 4 Detail of one bay of the east star and garter of a Knight of the Garter. Underneath the elevation dentilled cornice runs a band of egg and dart moulding, 5 Central bay of the east while in the centre of the parapet is a stone carving of elevation; the statue of the Duke, who was Master of the the Duke’s coat of arms. King’s Horse, was damaged 3 5 by rioters in 1831

72 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

The South Elevation This elevation is composed of three bays with a single storey extension projecting from the central bay. This projecting porch has a central door, either side of which is a commemorative plaque, and it is surmounted by a stone balustrade. The rusticated ground floor is punctuated with seven round headed, two leaf doors. At first floor level, the three full height stone mullion and transom windows have rusticated jambs, decorative strapwork on the frieze, and projecting hoodmoulds. At second floor level, there are three square window openings, presumably once glazed although now blocked on the inside.

1 2

6 1 South elevation 2 Junction between east and south elevations 5 3 Eastern bay of south elevation 4 First floor window south elevation 5 Detail of the southern portico 3 4 6 Detail of east corner of south elevation

73 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

The West Elevation The west elevation is now the principal visitor entrance. It is formed of nine bays, the central three bays of which are recessed, creating a courtyard. Abutting this recessed central section is a single storey loggia with a semi-circular colonnaded walkway dating from TC Hine’s restoration of the Palace in the late nineteenth century and which replaced a set of external stairs leading to the first floor.1 It is possible to see the use of different types of stone on this façade, 1 2 3 suggesting what fabric is original to the Ducal Palace and what is part of the later rebuild.

There is little decoration on this façade. At ground floor level the windows are of the same mullion type as the east and south elevation ground floor windows, but sash windows have been inserted into the lights. The first floor windows are full height mullion and transom windows with projecting hood moulds, while at second floor level there are square window 4 5 6 openings, some of which are blocked 1 Recessed section of west elevation internally. The central first floor window 2 Section of north courtyard return, west elevation is the most decorative aspect of the west 3 Looking north-east towards west elevation façade, being flanked by columns with a 4 Parapet of service wing extension segmental pediment above. This opening 5 Substation and service wing extension would have originally been a doorway and the main entrance of this elevation. 6 Looking south-east towards west elevation

1 Paul Drury, Nottingham Ducal Palace: Understanding and Assessment (2005), 20

74 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

The North Elevation The north elevation is the simplest façade, facing away from the city and originally only glimpsed by the Duke’s visitors as they approached by carriage. It is comprised of four bays with the windows at each floor level following the same designs as those on the other elevations with full height mullion and transom windows on the first floor and smaller window openings on the ground and second floors, the latter being blocked. Below the main elevation sits the kitchen courtyard (see page 82).

1

2

1 North elevation with service wing below 2 North elevation

75 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Interior The Ducal Palace is composed of two floors, with an additional mezzanine level on the ground floor as well as a second floor attic level in the north-west wing. (Refer to floor plans on pages 70-71 and historic development plans on pages 54-56.)

Visitor Facilities The principal entrance to the Palace is through the doorway in the centre of the west elevation, which is reached through TC Hine’s c.1876-8 loggia. This doorway opens into the gift shop through a small modern glass lobby which has been inserted into the doorway. The large rectangular gift shop retains a number of features contemporary 1 2 3 to Hine’s restoration of the Palace, such as curved ceiling brackets which support the jack arched ceiling. The café is located in a long rectangular room running the length of the south side of the Palace, with the same curved roof brackets as in the gift shop.

6 5 1 Looking south-west in the café 2 Western half of the café ceiling 3 Location of late nineteenth/early twentieth century leaded light, since blocked, in the café 4 4 View of the gift shop looking south 5 Main entrance to Museum with modern glass lobby 6 Reception desk in gift shop

76 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Ground Floor Galleries (South) Three rooms in the southern half of the Palace are used as galleries. The two galleries on the east side retain high jack arched ceilings supported by curved brackets. An enfilade runs along the length of the east side of the Palace, terminating in the second to southernmost room. A recess in the wall of this room once contained a decorative leaded light, but has since been blocked to create an additional display case and the windows taken into collections storage. The gallery on the west side is used as the Mercian Regiment Museum. The fixtures and fittings in this room largely date from the late twentieth century, and a ceiling was inserted in the 1960s to create a mezzanine floor, currently only accessible from the south staircase half landing and used as a meeting room.

1 2 3

6

1 Materials Gallery with jack arched ceiling and neo-Baroque door case 2 Materials Gallery with typical example of the contemporary grilles found on 4 5 all the Gallery windows 3 Blocked arch that formerly housed a stained glass window 4 Craftsmen Gallery 5 Chamfered corner in Sherwood Foresters Gallery 6 Sherwood Foresters Gallery

77 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Ground Floor Galleries and Mezzanine (North) The galleries at the north end of the house follow a similar pattern to those to the south. The north-east gallery is a large rectangular room with a jack arched ceiling and decorative brackets. The smaller gallery in the centre of the north wing has display cabinets on its south wall. This room occupies the space originally taken up by the north staircase in the 1670s Ducal Palace. Although the location of the north staircase has since moved to an 1 2 3 adjacent room, in the 1990s a lift shaft and wrap around staircase was inserted in this room.

At the same time, a mezzanine floor was inserted at the north end of the three northernmost rooms, creating three additional gallery spaces. This mezzanine floor can be accessed via stairs in the central and easternmost north rooms. Although these three mezzanine rooms have modern fixtures and fittings, in the north- west mezzanine room it is possible 4 5 6 to see features contemporary to Hine’s restoration of the Palace. These 1 Ballantyne Collection include curved ceiling brackets and a 2 Modern staircase around lift shaft semicircular broken pediment at floor 3 Pediment to ground floor doorcase in mezzanine floor level, which belongs to the door directly 4 North-west mezzanine gallery (Ceramics Gallery) below it. 5 North-east mezzanine gallery (Jewellery Gallery) 6 Northern end of the Costume Gallery with the mezzanine floor above

78 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Staircases The two open well main staircases, located at the north and south ends of the Museum, are mirror images sharing the same design details including a Gothic tracery balustrade that contrasts with the neo-Baroque doorcases. The northern staircase has retained its Hine landing balustrade, unlike the southern staircase, which is located on the same site as the seventeenth century stair, where the balustrade has been replaced with glazing. There is no visible fabric that predates Hine in the southern stairwell. The southern lobby contains a floor mosaic laid in 1997 by Joanna Veevers whilst the northern lobby displays Ancient Greek artefacts. 1 2 3

7 8

1 South staircase 2 Detail of south staircase 3 Steps of south elevation 4 5 6 4 North staircase 5 West wall of first floor landing of north staircase 6 North staircase lobby area 7 First floor landing of north staircase 8 Wall of north staircase

79 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

First Floor Galleries The large, double height first floor galleries display the Museum’s art collection. The 1 South gallery windows have been blocked by internal walls 2 Typical first floor radiator and were intended to be top lit by glazed lights 3 Detail of the decorative wall vent in the west wall of the main gallery in the coved ceilings although some of these are 4 Main gallery now also covered and the galleries lit artificially. 5 North-west Family Room 6 First floor lift area The main gallery, which runs the length of the 7 Detail of linenfold panelling on first floor door east side of the building, is the most ornate and is distinguished by an arched screen incorporating roundels and portraits of artists and musicians.

Although these galleries retain a number of late nineteenth century features, such as ornamental doorframes and cornices, most of the fittings are modern, such as the flooring and the spotlights hung from suspended frames. 1 2 3

4 5 6 7

80 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

North-West Wing The western part of the north wing was designed by Hine as museum offices across four floors with lower ceiling heights and simpler architectural detailing. The skirtings and cornices date from the 1870s as it appears does the steep narrow staircase with its timber banister.

The two rooms in the second floor attic have sloped ceilings to the west. On the ground floor, in what is currently used as a staff kitchen, a door has been cut into the north wall in order to provide access to the north-west room, formerly a gallery and now used as the curator’s office. 1 2 3 4

5 6

1 Ground floor office 2 Former fireplace in kitchen 3 Chamfered corners in curator’s office 4 Stairs to first floor 5 Mezzanine floor office 6 Attic floor landing 7 7 First floor offices

81 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

The Kitchen Courtyard Located to the north of the Palace, the two storey kitchen courtyard is at a lower level than the Ducal Palace, so that the roof of the wing is level with the base of the Palace. (Refer to floor plans on page 69 and the historic development plans on pages 52 and 53.) Access to the sunken Kitchen courtyard is via a brick-lined tunnel to the east. The eastern end of the courtyard is formed of a retaining wall whilst four brick lined vaults lie on the north side of the courtyard, which is faced with stone of two different eras. Two rooms are cut into the rock on the west side of courtyard, one of which leads to King David’s Dungeon. The northern vaults formed the Duke’s Stables and the western rooms were his carriage houses. The entrance to Slaughterhouse Cave is at the western end of the northern elevation. 1 2

The east elevation is built up against a set of external stairs. Sloping land to the west of the building covers much of the west elevation, although part of the top floor is visible and there is a doorway providing external access to this level. The eastern end of the wing is in line with the east elevation of the Palace while its western end projects beyond the walls of the Palace.

Exterior The north elevation is of nine bays, with a central doorway at ground floor level The mullioned windows on the ground floor of the north elevation have modern casement windows inserted into their lights. At first floor level, the windows are full height mullion and transom windows; a fire escape at the western end, 3 4 accessed by a supported walkway, has been built into one of the 1 North elevation of the service wing with the windows. walkway at the east end 2 West end of service wing The north elevation of this wing overlooks an enclosed courtyard, 3 View of the sunken courtyard with service wing to part of which is used as a service yard. The east wall of the the left courtyard contains a tunnel which has been built into the ground 4 Parapet of rear Service Wing extension and leads north-east to elsewhere in the grounds. The north 5 Tunnel adjacent to Service Wing side of the courtyard has four large archways each opening into 6 The north side of the courtyard shows two distinct a room that has been built into the ground. There are two large phases of stonework archways on the west side of the courtyard. The lefthand opening leads to two chambers, used as stores. The righthand opening leads into the entrance to the rock chambers, through which some of the underground cave system can be accessed. 5 6 82 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Interior The service wing is comprised of three floors, one of which has a later mezzanine inserted into the double-height first floor. The ground floor rooms form stores and a workshop with jack arched ceilings but no architectural decorative treatment.

The first floor has a gallery room to the east, currently featuring a display on Robin 1 2 3 Hood, and office and education rooms to the west. Historic features are largely absent from this floor. Late nineteenth century terrazzo flooring, dating from Herbert Walker’s 1891 restoration, remains visible in the east gallery room and north corridor. To the south of the west end of this floor, built into the rock, is an ancillary room, currently used as a lunch room for school groups, the west wall of which has two infilled openings, that led 4 5 6 to the wine cellar which forms part of the 1 Detail of the ceiling of second floor gallery cave system. 2 Second floor gallery On the mezzanine are galleries displaying 3 Top of doorway in second floor gallery an exhibition on the 1831 riots in 4 Bricked openings to Wine Cellar Nottingham and the Story of Nottingham. 5 First floor school room A small lobby to the west provides 6 First floor gallery external access. The Herbert Walker 1891 7 Second floor gallery first floor coffered ceiling, edged with egg 8 Back of house corridor first floor and dart moulding, is visible. At floor level on the south wall, just west of centre, is the top of a doorframe pediment which matches those found in the Ducal Palace building.

7 8

83 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

The Gatehouse Thirteenth century with early twentieth century restoration Grade I Listed. Scheduled Ancient Monument

The Castle Gatehouse is located on the north-east edge of the site. It is of stone construction with two towers joined at the top to create an entrance arch. The structure dates from the thirteenth century, with substantial early twentieth century restoration. The two small extensions to the north and south of the building, forming the ticket stile and toilet block respectively, date from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The north tower is currently used as the Ticket Office and Gift Shop. The south tower provides a large flexible 1 2 3 space used for school groups and events. To the rear of the building is an early twentieth century turnstile system.

(Refer to historic development plans and elevations on pages 64-65.)

4 5

1 Front of Gatehouse 6 2 Gatehouse from the dry moat 3 Door in entrance passage 4 Rear of Gatehouse 5 Late nineteenth century extension 6 Ticket office 7 Ceiling of entrance passage 8 Detail of turnstile 7 8 9 South tower interior

9 84 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

The Bothy Nineteenth century Grade II Listed

The Bothy, abutting the north wall of the site, is a small rectangular building of one storey constructed from coursed square stone and brick with ashlar dressings. On the east elevation is a pedimented porch supported by Ionic columns surrounding a moulded six panelled door and fanlight. To the west is a small brick built flat roofed extension also of one storey. Perpendicular to this is another small single-storey extension with a pitched roof. The Bothy was formerly the Orderly Room for the Robin Hood Rifles.

A creeper-covered, concrete structure from the Second World War is located to the east of the Bothy. It was probably an ARP warden or fire watcher’s post. 1 2

4

1 The Bothy from the main path 3 2 The Bothy with the creeper-covered World War Two structure in front 5 6 3 Bothy and extensions viewed from Lenton Road 4 The Bothy with the later additions to the left 5 Door to the Bothy 6 World War Two structure to the east of the Bothy, both of which are used by the Parks Team 85 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

The Bandstand 1908 Grade II Listed

To the east of the Palace is the 1908 bandstand. This octagonal wooden and glazed structure stands on an ashlar plinth and is encircled by ornamental wrought iron railings.

The interior of the bandstand, which is used for events and commercial hire, was not accessed. It has a basement store below.

1

2 3 1 The Bandstand 2 Detail of iron railings 3 Detail of glazing tracery

86 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Caves

A NORTH-WEST PASSAGE B SLAUGHTERHOUSE CAVE C THE ARCHES D BOILER HOUSE VESTIBULE E KING DAVID’S DUNGEON F ROMYLOWE’S CAVE

R G WINE CELLAR A H WESTERN PASSAGE CENTRAL I PEVERIL DRIVE ROCK HOUSE

J UPPER BAILEY CAVE

WESTERN PASSAGES LOWER C Q K L WATER CAVE B M MORTIMER’S HOLE D E P N ROCK COTTAGE CAVES G O BREWHOUSE YARD COTTAGES CAVES F P TRIP TO JERUSALEM CAVES O Q CASTLE ROAD CAVES H R RIFLE RANGE CAVES

J N I

K M

L

87 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Caves There are several cave systems cut into Castle Rock, of which two are accessible to visitors: the upper part of the Western Passage and Mortimer’s Hole.

The Western Passage is accessed through a doorway in the north-west arch of the service courtyard. This leads to King David’s Dungeon, a large rectangular room cut into the rock which may have been created in 1170 and certainly existed before 1250 when the pointed arches were blocked1. From this, further cave rooms can be accessed via a passageway, including the Ducal Wine Cellar. This brick lined, barrel vaulted cave abuts one of the first floor rooms of the Service Wing. 1 2 Former access between the two spaces can be seen 1 Ducal Wine Cellar in the brickwork of the east wall. The cave system 2 Section of wall of Ducal Wine Cellar is exited via a spiral staircase leading to the western 3 Window opening in Ducal Wine Cellar terrace. The cave is of multiple floor levels and parts 4 Stairs to West Terrace in the Western Passage of it have been strengthened with brick.

Mortimer’s Hole is accessed at the south end of the east terrace and forms a long passageway down through Castle Rock which terminates at Brewhouse Yard. The floor is alternately sloping or with stairs. Part of the wall of the cave has been rebuilt with fibreglass imitation following its collapse in recent years whilst some of the steps are concrete.

Other caves include the partially collapsed Middle Bailey Passage, which is no longer accessible from the Castle site; Upper Bailey Cave; the lower parts of the Western Passage, some of which are 3 4 waterlogged; the Castle Road caves, formerly used as dwellings but now disused; and the long angular cave system adjacent, which was designed and is still used as a rifle range. The Brewhouse Yard caves are discussed separately.

1 Hamilton, A, Nottingham’s Caves, (2004), 25 88 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14

5 Section of wall in the Western Passage 10 Entrance to Mortimer’s Hole 6 Section of wall in the Western Passage 11 Mortimer’s Hole 7 King David’s Dungeon 12 Mortimer’s Hole 8 Wall in King David’s Dungeon 13 Fibreglass wall in Mortimer’s Hole 9 Entrance to the Western Passage 14 Mortimer’s Hole

89 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Brewhouse Yard Cottage and Caves c. 1675 with late twentieth century restoration Grade II Listed A CAVE (NO PUBLIC ACCESS) B CAVE (NO PUBLIC ACCESS)

C CAVE (NO PUBLIC ACCESS)

D COAL CELLAR E BARRELS AND STORAGE JARS

F GENERAL DISPLAY C G AIR RAID SHELTER EXHIBITION H IN SEARCH OF BREWHOUSE YARD G MUSEUM CONNECTIONS I GROCER’S SHOP DISPLAY

J KITCHEN DISPLAY A CAVE (NO PUBLIC ACCESS) F K DINING ROOM DISPLAY B CAVE (NO PUBLIC ACCESS) E L SHOP/RECEPTION C CAVE (NOA PUBLIC ACCESS) B M LOBBY D COAL CELLAR D N STAFF OFFICE E BARRELS AND STORAGE JARS H O WC F GENERAL DISPLAY O P P STAFF KITCHEN G AIR RAID SHELTER EXHIBITION J H IN SEARCH OF BREWHOUSE YARD N L K MUSEUM CONNECTIONS M A TOY DISPLAY I GROCER’S SHOP DISPLAY B TIMES A CHANGING DISPLAY I J KITCHEN DISPLAY NC BABY DISPLAY ROOM K DINING ROOM DISPLAY GROUND FLOOR D CHEMIST SHOP DISPLAY L SHOP/RECEPTION E EXHIBITION DISPLAY SPACE

M LOBBY F BEDROOM DISPLAY N STAFF OFFICE

O WC A STORAGE B STREETSCAPE DISPLAY P STAFF KITCHEN C SHOEMAKERS DISPLAY C A TOY DISPLAY E B TIMES A CHANGING DISPLAY A C BABY DISPLAY ROOM A B C D A A D CHEMIST SHOP DISPLAY B E EXHIBITION DISPLAY SPACE A F BEDROOM DISPLAY F A FIRST FLOOR SECOND FLOOR

90 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Exterior The Brewhouse Yard Cottages comprise four brick built terraced houses that are used as the Museum of Nottingham Life. The three-storey building has five bays, including a gable ended crosswing at either end. The three central bays also have gabled dormers built into the roof. String courses run almost the entire length of the front elevation at first and second floor levels, stopping at the west crosswing. Most of the windows and doors have brick lintels with brick keystone and the multipaned casement windows are of various sizes. At ground floor level there is a shallow brick arch taking up the entire second most westerly bay above a door and window, while the brickwork around the two central ground floor windows shows evidence of alterations.

(Refer also the historic development plans on page 62.)

1

1 Brewhouse Yard Cottages 2 Entrance to cave system to rear of Brewhouse Yard Cottages

2

91 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Interior Forming the Museum of Nottingham Life, most of the rooms are lined with exhibition display cases or have been decorated to imitate nineteenth and early twentieth century interiors. The rear of the building provides access to some of the caves at ground floor level. Office space has been created at the west end of the ground floor through the insertion of partition walls. Modern flooring has been laid throughout the building.

The western half of the second floor is used as collections storage.

1 2 3

4 5 6 7 8 1 Parlour room 2 Grocers display 3 Gift shop 4 Air raid shelter in caves 5 Caves to rear of building 6 Stairs in cave system at back of building 7 Chimney in caves to rear of building 8 Cave system to rear of building 9 One of the second floor storage rooms with original beams and Victorian fireplace 9

92 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

10

11 12

13

10 Lobby area in caves to rear of building 11 West stairs 12 Times a Changing display 13 Caves to rear of building 14 Bootmakers display 15 Central staircase 14 15 16 16 Streetscape display

93 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Rock Cottage c. 1675 with late twentieth century restoration Grade II Listed

A VICTORIAN SCHOOLROOM DISPLAY B GROWING UP IN NOTTINGHAM DISPLAY

C LIVING ROOM E E D KITCHEN/DINING ROOM E BEDROOM

N

C D

A B

94 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Exterior This three storey, five bay house is constructed of brick with a pitched roof and two gabled dormers on its front façade. It is built into the rock on an elevated platform and accessed via a flight of external stairs. To the north of the building, on the same platform, is a small terrace used as a garden.

(Refer also the historic development plans on page 63.)

1

2 3 1 Rock Cottage and modern stair 2 Caves to the east of Rock Cottage 3 Caves to the north of Rock Cottage

95 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Interior The ground floor is split into two rooms either side of an entrance lobby in which the staircase is located. The two ground floor rooms are used as part of the Museum of Nottingham Life, with the south room being displayed as a recreation Victorian schoolroom. The two upper floors are used as a residence, but follow a similar plan to the ground floor, each being composed of a room either side of the central staircase. It would seem that the north first floor room has been subdivided with partition walls to create additional living space. (The accommodation was not accessible for inspection). 1

3

2

1 North ground floor exhibition room 2 Ceiling in north ground floor exhibition room 3 Stairs in entrance lobby to private residence 4 South ground floor exhibition room 4 5 5 North ground floor exhibition room

96 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Waterworks Building 1900 Grade II Listed A STAFF OFFICE B STAFF OFFICE C C C STAFF FACILITIES B A C B F A C F D STORAGE A STAFF OFFICE C C CD EC E MEETING ROOM B STAFF OFFICE D E F PUBLIC WCs C STAFF FACILITIES D STORAGE G COLLECTIONS STORE N G E MEETING ROOM N G H EMERGENCY SUPPLY F PUBLIC WCs I QUARANTINE STORE J G COLLECTIONS STORE DESIGN STUDIOS AND WORKSHOP

H EMERGENCY SUPPLY K DESIGN MACHINE WORKSHOP I QUARANTINE STORE L ARCHAEOLOGICAL STORE L M H I J K L M J DESIGN STUDIOS AND WORKSHOP H I J K M MUSEUMS REGISTRY AND ARCHIVE K DESIGN MACHINE WORKSHOP N COLLECTION STORE

L ARCHAEOLOGICAL STORE M MUSEUMS REGISTRY AND ARCHIVE N A N COLLECTION STOREF A A A OFFICES AND STAFF FACILITIES F A A A B B B DESIGN STUDIOS C ARCHAEOLOGY OFFICES, STORES AND LAB

A OFFICES AND STAFF FACILITIES D CONSERVATION WORKSHOPS E COLLECTION STORES B DESIGN STUDIOS C C C ARCHAEOLOGY OFFICES, STORES AND LAB F COLLECTION STORES

D CONSERVATION WORKSHOPS E COLLECTION STORES C C D D D E E E E F COLLECTION STORES D D D E E E E

97 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Exterior The Waterworks Building was originally the Nottingham Corporation’s waterworks depot. It occupies a corner plot and takes the form of an L-shaped building running adjacent to the road with an additional rear extension to the west. The west rear extension is partly detached from the rest of the building at its north end and it is possible that it was originally part of a former waterworks that stood on the site as it has different brickwork and 1 South front fenestration to the rest of the building, 2 South-east corner 3 East front The south-west corner of the Waterworks is angled with a large 4 Rear of building arched opening containing wrought iron gates. The building itself is 5 Rear of building 1 2 constructed from red brick with stone dressings. The south front 6 Rear extension is formed of eight bays with a two storey canted bay to the west that it topped with a balustrade. The fenestration throughout the building is largely formed of arch headed casement windows, although the bay windows are rectangular sashes.

There are a number of decorative features on the front façades of the building including string courses and stone keystones above the windows. Above the two westernmost bays of the south façade, as well as above the south-east angled corner, is an ornate Flemish gable end. The east elevation, which also faces the road, has the same features such as keystones and stringcourses, as well as a central bay that projects slightly and is topped by a Flemish gable.

To the rear of the building is a courtyard, currently used as a 3 4 designated council staff carpark for the adjacent social services team. Part of this is covered with a corrugated plastic canopy which sits on a cast iron frame. There are low level scales and a weighbridge set into the floor of the carpark underneath the canopy. Opening onto this rear courtyard from the rear wings are a number of wooden doors which follow the same plan as the arch headed windows. On both the east and west rear elevations at ground floor level are large square headed wooden doors, which were possibly goods entrances. On the east wall of the rear courtyard there are four cast iron brackets which correspond to brick infill underneath windows. This suggests that these two windows may have originally been loading doors. 5 6 (Refer also to the historic devleopment plans on page 61.)

98 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Interior The main pedestrian entrance to the building is now through the door in the recessed western section of the south front. This leads to an internal porch separated from the staircase hall by an Art Nouveau leaded light screen. This part of the building was residential and retains a number of decorative early twentieth features such as tiled flooring, carved bannisters, and moulded ceiling panels. However, on the upper floors 4 in particular, there is modern utilitarian flooring and strip lighting. 1 2 3

The rest of the building is used for workshop space and museum offices. These rooms are characteristically large open spaces, although some have been divided with partition walls, with few decorative features. Most of them have painted brick walls, although some of the rooms in the east rear wing have glazed brick walls. 8

5 6 7 1 Main visitor entrance 2 Entrance hall 3 Entrance hall staircase 4 First floor office room 5 Ground floor office room 6 Ground floor staff room 7 First floor corridor 9 8 Archaeology store and office 9 First floor circulation space

99 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 10 Ceiling in first floor design studies, north-west 11 General museum stores on the first floor 12 Possible former loading door in the first floor general museum stores 13 Stairs in the west rear wing 14 First floor design studios in the north-west building 15 Design studios 16 Ground floor meeting room i the north-west building 17 Archaeology box store in the former stables

100 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

2.5 HERITAGE DESIGNATIONS AND SETTING both of which are Grade II listed. They have been attributed buildings, and also dates from the early nineteenth century, to Samuel Marsh, the architect of the Ducal Palace, as have with later alterations made by TC Hine in 1877-78. To the 2.5.1 HERITAGE ASSETS another pair of gate piers north-west of the Castle (also east of the Castle is the 1908 Grade II listed Bandstand. This There are a high number of heritage assets within the Grade II). octagonal glazed timber structure is enclosed by decorative site boundary and in the immediate vicinity of the site. wrought-iron railings which are also listed. Nottingham Castle itself is Grade I listed, as are the Castle There are a number of structures in the grounds which Gatehouse and the Outer Bailey Walls and Towers. The are contemporary to the medieval castle. On the north There are various memorials scattered throughout the remaining assets on the site are Grade II listed. These have boundary of the site stands part of the remains of the Castle grounds. To the north of the Castle is a War been set out in the table below, along with further listed Middle Bailey Wall and Towers. The wall dates from 1171-2, Memorial Obelisk built c.1880 to commemorate those killed heritage assets in close proximity to the site. There are being built as part of the work carried out by Henry II on in the Afghan Campaign (1878-80), while to the north-east large groups of listed buildings further north and east of the the Castle. The north-east tower was built 1250-70, for is the Gothic Revival style War Memorial Sundial, erected in site which have not been listed here. The Castle site is a Henry III. Construction began on the west tower, known 1920. Also to the north-east is a memorial statue, erected Scheduled Ancient Monument, as are the Rock Cut Houses as Richard’s Tower, around 1475, under Edward IV, and was in 1921 to commemorate Captain Albert Ball, who was immediately south of the site. The Castle monument finished by Richard III by 1485. These two towers were killed in action in 1917. To the north-west, on the Middle comprises the above ground medieval remains and all below excavated and consolidated in the 1970s. Bailey, is the c.1890 Memorial Bust of Major Jonathan White. ground deposits, structures and spaces to the centre of the These memorials are all Grade II listed. earth, with the exception of the below ground rooms of the The Grade II listed Middle Bridge, adjoining archway, and Ducal Palace where these are not caves. porter’s lodge sits to the north-east of the Castle. The To the south of the Castle, at the foot of Castle Rock, is the medieval drawbridge would have originally spanned the Brewhouse Yard complex. The Brewhouse Yard Cottages The Castle site includes a number of listed heritage assets. middle rock-cut ditch of the medieval castle, and dates from are Grade II listed and consist of what was originally four At the heart of the site sits the Grade I listed Castle c.1170. It was altered in the seventeenth century when the terraced houses dating from c.1675. These were restored Museum and Art Gallery. In the grounds are a number of arch was created, and was restored in the late nineteenth and converted into a museum in 1977. The back of the Grade I and Grade II listed buildings which are detailed and twentieth centuries. The adjoining archway and building is built into the rock face, and caves can be accessed below. The full listing descriptions for the heritage assets on doorcase both date from the nineteenth century. from the ground floor of the museum. These caves are the Castle site can be viewed in Appendix A. In addition to thought to be contemporary to the houses, and are listed the location plan overleaf, a historic development plan can Important parts of the medieval castle still remain in the with them. The Grade II listed Castle Rock Cottage is partly be found on page 50. Grade I listed Castle Gatehouse and Outer Bailey Walls and residential and also forms part of the Brewhouse Yard Towers. The Castle Gatehouse, on the north-east boundary, Museum. It is contemporary to the Brewhouse Museum A terrace wall to the east of the Castle and a parapet wall was built in 1252-55 for Henry III, and restored in 1908. It is building and was also restored and converted in 1977. to the west and south are both Grade II listed. The terrace listed together with the outer bridge, and adjoining gateway. wall runs in a south-east direction to the east of the Castle The Outer Bailey Walls and Towers run south-east and The Nottingham Corporation Waterworks are located for a length of 55 metres. The wall dates from 1674 to 1679 south-west on the east and south boundary of the site. They to the south-west of Brewhouse Yard site. This red brick and was built as part of Samuel Marsh’s designs for the date from the same time as the Castle Gatehouse, with building, formerly the Nottingham Corporation waterworks Ducal Palace, before being rebuilt by TC Hine in 1877-78. Edward’s Tower dating from c.1300. Both of these assets are depot, dates from 1900 and is now used as museum offices. The parapet wall to the west and south of the Castle also described as ‘an important survival of the medieval castle’. To the east of Brewhouse Yard Museum, and also backing dates to 1674-79 and forms part of the original architecture onto the rock face, is the Grade II listed Trip to Jerusalem scheme for the Ducal Palace. There are other, more modern, listed structures in the public house, which dates from the early seventeenth Castle grounds. On the north boundary wall are Grade II century with further eighteenth and nineteenth century Other remnants of the original late seventeenth century listed, mid nineteenth century Garden Buildings (Bothy), additions. architectural scheme survive. At the north-east corner of which have been built into the listed boundary wall. This the Castle building are a set of steps and pair of gate piers, boundary wall runs from the north gateway to the garden There are no registered parks and gardens on the site.

101 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

To the west and north-west of the Castle site are a number of Grade-II listed residential properties. 33 40 41 These form part of the Park Estate that was 45 46 39 44 created by the Duke of Newcastle in the second 47 N half of the nineteenth century. These are large 38 43 42 single and multiple unit residential dwellings. The 37 48 earlier ones date from 1856 and were designed 35 36 8 by TC Hine, who redeveloped the Castle site; 50-55 7 they are mainly of white brick with red and blue 49 brick, ashlar and stucco dressings. Some of the 34 6 5 later houses were designed by prominent local 9 architect Watson Fothergill in a Gothic Revival 29 31 30 style. 32 10 28 To the north-east of the site, on the streets 4 12 11 leading up to the Castle, are a number of Grade 16 II listed former townhouses, now largely used as 13 15 27 3 offices. These largely date from the seventeenth 25 1 17 to nineteenth centuries. One exception to this 26 14 is the Severn’s Building also Grade II listed. This 18 timber framed structure dates from the mid- 19 fifteenth century and once formed the front range of a house. It was relocated from Middle 2 20 Pavement in 1968. 21 Grade I Buildings of a more recent date are found to Grade II the north and south of the site. To the north of the Castle are the Memorial Nurses’ Home Nottingham Castle (Scheduled Ancient Monument) and the separately listed war memorial, retaining 23 Rock Cut Houses South of wall and railings which adjoin it. These date from 22 Nottingham Castle (Scheduled Ancient Monument) 1921-23 and are Grade II listed. To the south of 24 the site is the Grade II listed New Castle House, Boundary of Castle Conservation Area built in 1931-3 as the offices and factory for the Boundary of manufacturers Vyella. Two K6 type telephone Conservation Area booths, designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, one Boundary of the Park south of the site and the other north of the site Conservation Area abutting the north Castle wall, are also Grade II listed

102 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

No. Description Listing No. Description Listing No. Description Listing 1 Castle Museum and Art Gallery I 18 Trip to Jerusalem Public House II 36 K6 Telephone Kiosk adjoining Castle Wall II Gateway and Boundary Wall at Memorial II 19 Brewhouse Yard Museum and associated II 37 2 Parapet wall to south and west of Castle II caves Nurses’ Home, King Charles Street Museum St Mary’s Vicarage and St Peter’s Rectory, II 20 Castle Rock Cottage, Brewhouse Yard II 38 3 Pair of Gate Piers 20 Metres north-west II Museum Standard Hill of Castle Museum King Charles House II 21 Nottingham Corporation Waterworks II 39 4 Memorial Bust, 50 Metres north-west of II and Attached Area Railings the Castle Museum 40 1 and 2 Standard Hill II 22 New Castle House and Attached II 5 Nottingham Castle Middle Bailey Wall II Boundary Wall, Castle Boulevard and Towers 41 St Mary’s Parish Room and Flat II 23 K6 Telephone Kiosk opposite New Castle II 6 War Memorial Obelisk and Kerb, 70 II House 42 Retaining wall and garden wall at St II Metres north-east of the Castle Museum Mary’s Vicarage and St Peter’s Rectory 24 Castle Court and Attached Railings, 59, II 7 Garden buildings and adjoining boundary II Castle Boulevard 43 Boundary Mark 40 metres north-east of II wall at Castle Museum castle gatehouse 25 3 Castle Grove II 8 Nottingham Castle Gatehouse, Outer I Wyville House and attached railings II Bridge and Adjoining Gateway 44 26 Barbican House Bearcroft II 9 War memorial sundial, 80 metres north- II 45 Number 76 and attached railing, Hounds II east of the castle museum 27 5 Castle Grove II Gate Statue of Captain Albert Ball, 30 Meters II 70 and 72 Hounds Gate II 10 Lamp Standard 5 metres south-west of II 46 North-east of Castle Museum 28 number 2 Castle Grove Nottingham Castle Middle Bridge II 47 Chartwell House II 11 I and 2 Castle Grove II Adjoining archway and porter’s lodge 29 Mortimer House the Old Castle Inn II Pair of Gate Piers 15 metres north-east II 48 12 30 Retaining walls, railings and gates to II of Castle Museum numbers 1 and 2 Castle Grove 49 Severns’ Building, the Lace Centre II Steps leading to terrace on east side of II 13 31 Number 7 and attached archway, Castle II the Castle Museum Grove 50 57 and 59 Castle Gate II Terrace wall to east of Castle Museum II 14 32 6 Castle Grove, 3 Castle Rising attached II 55 Castle Gate II area railings, 1 and 3 Lenton Road 51 Bandstand and railings 60 metres north- II 15 8 and 10 Park Valley II 53 Castle Gate II east of the castle museum 33 52 Nottingham Castle Outer Bailey Wall I War memorial, retaining wall and railings Ii 16 34 53 51 Castle Gate II and Towers at Memorial Nurses’ Home, Lenton Road Boundary Mark at south-east Corner of II 49 Castle Gate II 17 35 Memorial Nurses’ Home II 54 Bailey Wall 55 43, 45 and 47 Castle Gate II

103 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 1 Grade II listed east terrace wall 2 Statue on the east terrace wall 3 Grade II listed terrace steps and gate piers 4 Grade II listed Afghan memorial 5 Grade II listed gate piers 6 Grade II listed Middle Bailey wall 7 Grade II listed Middle Bailey Bridge 8 Grade II listed memorial bust 9 Grade II listed War Memorial sundial 10 Grade II listed Captain Albert Ball Memorial 11 Grade I listed Outer Bailey wall and towers 9 10 11

104 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

2.5.2 SETTING Nottingham Castle is situated on a sandstone outcrop, The siting of the Castle on Castle Rock in the eleventh known as Castle Rock, a designated regionally important century led to a town of two boroughs: the old English ecological site, to the west of Nottingham city centre. borough to the east in the area around St Mary’s church Castle Rock was the reason for the siting of a castle in and the new French borough to the west around the Nottingham and is what gave Nottingham Castle its Castle. The two were connected by the largest market enduring strategic importance from the eleventh to the place in England located to the north-east of the Castle. seventeenth centuries. The Castle grounds slope gradually The fact that the Corporation was slow in the eighteenth away to the north and east, following the topography of the and nineteenth centuries to enclose common land around medieval castle baileys. To the south and west of the Castle, the city meant that the city centre became densely crowded the land falls away sharply, forming a cliff face into which with the industrialisation of the city. In the mid-twentieth caves and rock houses have been built. The Brewhouse century a new dual carriageway, Maid Marian’s Way, was Yard complex is situated at the foot of Castle Rock to the carved through the city with high rise buildings constructed south. around it.1

To the east of the site on Castle Road are the modern The legacy of Nottingham’s unusual historic development is twentieth century buildings of Central College Nottingham that it is a high density urban area but one that is effectively and beyond is the city centre. To the west is the cut into two halves, with the Castle separated from the Nottingham Park Estate, a carefully landscaped residential main retail and commercial centre of the city. It feels cut estate planned by the Fifth Duke of Newcastle in the late off by a number of unsightly twentieth century high rise nineteenth century. office and hotel blocks and the raised road of Maid Marian Way. These dominate views of the city from the Castle, The site is within the Castle Conservation Area. The and mean that views of the Castle are very limited from Conservation Area Policy emphasises the visual prominence Nottingham’s historic centre. Although the Castle has of the Castle site, but acknowledges that much of this always stood apart from the city, it would be expected that, impact is lessened by the density of trees that surround the given its location of Castle Rock, it would be more visible. site, particularly to the east. Access to the city centre is through the small streets leading off to the north-east, namely Castle Gate, Hounds Gate and Friar Lane.

1 Linda Monkton and Pete Smith, Nottingham: The Creation of the City’s Identity, (Cambridge: English Heritage, 2009), 3-16. 105 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

2.5.3 VIEWS Given its prominent position upon a ridge, the Castle site Views from the east are negligible. Although this would have The key views and vistas identified in the City Centre Urban can be viewed from a considerable distance, particularly historically have been the principal view of the Castle, trees Design Guide are shown on the plan below. The Castle from flatter land to the south. As the Conservation Area block almost all views of the Castle from this angle. There is sited where it is precisely because it commands long Policy outlines, however, most views of the site are impeded are a number of important views of the Castle and the range views over the surrounding area. It is important that by the dense congregation of trees growing around the site, Gatehouse from within the grounds. planting within the site should be managed to preserve and particularly to the east. As a result, it is largely only the roof where possible enhance views from and to the Castle. of the Ducal Palace that can be glimpsed from a distance. The Brewhouse Yard complex can be viewed from the Nonetheless the City Centre Urban Design Guide identifies south of Castle Road and from Castle Boulevard. The the view of the Castle from the railway line due south from Waterworks building is particularly prominent as it sits on the Castle as a key view. The Castle can also be seen in key the corner of Castle Boulevard and Castle Road. There are vistas from the east and south and distant views from the also unobstructed views over Brewhouse Yard from the west, south and east. southern section of the Castle’s Outer Bailey walls.

At close range, views of the Castle are limited. As the area surrounding the Castle is built up, views of the Castle are restricted by the street plan. From the south, views towards the Castle are impeded by the steep rock face of Castle COUNCIL Rock, and it is only the upper levels of the south section of HOUSE the Palace that can be seen. From the west, views are also restricted by Castle Rock and the vegetation growing on its WINDMILL surface. ST MARYS From Lenton Road, which bounds the north of the site, CHURCH views of the Castle are largely obscured by the north boundary wall of the Castle and by trees, although a break in the boundary wall to allow for a gateway provides clearer views over the north end of the Palace. It is possible to see the roof of the Ducal Palace from the roads rising to the north of Lenton Road, which are on a higher ground level than the Castle site. The Castle Gatehouse is easily visible from the north-east on the junctions of Castle Road, Lenton Road and Friar Lane.

Plan showing key views and vistas relating to the Castle identified in the City Centre Urban Design Guide 106 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

PLAN SHOWING THE LOCATIONS FROM WHICH THE VIEWS PHOTOGRAPHS WERE TAKEN

10c

10b 7 b 11 8 c d a b 10a 9a 7a 14 16 15a

9b 15b 18a 18b 17b 9c 6 17a a 12 19 b 5 3b

3a 13a 13b 2a 4 13c 2b 2d 2c

The numbers on this plan refer to the views on the following pages

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VIEW I VIEW 2 From the entrance to the Station on Carrington Street the The Ducal Palace from Castle Boulevard roof of the Ducal Palace is visible in the distance across the roofline.

VIEW 1 VIEW 2a VIEW 2b

VIEW 2c VIEW 2d

View 2a from the front of the Waterworks building on Castle Boulevard View 2b from Castle Boulevard looking north-west View 2c from Castle Boulevard looking north View 2d from Castle Boulevard looking north-east

108 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

VIEW 3 VIEW 4 VIEW 5 The Ducal Palace from Peveril Drive The Ducal Palace from Hope Drive The Ducal Palace from Hamilton Drive

VIEW 3a VIEW 4 VIEW 5

VIEW 3b

View 3a from the south of Peveril Drive View 3b from Peveril Drive looking east

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VIEW 6 VIEW 7 The Ducal Palace from the junction of Ogle Drive/Peveril Views from Lenton Road Drive

VIEW 6 VIEW 7a VIEW 7b

VIEW 7c VIEW 7d View 7a of the north boundary wall with the Bothy to the left View 7b of the Ducal Palace and gate looking south View 7c of the Ducal Palace and gate looking south-west View 7d of the Ducal Palace and gate with part of the Gatehouse to the left

110 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

VIEW 8 VIEW 9 The Ducal Palace from King Charles Street Views from Castle Road looking toward the Ducal Palace and Outer Bailey walls.

VIEW 8a VIEW 9a VIEW 9b View 9a from Castle Road looing west View 9b from Castle Road looking north-west View 9c from Castle Road looking west over Brewhouse Yard

VIEW 8b VIEW 9c View 8a from King Charles Street: the upper part of the Ducal Palace can be partially glimpsed behind foliage in the centre View 8b from King Charles Street the upper part of the Ducal Palace can be partially glimpsed behind foliage to the right

111 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

VIEW I0 VIE W 11 The Castle Gatehouse from Lenton Road and Friar Gate The Castle Gatehouse from Hounds Gate/Castle Road junction

VIEW 10a VIEW 10b VIEW 11 View I0a from Lenton Road looking east View 10b from Lenton Road/Friar Gate Junction looking west View 10c from Friar Gate looking south-west

VIEW 10c

112 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

VIEW 12 VIEW 13 Brewhouse Yard from Castle Road Brewhouse Yard from Castle Boulevard

VIEW 12a VIEW 13a VIEW 13b View I3a looking north from Castle Boulevard View 13b looking north-east from Castle Boulevard View 13c looking east from Castle Boulevard

VIEW 12b VIEW 13c View I2a looking west to Brewhouse Yard from Castle Road View 12b from Castle Road looking south-west towards the Waterworks building

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VIEW I4 VIEW 15 VIEW 16 The Ducal Palace from the public entrance The Ducal Palace from Castle Green Castle Gatehouse from Castle grounds

VIEW 14 VIEW 15a VIEW 16

VIEW 15b View 15a looking south from Castle Green View 15b looking south-east from Castle Green

114 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

VIEW 17 VIEW 18 Brewhouse Yard from Castle Road Views from the Outer Bailey looking eastwards

VIEW 17a VIEW 18a VIEW 18b View 18a from the Outer Bailey tower towards the Council House View 18b from the Outer Bailey tower towards St Mary’s Church

VIEW 19 Vista from the south terrace

VIEW 17b View 17a looking south from the Outer Bailey View 17b looking south-east from the Outer Bailey VIEW 19

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2.6 ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT An ecology survey has been commissioned and is in the There are a small number of trees with potential on the process of being carried out by Ramm Sanderson at the slope of the rock-cut ditch and three specimen sycamores time of writing this CMP. An initial ecology assessment and a lime tree east of the Palace that are of arboricultural identified that the Ducal Palace, the vaults off the Kitchen value. The planting in the Middle Bailey, however, is generally Courtyard, the Gatehouse, the Bothy, the link Tunnel from the latter half of the twentieth century and the and the walls of Middle Bailey Bridge had high potential shrubbery is generally over mature. The area around the for accommodating bats although subsequent dawn and Bothy has a number of multi-stemmed self-seeded trees dusk surveys have found no bat roosts. The whole site has and some of the elm trees are diseased. The trees do potential for nesting birds and a fox den was identified in provide some stabilisation of the embankment. The Golden the ditch below the Palace. Leyland cypress are incongruous and one is growing close to the archaeologically important remains of Richard’s This section should be updated once the ecological survey is Tower. Other trees in the area would benefit from regular completed. coppicing.

An arboricultural survey has also been undertaken by The trees outside the Castle along Castle Road are Symbiosis in September 2015. This has identified all the of mixed quality. There are some better specimens in trees on site and categorised them in terms of their quality Brewhouse Yard although the London plane near the and potential life span. There are 16 category A trees within will require regular maintenance. There is also a silver maple the Castle site and a further two in Brewhouse Yard, which with good potential. are the best quality trees. There are a number of category B and C trees and 12 category U trees which are of poor The arboricultural survey acknowledges that the quality or already dead that should be removed. The elm archaeological and arboricultural objectives for the rock- and ash trees overhanging Lenton Road require urgent cut ditch between the Outer and Inner Baileys are not removal as it is at imminent risk of failing onto Lenton Road. necessarily mutually compatible and suggests that the smaller trees should be removed initially to allow for a The arboricultural survey notes that the planting adjacent review of the future of the specimen trees. The report to the Gatehouse is mostly mid twentieth century whilst recommends the removal of some of the trees in the Outer the trees leading to the Bandstand were part of the Bailey to the development of others to maturity and also Edwardian planting. Many of the trees are over mature. to remove over mature trees. It also recommends a review Similarly the flowering cherry trees around the bandstand of the commemorative trees and possible replanting and are mature, overmature or in a state of decline. Some of the rededication. commemorative trees are not thriving but there are some notable specimens of Maidenhair trees, Dawn redwoods and an Indian beantree. There are some fine oak trees to the east of the Bandstand area but they are too closely planted to allow them to all reach maturity and will require thinning.

116 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

Category A tree

Category U tree

Category I tree

Fox Den

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2.7 CURRENT OWNERSHIP AND There are 130 staff in the Nottingham City museum service, 2.7.4 CURRENT USES of whom approximately 60% are based at the Castle, MANAGEMENT The Castle although many staff work across a number of sites. These 2.7.1 OWNERSHIP staff include those who curate and conserve the collections, The Ducal Palace incorporates the main gallery spaces for The Palace and part of the site was leased by Nottingham those who are responsible for education and access, and the display of artworks and decorative arts and the café and City Council from the Duke of Newcastle on 25 June 1875 those who are responsible for retail, catering and other shop as well as the Sherwood Foresters gallery, which is run for a period of 500 years less three days. The remainder of commercial activities. by the Mercian Regiment as a separate accredited museum. the castle site was leased to the Council in 1887. The leases The Family Gallery is situated on the first floor. Staff offices were sold to Oxford University and in the early 1950s to There are regular volunteers at the Castle who facilitate and a small amount of storage space for collections are the Council. the Family Art Cart and conduct storytelling sessions. located in the north-west corner of the building. WCs are These volunteers are supervised by the House Steward located on the ground floor behind the colonnade. Richard’s Tower is under separate private ownership. and managed by the Duty Manager although the Volunteer Programme Team provide support to the volunteers and The basement level of the Kitchen Courtyard to the 2.7.2 MANAGEMENT provide them with information on new opportunities. north of the main palace building is predominantly used The site is managed by the Nottingham City Council The volunteers have the opportunity to feedback in an for storage, including the main stores for paintings and Communities Department. The Director for Sport and annual survey and also to take part in a biannual volunteer decorative arts objects, with a workshop. Apart from the Culture is responsible to the Corporate Director for conference. In addition, Illuminate, the NCMG Youth Panel, north-west room that forms the start of the caves tour, Community Services, who in turn is accountable to the and other project groups are often involved with specific these areas are not open to the public. The upper levels of Council’s Chief Executive. projects and events on the site. the Kitchen Courtyard are used for education space, offices and exhibition galleries. The Head of Culture and Libraries, who is responsible to The Museum of Nottingham Life is run by volunteers with the Director for Sport and Culture, heads up a the Senior a member of staff in the shop. The volunteers also maintain The Gatehouse currently houses the ticket office and Management Team that manages and runs the City’s the gardens in Brewhouse Yard. subsidiary shop and a large flexible space, as well as the museums and galleries. Some of the posts are core funded ladies’ WCs. A separate building to the north-east provides but others are funded by the Arts Council England (ACE) 2.7.3 MAINTENANCE the men’s WCs. and others are freelance or voluntary posts. An organogram The site is maintained by Nottingham City Council The Bothy, a single storey building along the east wall, is is included in Appendix C. (NCC). The NCMG Operations Manager is responsible used by the Parks Team as a mess room and for storage. for maintenance in liaison with the NCC Corporate The World War Two shelter is used by the gardeners as a The Council also runs the café and shop in the Ducal Palace. Maintenance Team. Site staff carry out daily maintenance chemical store. checks and a daily maintenance log is kept on site. In The grounds fall under the remit of the Head of Parks and addition, the Corporate Maintenance Team carry out a The Bandstand is used for events, either to house events, Open Spaces. quarterly maintenance programme. such as music recitals or small receptions, or for use as Site management is coordinated by the Castle Operations changing rooms or temporary storage for larger events. Team. The Castle is open to the public from 10am until 5pm every day in the high season (mid-February until early November in 2015) and from 10am until 4pm Wednesday to Sunday the rest of the year.

118 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

There are admission charges for entrance to the Castle The Castle hosts a number of different types of events Waterworks including the grounds: for the public, such as art exhibitions with associated talks; The Waterworks building is predominantly closed to the special events; wedding and food fairs; and talks for the public; the exception being the room used for school parties Adults £6 Friends of Nottingham Castle. and the WCs in the north-west corner. The building houses Concessions (under-16s, £5 the collections, archaeological, records, general museum The Castle can also be hired by individuals or companies over-65s, UK students) and quarantine stores; design studios and workshops; for a range of events including wedding reception, parties, conservation workshops; the Museum Registry and Under-5s Free corporate entertainment, seminars and press launches. The Archives; server room and staff offices. Family Ticket (2 adults and £18 Long Gallery is available in the evenings and has a capacity 3 children) of 200 standing or 150 seated. The café similarly can only be The Caves Groups 1 free for every 10 hired in the evening and has a capacity of 100 standing and The upper half of the Western Passage and Mortimer’s purchased tickets 80 sitting. The Nemi Room has a capacity of 40 standing or 24 seated whilst the Bandstand in the grounds is also Hole are open to the public through a series of daily tours. City residents on weekdays £2 available for hire. Approximately six weddings are held Carers accompanying Free each year although a licence is being sought with a view to The Nottingham City Rifle Club uses the angular mid- disabled visitors increase this number. twentieth century caves off Castle Road.

A joint admission ticket for the Castle and the Museum The remaining caves, such as the smaller caves off Castle Brewhouse Yard of Nottingham Life in Brewhouse Yard is available at Road, are not used. weekends. Brewhouse Yard, including the caves behind it, houses the Museum of Nottingham Life. All the building is open to the Season tickets are also available for weekdays. An adult public apart from a small staff mess room on the ground ticket for a Nottingham resident is £10 whilst a non-resident floor and the stores that occupy approximately half of the adult ticket is £15; a resident family ticket is £15 and a non- second floor. resident family ticket is £20. The ground floor of Rock Cottage also forms part of the Tours of the caves are charged at £5 extra per person. Museum of Nottingham Life with a recreated Victorian Tours operate four times a day when the Castle is open.1 school room and an exhibition gallery. The upper floors of Rock Cottage provide residential accommodation for the Commercial Manager.

1 All ticket prices as advertised on the Castle website on 5 May 2015.

119 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

2.8 SUMMARY OF THE RELEVANT EXISTING concerns were: the leaning retaining walls to the Gate the relevant sections of the UK and regional Biodiversity DOCUMENTS House entrance, the inadequate ridge beam and damaged Action Plans, the statutory and non-statutory designated truss over the Long Gallery, repairs to the roof over the sites and protected and notable species in the area. There This section provides summaries of relevant existing staff offices, the roof walkway brackets over the Museum are three SSSIs within 5km of the site and a number of Sites documents. It begins with a summary of the CMP that and Art Gallery gutters, some of the parapet stones and of Importance for Nature Conservation within 2km of the this plan updates and summaries of the various reports the colonnade finials. site including the Nottingham Castle Rock SINC within the commissioned alongside the earlier CMP. Some of these, BUILDING SERVICES CONDITION SURVEY JUNE 2005 site. There is a historic recording of a bat within the site such as the Condition Surveys have either been superseded boundary and the area is deemed to be suitable for bats. or are in the process of being redone. This study was undertaken by Furness Green Partnership and concluded that the building services were generally at Records show that water voles are found within 2km of the end of their economic life with a couple of exceptions the site there are no records of other vertebrates or rare CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRAFT) such as the newly refurbished central boiler. The museum plants, although these are areas in and around the grounds 2005/2006 galleries have poor environmental controls whilst storage which may be suitable for certain common amphibian and The previous CMP prepared by Prince Research spaces have none at all. Some habitable rooms have no reptile species. Consultants Ltd was not adopted. Its scope was limited to ventilation. It recommended specialist drainage, lighting the Castle and gardens and did not include Brewhouse Yard and security surveys be undertaken and the lightning NOTTINGHAM DUCAL PALACE: UNDERSTANDING or the Waterworks. The previous CMP included a large protection system also checked. The survey also covers the AND ASSESSMENT JULY 2007 number of appendices, not all of which have been seen gardeners’ building, Gate House, men’s WCs, bandstand, Prepared by Paul Drury, this is a detailed analysis of the by the authors of the current report. These appendices children’s room and old boiler room. This report has been surviving fabric and archival sources relating to the Ducal included reports commissioned from consultants regarding superseded. Palace. It also looks at the palace’s context in a comparison the medieval history of the site, the Ducal Palace, the with Bolsover Castle. archaeology and the landscape development. NOTTINGHAM CASTLE CONSERVATION PLAN: CONTRIBUTION ON LANDSCAPE AUGUST 2005 NOTTINGHAM CASTLE: SOME ASPECTS OF THE NOTTINGHAM CASTLE CONDITION SURVEY JULY MEDIEVAL CASTLE JULY 2005 2005 This report, prepared by Land Use Consultants, analyses the landscape to identify which period different landscape This very brief report, written by Philip Dixon, looks at This was commissioned as part of the previous features belong to, provides an area by area character when and how the medieval castle was constructed and the Conservation Management Plan. The document includes a assessment, an overall statement of significance for the defensive intent of the builders. His summary states: structural report by Price & Myers and a services report by landscape, a short analysis of issues and opportunities and a Furness Green Partnership as appendices. The condition ‘The castle was built to act as an army base for approaches survey describes the condition of the ducal palace the policies section that is divided by character area. into Yorkshire and to dominate the population of Nottingham. gatehouse and curtain wall; the bandstand, gardeners’ Its central area was refortified in the middle of the 12th quarters, men’s WCs, boundary markers, war memorial NOTTINGHAM CASTLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN: century, with less emphasis on the army base element. In the sundial, war memorial obelisk, statue of Captain Albert Ball CONTRIBUTION ON LANDSCAPE AUGUST 2005 13th century the rebuilding in stone made the castle stronger, VC, and the bust of Major Jonathan White. Also written by Land Use Consultants, this document provides the constraints and opportunities relating to the but cut off about a third of the original extent, continuing the earlier trend. From then to the end of the Middle Ages the REPORT ON STRUCTURAL INSPECTION APRIL 2005 conservation plan policies. strength was maintained but greater emphasis was laid on Produced by Price & Myers LLP, the report covers the ECOLOGICAL BACKGROUND DATA SEARCH sumptuous buildings, ending in 1480 with large royal palace ducal palace, Gate House, gardeners’ building, bandstand [sic]. Thereafter the castle was let fall into ruin.’ and sections of the outerwalls but excluded the caves, FEBRUARY 2006 Prepared by Carter Ecological Limited, this report Brewhouse Yard and outerwalls directly on the rock Dixon also provides a brief significance for each phase provides baseline ecological information on the site and outcrop. It noted areas of major and minor concern. Major and the impact of works since the seventeenth century its surroundings based on archival sources. This includes

120 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE on the significance of the site, concluding that whilst it is NOTTINGHAM CASTLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN MAY ACCESS DESIGN AUDIT OF NOTTINGHAM CASTLE ‘the former site of a castle of great historical significance’, 2006 MUSEUM 2006 the built fabric from the medieval period that survives is This forms the subsequent document to the Conservation Prepared by Victoria Waddington Associates, this report generally unimportant, the principal exceptions being the Management plan and explores how to enhance the reviews the different kinds of accessibility issues and Gate House, fifteenth century palace and Richard’s Tower. Castle and its offer, analyses the local, regional and national constraints associated with different areas of the site and context, considers the collections and their development, provides recommendations for future improvements. NOTTINGHAM CASTLE: ACCESS AND AUDIENCE and draws together the analysis on audiences and DEVELOPMENT PLAN JANUARY 2006 accessibility. Prince Research Consultants’ document also CASTLE QUARTER VISION AND FRAMEWORK This report analyses a range of access issues, including provides recommendations. (DRAFT) FEBRUARY 2012 physical, visual, intellectual and financial barriers, and A study prepared jointly by Nottingham City Council and provides recommendations to overcome or minimise their NOTTINGHAM CASTLE: SUMMARY OF LINKS Nottingham Regeneration Ltd to outline the vision and impact. It continues other uses such as a wedding venue for WITHIN ‘THE LEGEND OF ROBIN HOOD’ TO THE strategy for the Castle Quarter, which includes the Castle, the site. The report also incorporates analysis for specific SHERIFF OF NOTTINGHAM AND NOTTINGHAM the Brewhouse Yard Museum and Waterworks building, audiences including Sherwood Foresters (veterans), young CASTLE APRIL 2005 South Notts (Castle) College, Castle Road and Maid people and families. It was produced by Prince Research Written by historical re-enactor, Richard Rutherford- Marian Way. It includes the HLF funded redevelopment Consultants. Moore, this document contains an analysis of the historical of the Castle and the creation of a gallery focussing on basis for the legend of Robin Hood and considers the Robin Hood and rebels as one of four components to COLLECTION RESEARCH 2006 various depictions of Robin Hood in images, literature and the enhancement of the Castle Quarter. It notes that the Prepared by Prince Research Consultants, this document film since. It also contains a history of Nottingham and its Council also intends to review its museum storage across looks at the significance of the first municipally-owned royal connections from the Saxon period until the end of the city to try to make more space available in the Castle. provincial art museum in the country, comparable museums, the medieval period with comments on the relationship of The study provides a SWOT analysis that, amongst other the importance of the collection and the influence of staff the history and the Robin Hood legend. items, notes the need to improve links between the Castle on the development of collections. and the town centre particularly in the context of the A CONTRIBUTION TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL ISSUES IN Centre redevelopment. THE NOTTINGHAM CASTLE CONSERVATION PLAN 2005 GUIDANCE DOCUMENT: LISTED MONUMENTS AND This report, prepared by Trent & Peak Archaeological STRUCTURES, NOTTINGHAM CASTLE NOVEMBER Unit, lists the recorded archaeological evidence for 2013 different periods from the Mesolithic period onwards Prepared by Stephen Bradwell of Trigpoint Conservation and assesses the significance of this as well as providing & Planning, this report forms a Heritage Statement for the recommendations. It also contains an assessment of the different memorials at the Castle, including the unlisted different caves. The report contains some useful maps Victoria Cross Memorial, and the Bandstand. It provides a indicating the ages of the caves and the castle walls. description and a detailed statement of significance for each as well as considering the suitability of each structure for relocation to one of Nottingham’s other parks. It concludes that the only memorial that could possibly be moved is the Afghan Memorial, which could be moved to the Arboretum to join the other memorials to those who served nineteenth century colonial wars.

121 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

DESCRIPTION OF HERITAGE ASSETS 2012 monitoring tasks. The need to create a framework for the NOTTINGHAM CITY MUSEUMS & GALLERIES A report produced by SLR Consulting to synthesise the building archive and maintenance records and also the need COLLECTIONS DOCUMENTATION PLAN 2013-2018 available archaeological and historical information into a to re-establish a regime of inspection and maintenance of This NCMG document describes the backlog of single report. It includes an analysis of built fabric as well as buildings is noted. documentation tasks, what has been achieved in terms of drawing together archaeological and documentary evidence documenting the collections and lists tasks that need to be in a structure by structure format. NOTTINGHAM CITY MUSEUMS & GALLERIES carried out. A separate NCMG procedures manual sets out COLLECTIONS CARE AND CONSERVATION POLICY how documentation tasks should be undertaken. NOTTINGHAM CASTLE COLLECTIONS HIGHLIGHTS 2014 Brief list of the major groups of items within the collection. The Policy document, prepared by NCMG, has the stated NOTTINGHAM CITY MUSEUMS & GALLERIES aim of maintaining professional standards and ensuring the COLLECTIONS ACCESS STATEMENT 2014 preservation of the collections. The care of the collections is NOTTINGHAM CITY COUNCIL MUSEUMS & This statement, prepared by NCMG, provides the policy on described both as an end in itself and the means of ensuring GALLERIES SERVICE STRATEGIC PLAN 2014-2018 access, including physical and intellectual, to the collections the effective delivery of other museum activities. The Policy held by NCMG, the means of maximising access and the This is a document produced by the Nottingham City notes the benefit of preventive conservation and includes limitations on access. It also describes the different charges Council Museums & Galleries Service Strategic Plan to policies regarding collections care, collections development, made for access to the collections. explain the history of the service, the historic buildings security and access. The environmental policy with and the collections in its care and to set out its recent recommendations for environmental conditions, the lighting MUSEUM OF NOTTINGHAM LIFE CONDITION achievements, the strategic partnerships that have been policy and specifications for display cases are included as SURVEY, ROCK COTTAGE CONDITION SURVEY AND set up, priorities for research and also the objectives and appendix 1. Appendix 2 sets out what is required when WATERWORKS CONDITION SURVEY 2014 priorities for funding and action to 2018. The document sets conservation is carried out by external conservators. out separate objectives for Nottingham Castle and for the These documents were prepared by Purcell and a summary of them can be found in section 4.4. Museum of Nottingham Life. Aims for the Castle include the NOTTINGHAM CITY MUSEUMS & GALLERIES comprehensive redevelopment of the site, the continuation COLLECTIONS DEVELOPMENT POLICY 2013 of major events and the urgent review of environmental NOTTINGHAM CASTLE: EXISTING BUILDING Produced by NCMG, the Collections Development Policy monitoring. Similar aims are set out for the Museum of SERVICES OVERVIEW AND CONDITION ASSESSMENT describes the existing collections across all the sites and Nottingham Life. JULY 2015 defines the themes and priorities for future collections Prepared by Mott MacDonald, the scope of this report development and for rationalisation. It also sets out NOTTINGHAM CITY MUSEUMS & GALLERIES includes the Brewhouse Yard buildings. It concludes that acquisition and disposal procedures and the policy for COLLECTIONS CARE AND CONSERVATION PLAN the electrical and mechanical installations in the Palace repatriation of human remains. 2014 largely date from the 1970s and would benefit from The Collections Care and Conservation Plan, produced by consolidation and renewal. The Gatehouse electrical NOTTINGHAM CITY MUSEUMS & GALLERIES NCMG, describes the recent improvements to the storage services are in urgent need of replacement whilst the COLLECTIONS INFORMATION POLICY 2014 and conservation of collections across all sites under its care electrical and mechanical systems in the Bothy should also and sets out the forthcoming programme of conservation This NCMG document sets out the aims of documentation be replaced. The electrical services in the Museum of tasks. The Plan records that central environmental and of the collections and the overarching means of achieving Nottingham Life are acceptable, the distribution boards pest monitoring had ceased following the prioritisation of these aims. having been recently replaced. The electrical distribution, remedial conservation over preventive conservation. The fire and security systems in the Waterworks would benefit conservation tasks table sets out staff available for each from being upgraded whilst the mechanical services have task and deadlines. The tasks detailed include housekeeping exceeded their life expectancy. Cabling in the grounds is programmes as well as documentation, conservation and in need of replacement whilst the functional lighting in the caves could be improved.

122 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

2.9 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK Appendix B contains a selection of relevant legislation AND GUIDANCE regarding listed buildings as well as conservation guidance. This includes: The overarching legislation for the designation and protection of Scheduled Ancient Monuments is the Ancient • The National Planning Policy Framework Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act (1979) whilst the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act (1990) • Nottingham City Council’s planning legislation, including sets out legislation for these heritage assets. DCMS’s policies from the Aligned Core Strategy Plan and the Statement on Scheduled Monuments (2013) contains policies Development Plan Document on the protection and conservation of Scheduled Ancient • Historic England’s conservation guidance including Monuments. The National Planning Policy Framework (2012) Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance (2008), is the overarching planning policy document for England Seeing the Heritage in View (2011) and Good Practice and provides guidance about the implementation of the Advice 3: The Setting of Heritage Assets (2015) 1990 Act. Nottingham City Council issues further local planning legislation that fits within the parameters set out in In principle, like-for-like repairs are generally acceptable as government legislation and the NPPF. part of a long-term maintenance programme. Any more substantial works, such as the wholesale replacement of Planning Practice Guidance can be found on the DCLG’s an element, demolitions, additions, extensions to a listed website. In addition, Historic England publishes more building will require listed building consent. Most elements detailed guidance and good practice advice on the of the Castle, including the Caves, are also subject to conservation of heritage assets, their setting and key Schedule Monument Consent applications. The Ducal views, including how to assess the significance of heritage Palace, including basement rooms that are not caves, is not assessments and assess the impact of proposed changes. scheduled.

Where proposals are governed by other elements of legislations, the constraints of these should be weighed up against the heritage value of the site.

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3.1 CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT 3.1.2 HOW SIGNIFICANCE IS ASSESSED While significance can be assessed and discussed with regards to 3.1.1 WHY SIGNIFICANCE IS IMPORTANT factual and often tangible characteristics such as its aesthetic and design qualities, new and/or unique technologies and association with “People may value a place for many reasons beyond utility or important people or events, a very key and important additional personal association: for its distinctive architecture or landscape, the element of significance is what makes things important to the people story it can tell about its past, its connection with notable people or who experience and appreciate them. In this way assessing significance events, its landform, flora and fauna, because they find it beautiful or can be very emotive and subjective. It is therefore important to inspiring, or for its role as a focus of a community”1. combine a set of varying principles to the understanding of significance.

In heritage terms, significance has been defined as “The value of a For the purposes of this CMP, significance is considered to be the heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage overarching analysis and understanding of what is important about interest”2 and as “The sum of cultural and natural heritage values the Castle. The assessment of significance will be based on the of a place”3. What this largely equates to is that significance is an characteristic of “heritage values” as expressed by Historic England in understanding of what makes a place special. Conservation Principles (2008), which defines value as an“ aspect of worth or importance...attached by people to qualities of place” and separates What is important to note is why understanding significance is vital. heritage values into four categories: As noted in Informed Conservation, “Significance lies at the heart of every conservation action...unless we understand why a place is worthy of Evidential The potential of a place to yield evidence about past conservation, the whole business of conservation makes very little sense”. 4 human activity. Historical The ways in which past people, events and aspects of life Therefore, the following assessment of significance is intended to form can be connected through a place to the present. This the foundation for understanding the heritage values of Nottingham can be both illustrative and associative. Castle. By understanding what makes the Castle site important, it is easier to understand what the potential threats to heritage value are, as Aesthetic The ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual well as the opportunities to enhance it. All of these elements combine stimulation from a place. to inform the Conservation Policies for the Castle. Communal The meanings of a place for the people who relate to it, or for whom it figures in their collective experience or 1 English Heritage. Conservation Principles Policies and Guidance, 2008. memory. 2 The National Planning Policy Framework, 2011. 3 English Heritage. Conservation Principles Policies and Guidance, 2008. 4 Clark, K. Informed Conservation, 2001 124 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

3.1.3 LEVELS OF SIGNIFICANCE 3.1.4 STRUCTURE OF THE STATEMENT OF 3.2 SUMMARY STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE SIGNIFICANCE The significance of the Castle has been assessed using Nottingham Castle is a highly significant site with a large a scale of significance ratings ranging from High to This statement of significance begins with a summary number of heritage assets, the importance of which are Detrimental. The definitions of these levels are provided statement of significance, which provides a brief overview of recognised by their individual listings and scheduling. The here. The significance is assessed relatively across the site. the significance of the site. The second part is an assessment Castle site has been in use for over 950 years and there are At this stage, no single element within the site is deemed of the heritage values of the site comprising an overview of several phases to its development: a medieval castle (initially outstandingly important relative to the rest so none has the heritage context of the Castle and an assessment for: a strategic fortification and later a royal castle), a nobleman’s been assigned very high significance private residence, a museum, military parade ground and • the Castle in terms of the medieval fabric and the Ducal a municipal garden. The different layers of history are High Significance is attributable to a theme, feature, Palace, reflected in the built fabric and landscape. built fabric or characteristic which has a high cultural value • the Bandstand, and forms an essential part of understanding the historic Castle Rock value of the Castle, while greatly contributing towards its • the Bothy, The sandstone outcrop on which the Castle is located character and appearance. • Waterworks, is of very high significance at a national and a local level. The promontory gave both commanding views of the Medium Significance is attributable to a theme, feature, • Brewhouse Yard, surrounding area and was readily defensible making it built fabric or characteristic which has some cultural • Rock Cottage, an ideal location for a military garrison at a strategically importance and helps to define the historic value, character important location on the Trent. At a local level, the • Caves, and appearance. These elements are often important for outcrop’s location to the west of the original settlement only a few values, for example it may be either the survival • Landscape, resulted in Nottingham’s unusual development in the of physical built fabric or association with an historic use, medieval period as two separate boroughs. but not both. • Collections. A highly significant element of the site is the series of Low Significance is attributable to a theme, feature, built This concludes with a summary of the assessment of caves that exist below the Castle. The sandstone rock of fabric or characteristic which has minor cultural value and heritage values and a table that assigns a level of significance Nottingham has facilitated the development of a much which may, even to a small degree, contribute towards the to each heritage value for over 50 constituent parts of the more extensive network of caves and passages than exist character and appearance of the Castle. site. Finally there is a set of significance plans: a site overview under other castles and they make a very important and then floor plans for the Ducal Palace, the Gatehouse, contribution to the character of Nottingham Castle. Of Elements of Neutral Significance typically do not Brewhouse Yard, Rock Cottage and Waterworks. particular significance are King David’s Dungeon, the Wine possess any heritage values which are important to the Cellar, Mortimer’s Hole and the north-west Passage, which Castle. As such, they neither contribute to – nor detract is thought to be the actual passage used by Edward III, from – its overall character and understanding. rather than Mortimer’s Hole. Elements that are Detrimental to heritage value have characteristics which detract from the overall significance The Medieval Castle and character of the Castle. Such was the importance of Nottingham’s strategic location, the Castle was retained and developed throughout the medieval period unlike some other castles established in the wake of the Norman Conquest and it was also an important strategic garrison in the Civil War. It also became the sovereign’s principal residence in the Midlands and

125 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE continued to be used by the Tudor monarchs. The extant the Baroque gardens to emerge although any remains are is also housed in the Ducal Palace. These and the Victoria medieval fabric, both above and below ground, that survives likely to be fragmentary and may well have been missed in Cross memorial are part of a pattern of war memorials from this period, even where modified in later centuries, earlier excavations. nationally but are primarily of regional and local significance. is of high significance at a national level. The extant above ground fabric in particular not only contributes to an The restoration of the Palace and its conversion to a Although much of the fabric associated with the nineteenth understanding of Nottingham Castle but forms part of a museum eradicated any understanding of the interiors of century military use of the site has been lost, the former national understanding of the development of castle design the Ducal Palace but did create a public institution that Orderly Room of the Robin Hood Rifles (the Bothy) throughout the medieval period, especially Richard’s Tower reflected Nottingham’s status as a major regional town survives, although altered. The two World Wars left their and the Gatehouse, which is one of only three to survive and which has always been valued by the local public. The mark on the site, albeit in a relatively small way, in the First from Henry III’s reign. Also of high significance are the museum is an important one in the museological landscape, World War caves on Castle Road and the ARP warden’s rock cut ditches, which illustrate to a degree the medieval its first director, George Harry Wallis, having trained at the shelter near the former Orderly Room. These are of baileys although this is marred by the later alterations to South Kensington Museum, brought its ethos of creating a historical interest at a local level but do not contribute the levels of the Upper and Middle Baileys and also the museum that would promote high quality design through substantially to the overall character of the site. planting in the rock cut ditch between the Outer and the display of historic and contemporary exemplars Upper Baileys. Despite numerous excavations, there is still to create what is arguably the first municipally funded Associations high potential for the buried archaeology to contribute to decorative arts museum outside London. The significance of Nottingham Castle is considerably the understanding of the medieval castle and its phases of enhanced by its connections with a variety of people development. The Park throughout its history. The Castle has strong associations In the wake of the creation of the museum and with with the monarchs from William I to Charles I, with both of Ducal Palace restoration works undertaken on the Gatehouse and outer these as well as Richard I, John, Henry III, Edward III, Edward The exterior of the Ducal Palace is an important surviving walls, the Outer Bailey was relandscaped as a public park IV and Richard III being particularly closely associated example of the Baroque palaces and country houses that has continued to evolve and to be highly valued by local either through events involving them at the Castle or that were built following the Restoration and whilst the people as a green space in the city centre. The listed 1908 the contribution they made to the development of the Ducal Palace is not as an accomplished a design as houses Bandstand is a typical feature of Edwardian parks and is Castle buildings. Also of importance are associations with such as Chatsworth, another Cavendish family estate, it very similar to one built slightly earlier in the Arboretum in favoured and noble families, namely the Peverels, the Earls is nonetheless a significant national and regional example Nottingham. of Rutland and the Dukes of Newcastle. In addition there despite Hine’s later changes particularly to the west front. are a number of architects and craftsmen who contributed At a local level, the building is significant particularly as a The park, both as a place of civic commemoration and in to the development of site, such as Vanbrugh, Samuel reminder of the 1831Riot. reflection of its use by the Robin Hood Rifles, has several Marsh, TC Hine and Herbert Walker. In museological terms, military memorials. Of these, the most significant is the the association with the Wallis family through the first Contributing both to the setting of the Ducal Palace and Albert Ball memorial, which is not only the largest and director, George Harry Wallis, is also important. The site an understanding of the seventeenth century phase of the most decorative of the memorials but also commemorates has a strong connection with the Robin Hood Rifles as the site’s development, the separately listed terraces and gate someone who was a national hero in the First World Castle Company had a parade ground and drill hall here. piers around the Ducal Palace are important in their own War. The siting of the Major Jonathan White memorial However, the most famous association is the internationally right as examples of the late seventeenth century fashion contributes to its significance as it the bust, by known recognised connection with the legend of Robin Hood for formal gardens in the French Baroque style. However, sculptor Albert Tofts, of the Major located approximately which draws visitors to Nottingham and to the Castle from their significance is primarily as part of the landscape that where he once watched over the parade ground. The around the world. was designed around the Ducal Palace for the Dukes of Afghan War Memorial and the Memorial Sundial are Newcastle. There is potential for further understanding of associated with the Sherwood Foresters, whose museum

126 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

Collections 3.3 ASSESSMENT OF HERITAGE VALUES Whilst each aspect of Nottingham Castle’s development Although beyond the scope of this report, it is worth noting has similarities with other sites, its evolution from strategic CONTEXT that the collections at the Castle Museum and Art Gallery garrison to royal palace to ducal home to city museum is include some highly significant collections, including the The first keep and baileys were constructed on the Castle unusual. The more typical development of castles such as lace and lace machinery collections, which have recently site in the eleventh century but Castle Rock may have been Norwich, Lincoln, Oxford, York and Colchester has been a received Designated status, having been identified as being used for defensive purposes before that. The high ground trajectory from defensive site through a long period as a city of national importance. Other highlights include the locally was strategically located between London and York on or county gaol before developing as a museum or heritage made medieval alabasters, ceramics and archaeology. the River Trent. As such it continued to be an important attraction. defensive site for nearly 600 years. The Castle was rebuilt Brewhouse Yard Cottages and Rock Cottage and strengthened repeatedly and these phases of works THE CASTLE The Brewhouse Yard Cottages and Rock Cottage, heavily reflect the waves of conflict that swept the country during Evidential Value restored in the 1970s, are survivors from the later those centuries. As a result the medieval fabric that survives seventeenth century when Nottingham’s medieval housing at Nottingham fits within a broader narrative of the There are several layers to the Castle’s development, was increasingly replaced with brick dwellings and this development of built defences in England. the extant fabric for each of which is above ground and contributes to their significance at a local level. However, below ground, some known and some unknown. The their greater significance lies in the caves that lie behind Besides being a place associated with war, Nottingham surviving medieval fabric above ground includes parts of or below them, which show how the geology of the city Castle was also a place of luxurious living from Henry II’s the Gatehouse and the Outer Bailey walls; remnants of was utilised to create accommodation beyond apparently Great Hall through to Edward IV’s state apartments and the Middle Bailey wall, round tower and Richard’s Tower; relatively ordinary buildings. This arrangement is unusual and later the Ducal Palace. It was a much-used royal palace in and the Outer and Middle Bailey Bridges. These features of national importance. The buildings now house the Museum the medieval period and consequently it has been the site have mostly been repaired or restored at various times but of Nottingham Life, which is not only a valued educational of significant national events, such as the restablishment of the surviving medieval fabric provides a valuable source and leisure facility but enables visitors to see the kind of Richard I’s authority and the capture of Roger Mortimer for information about the development of the medieval domestic caves that proliferate across Nottingham but which and assumption of personal power by Edward III. fortifications and palace. They have high evidential value. are generally in private ownership. Although Nottingham Castle was sold in the early There are also buried remains of walls and footings that Waterworks seventeenth century, it was not until after the Civil War, have been uncovered in the Upper and Middle Baileys The Waterworks building belongs to the Victorian building which began when Charles I rode out with his standard either through programmed archaeological digs or through phase of the city’s development. As a building, it has from the Castle, that the Castle was reshaped as a private incidents such as the rock fall from the south terrace in retained a high level of architectural detail externally and residence. Nottingham Castle was one of several medieval 1996. The east terrace’s location on the site of the former internally that contribute to its character. Its original function castles that were rebuilt as noble mansions in the late Upper Bailey suggests there may be potential for buried is clearly proclaimed on the intricate ironwork gates that seventeenth and early eighteenth century. This meant that archaeology although a service trench cut along the east form an attractive feature on the corner of the block. it neither fell into a ruin nor was used as prison, the fate of terrace revealed only soil levels, wall foundations and Internally, there is a clear difference in the surviving fittings most city centre castles. pottery sherds that related to the seventeenth century or and finishes of the commercial and the residential elements later. The evidential value of the terrace is nonetheless of the building. The building also contributes to the pattern Following the destruction of the deteriorating Palace by high. The landslide below the south terrace revealed of Nottingham’s expansion and reflects the need for civil rioters in 1831 and its subsequent abandonment, in the portions of the Castle’s curtain wall as well as the footings services for a growing population. second half of the nineteenth century, the Castle was leased for the corner of the Palace. The evidential value of by the Nottingham Corporation and was transformed into the area is therefore known to be high. A number of a municipally funded museum initially for decorative and fine archaeological digs of varying depths have been carried out arts. It has continued to expand its collections and displays on the west side of the Ducal Palace. These have revealed whilst the grounds have been developed into a public space several pits containing Saxo-Norman, eleventh and twelfth for leisure and commemoration. century pottery, medieval levelling probably relating to the 127 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE creation of the motte, phases of medieval masonry including The evidential value of the site is reinforced by the Hall at Eltham Palace, they are indicative of the relative the Upper Bailey curtain wall and the inner wall of a building considerable archival sources that have survived including peace following the firm establishment of Edward’s rule and constructed against the curtain wall, and a mid-eighteenth the Smithson plan, various inventories, Civil War diaries, the also his ambition to erect buildings that reflected the power century brick structure that may have been a service stair. 1769 plans and assorted depictions of the site. of the new York dynasty. The illustrative value of the The evidential value of the buried archaeology in this medieval fabric is generally medium. area is high. Similarly, the more limited excavations in the Middle Bailey have also revealed evidence of medieval Overall, the Castle has HIGH evidential value. The Ducal Palace is equally illustrative. The east façade structures, such as the Middle Bailey Gatehouse, and incorporates a cipher of an ‘N’ below a ducal coronet compacted surface levels, pits and pottery sherds below Illustrative Value above the central window providing a clue as to the fact later seventeenth century rubble and fill. The evidential the building was constructed for a nobleman and not as a Whilst the bones of the Castle’s evolution are visible (the value of the Middle Bailey is high. public building. The changes made in the 1720s to lower remnants of medieval fabric and landscaping whispering of the ground floor window cills are legible as are Hine’s the great medieval castle and its layout, the Ducal Palace The Outer Bailey is the least researched and later restoration of the stonework. Less obvious perhaps indicating its private occupation as a nobleman’s home and archaeologically explored area of the three baileys. is the fact that there were once staircases on the east and transformation into a museum, the memorials and gardens Little is known about the medieval layout and use of the west sides of the building and that the colonnade is not showing the creation of a place of civic commemoration Outer Bailey. There is high evidential potential for original although there is some indication of the latter in the in the late nineteenth century, the contrasting stonework archaeological finds that could provide evidence of the different stonework. The illustrative value of the Palace is demonstrating the extensive Edwardian restoration), much medieval use of the Outer Bailey and also potentially high. of the fabric is not readily intelligible to visitors. Equally evidence of the later use of the area as allotments. The there are significant parts of the Castle’s history that are rock cut ditch, which was partially infilled with the rubble Internally, Hine rebuilt the vertical partitions on the same not or scarcely visible: the devastating impact of the riot, the from the demolished medieval buildings in the seventeenth lines as the originals in the main palace but he changed the use of the Outer Bailey for allotments, the larger castle site century and later with plant matter, also has high floor levels so that the sense of a piano nobile between incorporating the North Bailey and the parkland, and so on. evidential potential. The walks created from the east two lesser floors has been lost. The generosity of space terrace down to the Outer Bailey probably date from 1908 and the architectural detailing indicate Hine’s work whilst On the other hand, individual and groups of elements of the and are thought to incorporate some reused medieval later changes have meaner proportions and more utilitarian site work together to illustrate parts of the Castle’s history stone. Beyond the Outer Bailey, it is also possible that detailing as well as remnants of Hine’s architectural when considered separately. Little remains of the later there may be buried archaeology associated with the Drill mouldings such as the pediment at floor level in the medieval castle and less still for the early medieval castle. Hall. Overall, there is considerable scope to learn more Ceramics gallery. Walker altered the vertical partitions However, there is still a clear demarcation of the Outer about the medieval castle from both the above and below in the Kitchen Wing, which has been further altered by Bailey, albeit curtailed at the north end, as distinct from the ground archaeology. It is also possible that there may be the insertion of the mezzanine. The areas of original floor two upper baileys and from the surrounding city, by changes some remains indicating later uses of the site despite the on the lower mezzanine and the ceiling mouldings on the in ground level and by the location of the Gatehouse, the considerable relocation of earth that occurred to create upper mezzanine provide evidence that a mezzanine has outer walls and towers and the Outer and Middle Bailey the Ducal Palace, the levelling of the Middle Bailey and the been inserted. The alterations to the museum are generally Bridges. The restoration of these elements is generally landscaping of the Outer Bailey. legible although perhaps less obvious to visitors is the fact clearly legible through the contrast in materials. On Middle that the entirety of the interior is Victorian or later. The Bailey Green, the lines of the lost state apartments have The Ducal Palace has medium evidential potential illustrative value of the interiors is medium. been marked out in the grass to aid understanding of to reveal more about its construction and development the later medieval castle. Although demolished, the state although it is likely that the fire and subsequent clearance At a broader level, the Castle’s existence demonstrates apartments are important in the history of royal works. As works destroyed much of the evidence relating to the William I’s strategic view of the country two years before part of a group of buildings commissioned by Edward IV Dukes’ occupation of the Palace and therefore surviving the rebellion and harrying of the North. It also stands a that include St George’s Chapel at Windsor and the Great evidence will relate to the late nineteenth century works to testament to the ongoing importance of the site in terms create the museum. of political rule until the Civil War, which both destroyed

128 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE the physical fabric of medieval England and transformed the The Ducal Palace is a rather inexpert essay in Baroque visible. Generally the museum interiors have medium political landscape to render castles such as Nottingham design in which the different façades do not meet aesthetic value with the two main staircases and the main redundant. convincingly at the corners. Thought to be the work first floor gallery having high aesthetic value and the of Samuel Marsh, it was altered following advice from newer insertions having neutral aesthetic value. Vanbrugh and later restored with different windows by TC Overall, the illustrative value of the Castle is HIGH. Hine. The east façade is the principal façade and the most Overall, the aesthetic value of the Castle is HIGH. decorated with ornate window frames although these have Aesthetic Value mostly been repaired or replaced by Hine. The south side is also more highly decorated and this and the east façade Associative Value Although much of the medieval castle structures have been would have been the more public sides overlooking the The Castle site has a wealth of associations with people and lost, enough survives to enable archaeologists and historians city. On the west side of the building, part of the courtyard events of international, national and local importance. As to conjecture as to the appearance of the castle in the was infilled at ground floor level and a colonnade added, a royal castle, Nottingham has associations with medieval fifteenth century. Understanding the design of Nottingham which sits fairly harmoniously with the earlier building. The monarchs from the eleventh until the mid-seventeenth Castle can aid medieval historians in understanding the aesthetic value of the exterior of the Ducal Palace is high. century. It was under William I’s direction that the castle development of castle design across England just as The older of the two small extension to the north-west was was first established. The Gatehouse was built in the reign understanding other castles has helped to inform the designed by Hine and built using reclaimed materials but of Henry III, as was the round tower in the Middle Bailey, interpretation of Nottingham. Richard’s Tower has links to its aesthetic value is low. The newer extension has been providing physical links with him whilst the remains of the great tower at Raglan and also to later tower houses. designed to harmonise with the Ducal Palace in terms of its Richard’s Tower and the outline of the state apartments The Gatehouse, in terms of its design, sits between the stone walls but has a contrasting terracotta balustrade. are a tangible link with Edward IV and Richard III. The twelfth century square gates and the fully towered gates latter’s connection to the Castle is strengthened by the of Edward I’s Welsh castles. As an example of its period, The façades forming the Kitchen Courtyard also have fact it was from Nottingham that he rode out to defeat at the Gatehouse is significant as it is one of three gatehouses medium aesthetic value. The symmetrical façade of the the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. Other kings had an impact to survive from Henry III’s reign. The design value of the Kitchen Wing was rebuilt by Walker. The arches over the on the Castle’s physical fabric that can be less definitely medieval elements is high. stores opposite have also been rebuilt in stone whilst the confirmed but the events involving them at the Castle were openings contain fine ironwork gates. The education facility nonetheless important: Richard I laid siege to the Castle The Gatehouse as it survives today, although its windows in the corner of the courtyard disrupts the harmony of the to re-establish his rule and the Castle’s fortifications were were altered prior to the Edwardian restoration and it was space and whilst the stone used for the walls blends with improved thereafter. Similarly, the exact passage used by heavily restored in the early twentieth century, appears the rest, the mono-pitched asphalt roof detracts from the Edward III to surprise and capture Roger Mortimer is a not to have been changed extensively. It is an imposing aesthetic value of the courtyard as does the tarmac surface. matter of dispute but undoubtedly the rare sandstone structure in the streetscape and probably the most cave network that exists beneath the Castle facilitated this recognisable element of the Castle. The walls and towers of Although the ducal interiors have been lost, the museum significant national change as the king assumed personal the Outer Bailey have also been rebuilt over the centuries interiors designed by Hine sought to evoke the Baroque rule. Legend has it that Edward III used the caves to hold and heavily restored in the early twentieth century. The style with semi-circular pediments above large scale door David II of Scotland prisoner in 1346, although there is patchwork appearance adds to the character of the walls architraves and large scrolling brackets along the ceilings. evidence that he was held in the . although their appearance is marred by the vegetation The Gothic balustrades in the main staircases seem, growing out of the walls. The Middle Bailey Bridge has a consequently, rather out of place. The integrity of Hine’s A further royal association is with Charles I. Although clear design to it although its setting currently makes it designs has been marred by later interventions such as the he raised the Royal Standard to the north of the current seem almost as though it is a later Romantic or Picturesque mezzanine galleries, the redecoration which has concealed Castle site, it was then part of the larger castle complex. feature than the genuine remnant of a . original floor finishes particularly on the ground floor and Not only was the ensuing Civil War a major national event The aesthetic value of the above ground medieval built the introduction of modern grilles on the windows. Walker’s that transformed the country, particularly politically and fabric is generally medium although the Gatehouse has textiles galleries have suffered more comprehensively with socially, but the Civil War would result in the slighting of high aesthetic value. only the original ceiling and small areas of the floor finish medieval castles across the country, including Nottingham. 129 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

The built landscape of the nation was dramatically changed His architectural advice was enacted by local craftsmen Communal Value and the subsequent abandonment of many castles or including James Moore, a cabinet maker, and joiner William The museum and art gallery was established for the benefit their rebuilding, as at Nottingham, for peaceful purposes Smallwood. The restoration of the Castle and its conversion of local people and it, and the medieval remains, provide reflected the political change that centralised power in into a museum was designed by local architect TC Hine an ongoing opportunity for formal and informal learning, London and allowed for non-violent political conflict and and the restoration of the Kitchen wing and creation through schools groups and personal visits. The decorative change through a national parliament. of the original textile galleries was designed by another arts collection, that forms the foundation of the museum’s local architect, Herbert Walker, who also designed the collections, can facilitate learning about methods of Also associated with the Castle’s early history are the two Waterworks. The ethos of and the collections held by the manufacture as well as inspire new design. William Peverels, father and son, who held Nottingham museum were established by the first director and curator, Castle on behalf of their kings from William I until the 1140s, George Harry Wallis, who held the post for over fifty years. The museum also forms a repository of collective memory when William Peverel the younger was captured fighting for in collecting objects that relate to and celebrating the Stephen in the Civil War and was subsequently stripped of The Castle site has associations with the Robin Hood Rifles achievements of Nottingham. The gallery of the Story of the considerable assets that the Peverels had been awarded and its successor, the Sherwood Foresters Regiment and Nottingham has been truncated by the new Riot 1831 by William I. This connection is not reflected in the surviving this is evidenced both in the memorials in the Park and gallery and whilst there has been some attempt to ensure fabric at the Castle but the road to the south-east of Castle the gallery dedicated to the regiment in the Ducal Palace. the important fact of Nottingham’s place in Britain’s is called Peveril Drive. The memorials commemorate those who died in the late industrial development is acknowledged, it is not the main nineteenth century Second Afghan Wars, which provides point of the exhibition. Similarly since the closing of the Although less well known, the Earls of Rutland also were a connection with the memorials to other colonial wars in textile galleries, there is relatively little of Nottingham’s st associated with Nottingham Castle. The 1 Earl served as the Arboretum; Captain Albert Ball, the first celebrity air most famous manufactures on display.5 Constable in the early sixteenth century as did the 6th Earl ace who was killed in the First World War; those in the who purchased the Castle in 1622. Although there are no Sherwood Foresters who were killed in the First World The communal value of the site is HIGH. physical remnants of their connection with the Castle at the War; the people of Nottingham and Nottinghamshire who site, two inventories of the medieval castle still survive in have been awarded the Victoria Cross; and Major Jonathan the family’s archives at Belvoir Castle. White, the first commander of the Robin Hood Rifles. The BANDSTAND bust of the latter is by sculptor . The Bandstand was constructed in 1908 when the Outer Much more strongly associated with the Castle and Bailey was relandscaped as a park and a year after a similar especially the surviving fabric of the Ducal Palace are the Exactly who Robin Hood was and when, or even if, he though slightly smaller bandstand had been constructed Dukes of Newcastle. The Castle site was bought by the was alive has been much debated. However, the legend of at the Arboretum. It is a simple glazed timber structure 1st Duke and works on the Palace began at the end of his Robin Hood is internationally known and consequently so on a brick base and, beyond possibly revealing earlier life and were continued by the 2nd Duke. The 1st Duke of too is Nottingham Castle, the supposed scene of the final decorative schemes, has little evidential potential. It sits as the 2nd creation undertook some alterations, such as the battle between Robin Hood and the Sheriff of Nottingham. the focal point in the 1908 park scheme and consequently lowering of the ground floor window cills, which can still be As such, physical representations of the connection have has medium illustrative value. There is no architect or seen. increased in recent decades. Outside the Gatehouse is an craftsman associated with it but there are records in historic area with two statues, one of Robin Hood and one of his newspapers of the bands and musicians who have played in The Ducal Palace is thought to have been worked on by men, together with four plaques showing scenes from the it therefore its associative value is low. The Bandstand is a Samuel Marsh of Lincoln, a mason who was also responsible legend. Another wicker statue of Robin Hood stands in the well-preserved typical example of an Edwardian bandstand for the works to the Duke of Newcastle’s other castle Outer Bailey whilst a gallery exploring the legend of Robin and it forms an attractive feature in the park. Its aesthetic at Bolsover. The later alterations in the early eighteenth Hood occupies part of the Ducal Palace. value is high. The Bandstand is still used for its original century were advised by Sir John Vanbrugh, architect of Castle Howard, Blenheim Palace and Grimsthorpe Castle. The associative value of the Castle site is HIGH. 5 Nottingham’s industrial and textile collections are explored in depth at other NCMG museumsz 130 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE purpose hosting musical entertainment and now it is also The concrete structure to the east of the Bothy, which has medium evidential potential to reveal more used for private events such as weddings so its communal is almost concealed by its covering of creeper, was about how it was constructed, decorated and used. The value is deemed to be medium. probably an ARP warden or fire watcher’s post that was evidential potential of the exterior is low as there has subsequently adapted with the window being reduced to a been less alteration. BOTHY rifle loop. Whilst the aesthetic value of the structure is The single-storey, early nineteenth century Bothy is a low, it has illustrative value in demonstrating the park’s use The exterior of the Waterworks on its two street façades is relatively simple structure but one that it not thought to during the Second World War. Although used as a store largely unaltered and is marred only by the poor condition have been the subject of much investigation. It is therefore currently, the structure does have educational potential of the joinery and brickwork and the grille over one of deemed to have medium evidential potential to reveal value. the ground floor windows. The courtyard elevations were more about its construction and use, although it should not designed to be seen and were constructed using a be noted that only the exterior has been inspected. The WATERWORKS cheaper brick but moulded brick arches and decorative building was constructed probably in the second decade Apart from the earlier north-east building, the Waterworks cast iron brackets were incorporated and enhance the of the nineteenth century when the site was no longer building was built c.1900 to a design by Herbert Walker appearance of the façades. The older north-east building used by the Dukes of Newcastle and the Outer Bailey to replace a previously existing Waterworks building, is more functional in appearance and has been somewhat was divided into allotments with small structures built which had been set back from the road. The Waterworks marred by the extension to the south and alterations to on them. A building labelled stables is shown in a plan was converted in the later twentieth century to form the the ground floor openings. The original cobbled surface of from 1839 but it is not clear whether the current building offices for the City Council’s Museums staff and collections the courtyard, visible in a pothole, has been covered with already adapted or whether it was built a new for the use stores. Despite the removal of various partitions and hardstanding that detracts from the character of the yard. of the Robin Hood Rifles in 1859. Its illustrative value is the insertion of new partitions and a mezzanine floor, The appearance of the yard is also marred by the various medium as a representation of this period and the way the building remains relatively legible. The house at the items that are being stored and the vegetation growth. in which the Robin Hood Rifles used the Castle site. The west end of the building is distinctive from the rest of the The areas of glazed roof covering would also benefit from building was used as the Orderly Room of the Robin Hood building and has retained important features such as the cleaning. The aesthetic value of the street façades is high Rifles between 1859 and 1893. There is a photograph main stair, glazed entrance screen, architectural mouldings whilst the courtyard façades are of medium aesthetic of the building with Major Jonathan White outside. The and several fireplaces. Elsewhere in the building, the glazed value. connection to the Rifles or with the memorial bust is not bricks, although often painted, are still visible and there clear in the surviving fabric. The associative value is are a number of historic doors and architectural features. The interiors of the Waterworks have been marred by therefore very low. The Bothy, though marred by later Externally, the building has retained its original form with institutional changes and redecoration but the retention of extensions and its poor immediate setting as well as its only a few extensions or alterations, which are generally the glazed entrance screen in the house, other architectural poorly maintained appearance, has medium aesthetic legible from the change in material. The ironwork gate mouldings and fittings there and the glazed bricks, historic value. It has a restrained elegance that is enhanced by the and etched glass proclaims the original purpose of the doors and ceiling mouldings elsewhere contribute to a timber doorcase with Ionic columns on its east façade, building. Overall, the illustrative value is medium. The medium aesthetic value to the interiors of the house which was added after 1887. The building is used by the associative value, through the evident connections with and a low aesthetic value to the interiors of the rest of Parks Team and is not open to the public. The bank in the Nottingham Waterworks Company and with the the building. front of the building means it is not highly visible. The architect Herbert Walker, is also medium. It is interesting communal value is therefore deemed to be low. to note that Walker, who also designed the textile gallery in Only one room in the north-east building is used by the Kitchen Wing, used the same terrazzo floor finish in the the public for school visits or other groups. However, The flat roofed extension to the west of the Bothy detracts kitchen of the Waterworks house as he did in the gallery. the building performs an important function in storing from the appearance and character of the Bothy. The some of the City’s collections and making them available pitched roof extension has medium aesthetic value. The Waterworks building has been altered in the latter to researchers. The communal value of the building is part of twentieth century and the building’s interior therefore deemed to be low.

Summary significance plans can be found on page 147. 131 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

BREWHOUSE YARD COTTAGES weekends but which is also used by school groups during The setting of Rock Cottage is marred by the municipal The cottages in Brewhouse Yard were probably built in the the week. The exterior of the building also contributes to brick-walled access stair and the poor appearance of the late seventeenth century and were used as dwellings until the attractive green space that is open to the public at the caves. the 1970s when it was substantially restored and converted foot of Castle Rock. The communal value of Brewhouse into the Museum of Nottingham Life. The evidential Yard overall is therefore high. Summary significance plans can be found on page 149. potential of the buildings to yield information about their construction and development is medium. It appears The Brewhouse Yard caves are considered under the caves CAVES that some areas of the museum have been heavily altered section. The man-made caves cut into Castle Rock are a distinctive but there are areas, such as the second floor store rooms, feature of Nottingham Castle, which, like the city, is built where it is evident that much of the original fabric survives. Summary significance plans can be found on page 148. on soft sandstone that can be readily carved into caves. The extent of fabric survival behind the shop front displays The caves are not stable in that they are constantly being on the second floor is not known. ROCK COTTAGE eroded and there have also been periodic collapses. Caves Note: only the east façade and the ground floor rooms were certainly existed below the medieval castle but these have The restoration of the 1970s removed elements of the accessible at the time of inspection. continued to be altered and extended until at least the mid- building’s development, such as the external render, and twentieth century. homogenised features such as the windows. Internally, the Located near the base of Castle Rock on its own small original layout or even subdivision of the cottages is not promontory, Rock Cottage was probably constructed The series of caves known as the Western Passage entirely clear and the museum displays serve to further in the late seventeenth century at the same time as the incorporates King David’s Dungeon, Romylowe’s Cave, the obscure the original function and use of different rooms. other Brewhouse Yard cottages. The ground floor was Wine Cellar and an ice house. These caves are generally The illustrative value of the interiors is low and of the converted to form part of the Museum of Nottingham Life deemed to have medium evidential value in showing exteriors is medium. in the late twentieth century whilst the upper two floors how the caves were altered and used over the centuries provide residential accommodation for a member of staff. and also from the potential to study the graffiti on the The Brewhouse Yard Cottages does not have particular The building has medium evidential potential to walls. The illustrative value of the caves is generally associations with architects or craftsmen and both were reveal more about its construction and development. The medium with King David’s Dungeon and the Wine Cellar built before the site passed into the ownership of the internal layout with a central stair appears to be the original having high illustrative value. The associative value Dukes of Newcastle in the mid-nineteenth century. Its layout giving the building medium illustrative value. of the Western Passage is generally medium as they associative value is therefore low. Like the Brewhouse Yard cottages there are no known have connections with both the royal castle and the later craftsmen associated with the cottage and it only passed Ducal Palace. King David’s Dungeon has high associative The exterior of the building is largely symmetrical and into the hands of the Dukes of Newcastle in the mid- value for its connection with David II and Edward III, who constructed from traditional building materials with the pale nineteenth century so its associative value is low. The imprisoned the Scottish king here. The aesthetic value of red bricks toning harmoniously with the sandstone rock symmetrical façade and the use of traditional materials give the caves is medium, deriving principally from the natural behind. Although slightly marred by some of the newer its main façade medium aesthetic value. The interiors beauty of the layers of sand that make up the stone and doors to the caves, the aesthetic value of the exterior are predominantly from the 1970s restoration and later create patterns in the walls as well as from the curved is medium. The interiors, which comprise a variety of redecoration so the interiors have low aesthetic value. surfaces created by the continuous erosion. The aesthetic museum displays from recreated rooms and shop interiors value is occasionally marred by intrusions such as the rusting to rooms full of cases with dated displays signalled by The ground floor is used as part of the museum and is open steel lintels and the timber frame in Romylowe’s cave. yellowing interpretation cards. The aesthetic value of the to the public at weekends and to school parties during the The Wine Cellar, which is dominated by the brick vault, interiors is low. week. This gives this floor high communal value but has low aesthetic value. The communal value of the the upper floors, which are not open to the public have Western Passage is generally high as they are open daily The building houses the Museum of Nottingham Life, which neutral communal value. to the public through the popular cave tours and can also is a social history museum that is open to the public at be toured virtually online at the Nottingham Caves Survey

132 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE website. The lower part of the Western Passage is not readily The Brewhouse Yard Caves are located behind the Whilst there are considerable variations in age, accessibility accessible and has lower communal value. Brewhouse Yard Cottages and are thought to have been and our understanding of the caves it is generally created at the same time as the cottages were built in the acknowledged that taken as a group they have high Mortimer’s Hole, similarly, has medium evidential value late seventeenth century. They have not been subject to signicance. Whilst there may be scope for some minor arising from what has and can be learned from the caves the same level of study as the caves below the Upper and alterations to individual caves in the future the importance of through close analysis. The illustrative value is high in Middle Baileys and therefore are deemed to have medium the group value should be ackowledged. clearly demonstrating the route from Brewhouse Yard to evidential potential. Although the caves have been the Upper Bailey, although a small section of the passage joined together, which they probably were not originally, A summary significance plan can be found on page 141. has been rebuilt with fibreglass which looks like sandstone. the alterations in terms of brick reinforcement over the The associative value is high through its connection centuries and the alterations to the Cosmic Cave are legible LANDSCAPE with Edward III and the capture of Mortimer although it is and so the illustrative value of the caves is medium. The The areas that once comprised the three baileys of the accepted that the passage may have been misidentified. The Caves have been much altered and are partially concealed Castle, the site of the former Drill Hall and Brewhouse Yard aesthetic value is medium: Mortimer’s Hole has arguably by assorted interpretation panels and exhibition props. The represent different types and layers of landscaping. Perhaps a more attractive sculpted appearance than the Western aesthetic value is generally low. The Brewhouse Yard the most significant feature of the landscape is the Castle Passage but the utilitarian handrails slightly detract from its caves are open to the public at weekends and to school Rock itself, the massive geological feature that is the reason appearance. The concrete steps are necessary to facilitate its groups during the week and a virtual tour is also available for the Castle’s existence in this location and the facilitator of regular use in tours and although are slightly intrusive, they online. They are important because most of the caves in the distinctive cave system. are generally covered with eroded sand which minimises Nottingham are privately owned and these are the only their impact on the appearance of Mortimer’s Hole. The domestic caves that are frequently publicly accessible and Also of high significance are the remnants of the shaping communal value is high as it forms part of the public cave are fully wheelchair accessible. The communal value is of the land for the medieval castle fortifications. The building tours and can be toured virtually. therefore high. of the Ducal Palace across the Upper and Middle Baileys, the gradual infill of the moat and the earthworks in the Outer The Upper Bailey Cave, the Middle Bailey Passage and The Rock Cottage Caves are located behind and around Bailey have lessened the legibility of the three medieval the Water Cave were not accessible. It is thought that the Rock Cottage. They are generally shallow caves with metal baileys and the moat but they are more or less discernible. entrance from the Middle Bailey to the Middle Bailey Passage gates across them. Their evidential potential is medium The illustrative value is therefore medium. This part has collapsed so access is via 2 Castle Grove. There is a whilst the illustrative value of the caves is also medium of the landscape has high potential to reveal more about virtual online tour of it which describes it as possibly the as the changes and reinforcement with brick pillars and walls the medieval castle through archaeological excavation as passage that Edward III really used instead of Mortimer’s is readable. With no known connections, the associative discussed under the Castle Evidential section above. Hole. value is neutral. The aesthetic value of the caves is generally low, marred by overgrown vegetation and rubbish The area that was approximately once the Upper Bailey The Castle Road caves are not used and are not accessible that collects behind the gates. Most are visually accessible to now comprises the east, south and west terraces around to the public signified only by doors in Castle Rock, so the public but are entry is barred by metal gates. They do the Ducal Palace, which together form an important circular their communal value is neutral. There is medium contribute positively to the green space at the foot of Castle walk around the Palace. Of these terraces, the east terrace is evidential potential to learn more about how the caves Rock. The communal value is deemed to be medium. the most significant as this was created as the setting for the were used. The caves have low illustrative value in principal façade of the Palace and its component parts, the showing how the base of Castle Rock was excavated for use The Air Raid Shelter Caves were reputedly cut during the terrace, stairs and gate piers, are all listed. The terrace wall but their function as houses is not readily legible externally First World War as practice ranges. They are currently used was probably rebuilt by Hine but it nonetheless contributes and neutral associative value as there are no known by a gun club so apart from members, the caves are closed to the high illustrative value of the terrace. The medium persons associated with them. The Castle Road caves have to the public. The communal value is deemed to be low. aesthetic value of the terrace that arises from the stone low aesthetic value. The caves were not accessible for assessment. steps, gate piers and stone lions as well as the proportions of the terrace, is marred by the flower pots put on the central

133 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE piers of the wall, the garden furniture stored at the southern the statue of Major Jonathan White, which is located in the the local and national awards won as part of Nottingham in end of the terrace and the temporary museum entrance approximate position from which he commanded on the Bloom. sign. The associative value of the terrace is medium and parade ground. Overall, the illustrative and associative arises from the connection with the Dukes of Newcastle, values of the Middle Bailey are medium. Aesthetically, On the west side of the Outer Bailey are two features that for whom it was designed, Samuel Marsh, the 1st Duke’s the Middle Bailey has low value marred by the area of were brought to the gardens: one is a fine neo-classical architect, and TC Hine, who carried out restoration work. worn reinforced grass used for parking, the ill-concealed bin doorcase with high aesthetic value that is listed as the store and the children’s play area, of which the easternmost entrance to the Porter’s Lodge. The other feature is a small The south terrace has largely been rebuilt in the early tower is detrimental because it protrudes above the line section of the medieval City Wall that was erected near twenty first century following the 1996 landslide. The of the Middle Bailey in views from the Outer Bailey. The the Middle Bailey Bridge. Its location is not significant and its boundary wall was partly replaced with a glass screen and communal value is high, however, because it is a relatively illustrative value is detrimental. the terrace repaved. The outdoor seating for the café and large area of open level space in the city centre and has the viewing telescopes enhance the communal value of the been much used for parades and events over the years and The Outer Bailey accommodates several memorials terrace, which attracts many visitors, but somewhat mar its continues to be. connected with Service personnel from the city and aesthetic value. The aesthetic value of the south terrace county of Nottingham, particularly those who served with is generally low although the communal value is high, The Outer Bailey represents an evolution of the park laid the Sherwood Foresters regiment. Of these, the most enhanced by being a designated flag flying station in the city. out in 1908. It has been altered by the addition of memorials significant is the Captain Albert Ball memorial, which is the and memorial trees and some alteration to the paths and most elaborate memorial with high aesthetic value but The west terrace lacks coherence with different paving and flowerbeds over the past century. As such, its illustrative which also has high associative value for its association tarmac, assorted bins, benches and public artworks. The value is medium. The tree-lined avenues leading to the with the pilot who was Britain’s highest scoring ace at the mosaic panels of paving detract from the western approach Bandstand (see separate assessment of heritage values for time of his death. It has high communal value as the focal to and view of the Palace. The aesthetic value of the the Bandstand), the bright floral displays and the rockery point of an annual commemorative service by members of terrace is low. As the approach to the main entrance to the contribute to its generally high aesthetic value at a local the Armed Forces. The heritage values of the memorials museum, the communal value of the terrace is medium. level. The rock cut ditch has become overgrown with largely generally lie in their associative and communal value. These It would have been the carriage approach to the Ducal self-seeded trees that mar the illustrative value of the rock are listed in the table on page 138. Further information on Palace and it retains some sense of this although the road cut ditch. There is incorporated into the bank below the east put in by Hine is misleading. Also the listed gate piers that the significance of the memorials can also be found in the mark the approach were probably moved from a position terrace a stone retaining wall and seat that are thought to be Heritage Statement on the monuments prepared by Stephen slightly further east by Hine. The illustrative value is a medieval fireplace, possibly from Edward IVs apartments, Bradwell in November 2013. therefore medium. that was reused by Hine. Its evidential value is medium but its current location diminishes its illustrative value. The site of the former Drill Hall to the south-east of the The Middle Bailey is the least significant of the three baileys Gatehouse was laid out in 1951 as a garden or square that in terms of its landscaping. The late nineteenth century The communal value of the site is also high as valued commemorates the Castle’s internationally recognised road was carved through the north end of the Middle green space in the city centre that is used for public and links with the legend of Robin Hood. The area has low Bailey resulting in the separation of the extant above private events. Since charging for entry to the grounds illustrative value in terms of indicating the site’s earlier ground medieval remains from the Green, a division that is was introduced, with no separate fee for access to the uses but it has high associative value arising from the reinforced by the hedge planted atop the retaining wall. grounds only, the grounds are less used on a daily basis by connection with Robin Hood and, to a lesser extent, with The demarcations of the medieval state apartments enhance local people. Nonetheless, the Castle Grounds provide an HM the Queen, who, with the Duke of Edinburgh, are the illustrative value of the landscape but also serve to mask important space for parades and public events such as the commemorated in a plaque as unveiling the garden in 1951. the fact that the Green was substantially altered to create New Year fireworks and the Robin Hood Pageant. It is also The two statues and four plaques are in good repair and a level surface for a pleasure ground alongside the Ducal available for people to hire for their own private celebrations the trees that almost hide the second sculpture could be Palace and was later used as a military parade ground. This such as weddings. The Castle Grounds have also been a said to reflect the fact that Robin Hood was supposed to latter use of the Middle Bailey is commemorated through contributor to Nottingham’s civic achievements through live in Sherwood Forest. The aesthetic value is medium.

134 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

The communal value of the area is high as it is a popular SUMMARY OF THE ASSESSMENT OF HERITAGE The medieval structures have high design value and the attraction where people come to take their photographs VALUES Gatehouse in particular has high aesthetic value. The with the statue of Robin Hood. Nottingham Castle is a highly significant site with a large aesthetic value of the Ducal Palace externally is generally number of heritage assets, the importance of which are high, except for its extensions to the north-west, whilst Brewhouse Yard is currently a flat irregular area of grass recognised by their individual listings. The Castle site the interiors are generally of medium aesthetic value with pathways running across it, some trees near the street has been in use for over 950 years and there are several except for the main staircases and long gallery which have and flowerbeds near the Waterworks and cottages. The phases to its development: a medieval castle (initially a high value and the areas of recent alterations which are of area gives no indication of the River Leen that once flowed strategic fortification and later a royal castle), a nobleman’s neutral aesthetic value. through it, the mills that were built alongside the river or private residence, a museum, military parade ground and the timber yard and demolished buildings that occupied a municipal garden. The different layers of history are The communal value of the Castle is high as it is both a the site in the nineteenth century. The area’s illustrative reflected in the built fabric and landscape. repository of collective memory and a celebration of the value is therefore low. There is, however, high evidential achievements of Nottingham. potential for buried archaeology relating to these The Castle, in terms of the extant medieval structures and previous uses. The area is unimaginative in its design and known buried archaeology in the Upper and Middle Baileys, Relatively, the medieval structures have the highest its appearance is marred by faded signage and a blank has high evidential value whilst the Outer Bailey has high significance on the site because the site was created as interpretation board on the eastern side. The aesthetic evidential potential for revealing buried archaeology to a defensive fortification and remained in use as such for value is therefore low. The area is open to the public free improve knowledge regarding the least understood part 600 years. The Ducal Palace also has high significance, both of charge and therefore provides an amenity that gives the of the site. Whereas the evidential value of the medieval as a building and as an important early municipally funded area medium communal value. elements are of importance not only to understanding museum and gallery. Nottingham’s medieval castle but potentially to aiding COLLECTIONS understanding of other medieval castles, the Ducal Palace, There are, however, a number of other listed buildings on The collections do not form part of this study but it is which has medium evidential potential, is only likely to the site which have been assessed as heritage assets in their worth noting that the museum holds some very fine reveal evidence that would enhance understanding of the own right rather than relative to the importance of the collections. The lace and lace machinery collections are conversion of the Palace to the museum. medieval castle. In the Outer Bailey, the 1908 Bandstand Designated, reflecting their national importance, and has high aesthetic and communal value whilst the these and the rest of the textile and costume collections The component parts of the Castle, namely the medieval early nineteenth century Bothy, currently used by the Parks are mostly on display at Newstead Abbey). There is an fabric and the Ducal Palace, have high illustrative value Team, has medium illustrative and aesthetic value excellent collection of nineteenth and twentieth century in terms of demonstrating their use and the changes that although low communal value. At the foot of Castle art by Nottingham artists such as RP Bonnington and Paul have occurred to them but as a whole site, it is not readily Rock, the Brewhouse Yard cottages and Rock Cottage are Sandby. Also important are the collections of ceramics legible to visitors. In broader terms, the Castle also has seventeenth century structures that were heavily restored including the Nottingham saltglazed stoneware and the illustrative value in showing the strategic view of the country in the 1970s. The exterior of the Brewhouse cottages have largest collection of Wedgwood after the V&A. The Castle held by medieval kings, particularly William the Conqueror. medium aesthetic and illustrative values whereas the also holds a collection of the medieval alabasters made in The strong royal connections together with associations interior, which is arranged as the Museum of Nottingham the region, which were renowned across Europe, and a with favoured and noble families (the Peverels, the Earls of Life, has low aesthetic and illustrative values but high collection of Roman sculpture excavated at Nemi, some of Rutland and the Dukes of Newcastle) and architects and communal value. Rock Cottage generally has medium which is internationally important. craftsmen such as Vanbrugh, Samuel Marsh, TC Hine and heritage values although the ground floor, which is part Herbert Walker as well as the internationally recognised of the museum, has high communal value whereas the connection with the legend of Robin Hood gives the Castle private accommodation has neutral communal value. high associative value.

135 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

The early twentieth century Waterworks has medium garden outside the Outer Bailey has high communal illustrative and associative value. The street elevations and associative value although low illustrative value. have high aesthetic value whilst the remaining elevations Brewhouse Yard at the foot of Castle Rock, has high and the interiors of the house part have medium evidential potential to reveal more about the lost aesthetic value. Generally closed to the public but used landscape of the river and mills that once existed here. The for stores and accessible by researchers, the communal current garden has low aesthetic and illustrative value value is low. although medium communal value as a free-to-enter amenity space. Although beyond the scope of this report, Another important feature of Nottingham Castle is its it is worth noting that the collections at the Castle museum network of caves cut into the sandstone of Castle Rock. and art gallery include some highly significant collections, These are part of a unique system of caves under the including the lace and lace machinery collections, which have city. Of the caves, the most significant are the medieval recently received Designated status, having been identified and seventeenth century caves of the Western Passage, as being of national importance. Other highlights include the including King David’s Dungeon and the Wine Cellar, and locally made medieval alabasters, ceramics and archaeology. Mortimer’s Hole, which generally have medium aesthetic and evidential values and high illustrative, associative and communal values. Also significant is the Middle Bailey Passage, which though no longer accessible from the Castle, may have been the passage that Edward III actually used rather than Mortimer’s Hole. The Brewhouse Yard caves are important as examples of domestic caves that are regularly open to the public and the Air Raid Shelter Caves are of interest in showing the continued development of the caves in Castle Rock well into the twentieth century.

There are several different landscape areas within the site. Arguably the most significant landscape feature is the Castle Rock itself, which is the reason the Castle is located where it is. The surviving landforms of the baileys and rock cut ditch are also of high significance. The terraces around the Ducal Palace form an important part of the building’s setting and particularly the east terrace has high heritage values incorporating several individually listed features. The Middle Bailey, which is largely the result of the late nineteenth century reshaping of the grounds and the late twentieth century changes, and the Outer Bailey, which is an evolution of the park laid out in 1908, have high communal value as green spaces within the city and which are used for public and private events. The Robin Hood

136 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

SUMMARY OF HERITAGE VALUES FOR DIFFERENT FEATURES ACROSS THE SITE These summary heritage values reflect the analysis in the previous section and also provide heritage values for features not discussed in as much depth as they are peripheral to the main subjects of the HLF project. The headings and values are defined in section 3.1. The values in this table should not be taken out of context as they combine considerations of whether features are designated and the value of features relative to each other across the site.

Feature Evidential Illustrative Associative Aesthetic Communal Overall Potential/Value Value Value Value Value Value Medieval Fabric Gatehouse High High High High High High Outer Bailey Bridge High High Medium Medium Medium High Outer Bailey wall and towers High High Medium Medium Medium High Middle Bailey tower and walls High Medium High Low Low High Richard’s Tower High Low High Low Low High Middle Bailey Bridge High Medium Low High Medium High Moat and baileys High Medium Medium Low Medium High Buried archaeology High Low Depends on N/A Low High identification Ducal Palace Main Palace Medium Medium High High High High Kitchen Wing Medium Medium Medium Medium High High Stores High Medium Low Medium Low Medium Other Buildings Within the Castle Bandstand Low Medium Low High Medium Medium Bothy Medium Medium Low Medium Low Medium Air Raid Warden’s Shelter Low Medium Low Low Low Low Porter’s Lodge (doorcase) Low Detrimental Low High Low Low Men’s WCs Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral Low Neutral

137 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

Feature Evidential Illustrative Associative Aesthetic Communal Overall Potential/Value Value Value Value Value Value Memorials Afghan War Low Low Medium Medium Low Medium Memorial Sundial Low Low High Medium Medium Medium Captain Albert Ball Low Low High High High High Major Jonathan White Low Medium High Medium Medium Medium Victoria Cross Memorial Low Low High Low High Low Landscape East Terrace High High Medium Medium Medium High Steps Medium High Medium Medium Medium Medium Gate Piers (east) Low High Medium Medium Medium Medium Gate Piers (west) Low Low Medium Medium Medium Medium South Terrace High Medium Low Low High Medium West Terrace High Medium Medium Low Medium Medium Middle Bailey High Medium Medium Low High Medium Outer Bailey Gate piers Low Low Low Medium Medium Low Walks Medium Medium Low Low High Medium Tunnel Medium Medium Medium Low Low Medium Playarea Neutral Detrimental Neutral Detrimental High Detrimental Robin Hood Square Medium Low High Medium High Medium Brewhouse Yard High Low Low Low Medium Low

138 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

Feature Evidential Illustrative Associative Aesthetic Communal Overall Potential/Value Value Value Value Value Value Caves Western Passage Medium Medium Medium Medium High King David’s Dungeon Medium High High Medium High Wine Cellar Low High Medium Low High Mortimer’s Hole Medium High High Medium High Upper Bailey Cave Not assessed Not Not assessed Not Neutral assessed assessed High* Middle Bailey Passage Not assessed Not Not assessed Not Low assessed assessed Brewhouse Yard caves Medium Medium Low Low High Castle Road caves Medium Low Neutral Low Low Rock Cottage Caves Medium Medium Neutral Low Medium Waterworks Exterior Low High High High Low High Interior Medium Medium Medium Low/ Low Medium Medium Courtyard Low Low Neutral Neutral Neutral Low Brewhouse Yard Cottages Exterior Medium Medium Low Medium Medium High Interior Medium Low Neutral Low High Low Rock Cottage Exterior Medium Medium Low Medium Medium Medium Interior (ground floor) Medium Medium Neutral Low High Medium Interior (first and second floors) Not assessed Not Not assessed Not Neutral N/A assessed assessed

* Note whilst the values may vary for individual caves, the significance as a group is high 139 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

3.4 SIGNIFICANCE PLANS

SITEWIDE SIGNIFICANCE OF BUILT FABRIC High

Medium

Low N Neutral

Detrimental

Not Accessible

DO NOT SCALE FROM THESE PLANS

A A The listed Outer Bailey walls incorporates dif- ferent phases of building: greater evidential and illustrative value is attached to the surviving medieval fabric.

Refer to the table on pages 137 to 139 for specific values for each element

140 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

CAVES

High

Medium N Low Neutral

Detrimental

Not Accessible

DO NOT SCALE FROM THESE PLANS

Refer to the table on page 139 for specific values Note whilst the values may vary for individual caves, the significance as a group is high

141 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

DUCALDO NOT PALACESCALE FROM THESE PLANS

High

1 Wall above of high signi cance Medium 2 Floorscape of neutral value Low 3 A medieval replace is located in this area Neutral Detrimental

Not Accessible

Footbridge Approximate location of replaces/niches/ N openings in the Ducal Palace prior to 1831 DO NOT SCALE FROM THESE PLANS

1

Courtyard

2

Courtyard

3

LOWER BASEMENT UPPER BASEMENT

142 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

DUCAL PALACE

High

Medium

N Low

Neutral

1 Detrimental

Not Accessible Approximate location of replaces/niches/ openings in the Ducal Palace prior to 1831

DO NOT SCALE FROM THESE PLANS

2

1 This mezzanine oor has a detrimental impact on the understanding of the space; the galleries retain the late nineteenth century architectural details at high level, which are of medium signicance. LOWER MEZZANINE 2 This is thought to be built of reused historic stone.

143 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

DUCAL PALACE

N

High

Medium

Low

Neutral

Detrimental

Not Accessible GROUND FLOOR Approximate location of replaces/niches/ openings in the Ducal Palace prior to 1831

DO NOT SCALE FROM THESE PLANS

144 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

DUCAL PALACE

High

Medium N Low

Neutral

Detrimental

Not Accessible Approximate location of replaces/niches/ openings in the Ducal Palace prior to 1831

DO NOT SCALE FROM THESE PLANS

UPPER MEZZANINE

145 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

DUCAL PALACE

High

Medium

Low

Neutral

Detrimental

Not Accessible Approximate location of replaces/niches/ openings in the Ducal Palace prior to 1831

DO NOT SCALE FROM THESE PLANS

N

FIRST FLOOR

SECOND FLOOR

FIRST AND SECOND FLOOR

146 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

WATERWORKS

High

Medium

Low

Neutral

Detrimental

Not Accessible

DO NOT SCALE FROM THESE PLANS

MEZZANINE A The visibility of the brick through the paint is signi cant to the character of

GROUND FLOOR the room N

A A A A A A

FIRST FLOOR

147 3 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

BREWHOUSE YARD

High

Medium

Low

Neutral

Detrimental

Not Accessible

DO NOT SCALE FROM THESE PLANS

N

GROUND FLOOR GROUND FLOOR

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Location of windows is approximate

148 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 ATTIC

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ROCK COTTAGE FIRST FLOOR High

Medium

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Neutral

Detrimental

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GROUND FLOOR 4 ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES

4.1 INTRODUCTION This section outlines the issues and vulnerabilities of the site before describing the opportunities it presents. This section has been informed by site visits, consultation questionnaire responses and discussion with members of NCC staff.

4.2 HERITAGE VALUE AND CHANGE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES Most of the structures on the site are listed and much of the site is also scheduled which means that most of the site is of national importance. However, this CMP aims to consider the site in more detail to distinguish between the relative significance of the different structures so as to guide future change.

Overall, the heritage value of the site, as a whole is very high but it is vulnerable to changes which could further erode understanding of the site and its former uses.

Within historic buildings there is often conflict between the conservation of important built fabric and the need to upgrade the building to perform a new function or improve an existing one. The Ducal Palace, the Gatehouse and the Outer Bailey wall and towers are Grade I listed whilst several structures including Brewhouse Yard Cottages and the Waterworks are Grade II listed whilst the site includes two scheduled ancient monuments. This means that their significance has been recognised and scheduled ancient monument consent and listed building consent is likely to be required when planning alterations (see Section 5.2 for further explanation). This brings the necessity of ensuring that the changes to these structures are sympathetic and the heritage value of the assets are sustained and enhanced.

There is a strong need for a clear strategic plan for the site that considers how the different layers of the site’s complex history can be best preserved and enhanced to make them clearer to visitors. The plan should identify where changes need to be

150 4 ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES made to achieve both the preservation of the heritage There are numerous memorials across the site and several 4.3 OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT assets, which means developing a long term plan for public art installations. Whilst these can add to the variety ISSUES regular maintenance and periodic renewal, and also the of the landscape, they have the potential to harm the setting enhancement of the heritage value of the site, through of the listed buildings, obscure the historic landscape and The Castle is almost entirely in NCC’s ownership but making it clearer what things are and how they relate to the make the site even harder to understand. Richard’s Tower is in separate private ownership. Similarly different phases of the site’s history. Currently works tend access to some of the caves beneath the Castle are also to be carried out in a piecemeal fashion that contributes OPPORTUNITIES in private gardens around the perimeter of the site. This means that there is limited access for inspection of these to the fragmented appearance of the site, from patched up There is much that is not fully understood about the site, caves and the Tower and they are rarely inspected as a paths to different styles of display. Changes carried out in a its development and historic uses. NCMG has developed result. piecemeal way without a strategic plan can accumulate to an extensive programme of research proposals, some of cause harm to the value of heritage assets. which are or are intended to be collaborations with other In recent years there have been several staff restructures. institutions. These include the Community Archaeology As a result, there are fewer staff at the Castle and As a general rule, those areas that have been identified (in Programme in association with York Archaeological Trust, Brewhouse Yard than there used to be in certain Section 3.4) as having considerable significance will have the recording and 3D visualisation of the caves, and two departments with remaining staff often having wide remits. less capacity for change than areas within buildings of low projects with Nottingham University to explore the theme There is a need to ensure detailed handovers of information or neutral significance. However, any change will need to be of rebellion and the subject of Ancient Nemi. The proposed to ensure continuity of knowledge. sympathetic to the heritage value of the asset and balance redevelopment project includes an important research the heritage value against the need to ensure buildings are component particularly the archaeological dig in the Outer The NCC ownership also means that the Castle’s staff form kept or brought back into sustainable long-term use. Any Bailey, which is the least explored area of the Castle. The part of a wider museums staff that work across other sites works that are carried out to the site should be mindful of various works to the Palace and other structures provide such as Wollaton Hall and Newstead Abbey. Staff on the the fact that older historic fabric often exists beneath newer a less formal opportunity for learning more about these same teams are not necessarily located in the same building alterations and repairs, for example, the original Ducal buildings. A detailed fabric analysis programme has also or even the same site. Similarly teams that work together Palace walls enclosed by the later Hine restoration. Any been commissioned and is being carried out by SLR are not necessarily co-located. Good communication is change needs to be judged against the very high significance Consulting. There is considerable scope for further research therefore essential between staff members and between of the site as a whole. programmes in the future. Research potentially could reveal teams. more about the site and its development which would Changes to the landscape need to be similarly planned enhance the heritage value of the site and also facilitate a Reliance on volunteers has increased as staff members and carefully considered. There are a number of trees, more informed approach to change to the heritage assets. some self-seeded, in the moat which not only obscure have decreased. The management of the volunteers is generally very good in terms of the opportunities offered this important medieval feature of the landscape but also Using current knowledge and further understanding and the management procedures. However, in the Museum block views of the Ducal Palace. Similarly a number of trees developed from research, there is considerable potential of Nottingham Life, which is only open at weekends, have been planted in the Outer Bailey, often as memorial to make the heritage value of the site clearer by sharing there is generally little overlap between volunteers and trees, that both clutter the park landscape and also are this knowledge with the public through the use of digital conservation staff, which means that conservation staff are inappropriate species that will grow too large for the site. technology. This has the advantages of not needing to alter not available to oversee work that the volunteers need to It should also be considered that tree roots can have a the physical fabric of the site and potentially being able to do. harmful impact on buried archaeology. That said, where the be undertaken in a shorter timescale than physical changes. trees are part of a historic planting scheme, there is a need for a programme for succession planting. OPPORTUNITIES Staff and volunteers should be helped to attend relevant training courses so that they can expand their knowledge relating to the care, maintenance and presentation of the site’s structures and collections. 151 4 ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES

4.4 CONDITION The Waterworks building is in fair condition but has a 4.5 MAINTENANCE number of leaking rainwater goods, some minor cracks to ISSUES ISSUES the walls, structural defects to the chimney in the boiler The last condition survey for the Castle site was carried out rooms and vegetation growing in and around the base of There is no overarching maintenance plan for the site; in advance of the preparation of the previous Conservation the walls. It also has a poorly designed courtyard canopy reliance is placed upon a maintenance log. It is essential on Management Plan and the findings were summarised in that that prevents safe access to clear the gulley abutting the a site as large as this and with many heritage assets that document. building. Internally, the plasterwork and paint decoration at regular maintenance is undertaken and annual deep-cleaning all floor levels is in poor condition in much of the building and repairs are carried out to preserve the heritage assets In the Palace generally, the external cornice is heavily due to damp, water ingress and salts.3 The public WCs on and collections. eroded, there are cracks in some of the walls which should the west side of the Waterworks building are in a very poor be monitored, evidence of water ingress in the first floor condition. Whilst regular maintenance is undertaken to address issues gallery ceilings, damp in the former Kitchen Wing and that are most noticeable to the public, there is a substantial generally tired decoration especially in back of house areas. The grounds are generally perceived to be in good backlog of maintenance work across the site, especially There is a problem with the smell emitted from the men’s condition with regular replanting of the floral displays and in back of house areas. Common across all the buildings WCs directly into the gallery. Painted metalwork on the timely maintenance of the lawns and other elements. The on the site is the issue of water ingress as a result of roof terraces around the Palace has flaked badly. patched condition of the paths detract from the appearance defects and inadequately maintained or defective rainwater of the gardens. The gardens around Brewhouse Yard are goods. Not only does this create unsightly damage to room In 2014, Purcell carried out condition surveys on the maintained by a team of volunteers and have just won finishes but in galleries and stores poses a substantial threat Museum of Nottingham Life, Rock Cottage and the a Green Flag Community Award. to collections, both the Castle’s own and those loaned for Waterworks. The survey for the Museum of Nottingham temporary exhibitions. Life recommended the clearing of the gutters, the removal The caves are being eroded by the wind and to an extent of the wasp nest from the attic, minor repairs to the roof in by visitor use. The nature of the sandstone means that As it is nearing the end of its life, the lift in the Palace is the short term and an overhaul of the roof in the long-term, it is prone to collapse if it becomes saturated or if the frequently out of order to the extent that there are signs minor brickwork repairs, plaster repairs, overhauling of rock if undercut. The ceiling of the Cosmic Cave behind warning visitors at the Gatehouse and a notice on the the windows, rewiring in the shop and a review of the fire the Brewhouse Yard cottages is vulnerable as a result of website. The long periods of lift failure arise from the 1 escape, signage and emergency lighting. It is understood its reshaping in the mid-twentieth century. In Mortimer’s fact that the replacement parts have to be manufactured works identified as urgent in the condition surveys have Hole, a rockfall led to the reshaping the cave with fibreglass bespoke. This affects the ability of visitors with mobility been carried out. It is also noted here that the Museum inserts. impairments or buggies to see parts of the Palace and it also is generally in poor decorative condition and has suffered prevents staff from being able to move collections around from leaks and heating that does not work. The lime ash Regular building condition surveys are not carried out. the building, with concomitant risks to themselves and the flooring on the upper floors is cracked. The corporate programme of quinquennial surveys needs objects in having to carry them up stairs. to be adhered to. In addition regular checks need to be Rock Cottage was generally found to be in fair condition carried out by NCC staff to ensure any problems are There have been some major issues affecting the Palace with a need for regular maintenance and some noticed quickly. that have arisen due to problems with the drainage. In redecoration, particularly where there has been water 1996, a serious rockfall occurred on the north-east side ingress on the second floor. Minor roof and pointing repairs This section is not intended to represent a condition survey of the Palace as a leak in the drainage system caused the 2 are required in the medium term. of the site. saturation of the rock. The incident exposed the footings of the Palace and some of the medieval archaeology. More 1 Purcell, Museum of Nottingham Life, Brewhouse Yard Condition Survey, recently, blocked drainage led to the swelling and distortion January 2015. of the floors in the shop and the adjacent gallery, which are 2 Purcell, Rock Cottage Condition Survey, December 2014. 3 Purcell, Waterworks, Brewhouse Yard Condition Survey, December 2014.

152 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 4 ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES of timber laid over Hine’s encaustic tiles. Such occurrences Several of the caves are rarely accessed or are inaccessible parties, suggests a lack of strategic planning as the identity could cause substantial harm or loss to the built fabric, as a result of missing keys. This means that they are not that the Castle wants to develop and convey. Nonetheless archaeology and collections. being regularly inspected so any deterioration in condition the events are highly valued by the community. would go unnoticed for long periods of time, potentially Despite recent maintenance works to the roofs, rainwater years. Events can cause damage or increase the risk of damage goods and chimneys in the Brewhouse Yard Cottages, there to the site and the collections. The outdoor events, was a leak that closed the temporary exhibition gallery It is noted that responsibility for maintenance has been particularly in October, cause damage to the lawns. As a earlier this year. Rainwater goods have limited egress for passed to a corporate landlord with centralised repairs and scheduled ancient monument, consent may be required for water so sudden inundation can overwhelm the relatively a framework repairs contract appointed across the whole all ground intrusions, including marquee pegs, and advice narrow downpipes resulting in water pooling at roof level. of NCC. This arrangement has exacerbated the disparate should always be sought from Historic England for these There have also been problems with infestations in the attic effect while the high cost of conservation repairs has been a and for any temporary alterations affecting the upstanding stores. drain on corporate repair budgets. scheduled fabric. The access routes and paths around the grounds are not suitable for the types of vehicles that The Waterworks building suffers from inadequate 4.6 USE service the events. The annual Christmas Craft Fayre is held maintenance of the roofs and rainwater goods and evidence in the Long Gallery, resulting in large numbers of people ISSUES of water ingress is widespread. Plaster has failed and not in the gallery, affecting the environmental conditions and been repaired in the Curator’s Office and the Library. The site is primarily used as a heritage attraction, which putting the artworks at risk of accidental damage. The The single storey office, which has a flat roof, has been facilitates its preservation. Nonetheless, there are conflicts Family Room, which contains artworks, is occasionally continuously affected by water ingress. Other examples that arise from the use of an important historic site, used as a warming kitchen to service banquets in the Long of maintenance issues in the building include the windows the requirements of storing and displaying collections Gallery. outside the conservation laboratories do not close as the and holding events to maximise income and to diversify winding mechanism is damaged and tiling in the ladies’ WCs audiences. During large events, there are issues with visitor circulation. is held down with tape. The central heating circuit needs Events The paths become congested especially the approach to the replacement and consequently the heating and hot water Bandstand and the path to Middle Bailey Bridge. As the two fail. The Castle hosts a number of big events throughout the year routes out of the Castle are both in the north-east corner, including participating in Light Night in February and Big Day visitor flows are constrained especially at the end of events. A schedule of cleaning exists but it needs to be enacted Out in April. The most popular events are the Beer Festival 4 for the protection of the collections. In the Museum of and the Pageant, both of which take place in October . The Nottingham Life, volunteers are meant to clean under the Museum of Nottingham Life hosts the 1940s Knees Up in supervision of conservation staff but they do not usually May. This year Mela, Nottingham’s South Asian arts and overlap so the building does not get cleaned. Museum culture festival, is to be held at the Castle. These events stores in the Waterworks also require attention. Poor generate much needed income for NCMG and encourage housekeeping can lead to damage and infestations. Further visitors who would not normally come to the Castle. information can be found in NCMG’s Collections Care and Conservation Plan (2014). The range of events dilute the message as to the purpose of the Castle. Many of the large events do not have a particular connection with the history or heritage values of the site, the exception being the Robin Hood themed Pageant. The diversity of events, some of which are organised by third

4 The Beer festival attracted 21,700 visitors in 2014.

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Stores Historic buildings often do not lend themselves to the that temporary exhibition crates are also maintained within storage of artworks. There are three main issues with the museum environmental conditions, which puts a further storage across the site: there is not enough storage space; strain on the demand for conditioned space. There is a plan the conditions in the stores are poor; and the location of for an additional collections store at Whitemoor Court, stores is often problematic. which needs investment in parallel to the Castle proposals.

Internal consultees from various different teams emphasised The stores generally lack environmental conditioning that the storage on the site, whether for collections, and the impact of this on the collections is compounded exhibition and educational materials, or operations was by the location of many of the stores in basements or full and inadequate. There is no room for expansion and attics. The basement store, used for the Fine Art and recent new Fine Art acquisitions have had to be relocated Decorative Art collections is damp with salts leaching out to Newstead Abbey, which renders them less accessible to of the walls and deposits being sprinkled on artworks. staff and the public. There is also no room for laying out in Although environmental controls were recently installed, the stores or space for researchers. Some stores, such as they are unsuitable for the constant control they are 1 the print room store, are so full as to risk damage to the trying to achieve. The attic stores are at risk of water collections when trying to retrieve items from the store. ingress, evidence of which can be seen particularly in the The quarantine room, which should be used for ensuring Brewhouse Yard Cottages stores. The Brewhouse Yard that new objects are free of pests, is currently used for stores also suffer from insect infestations. The off-site storing collections and other equipment and materials. collections store at Whitemoor Court requires further In the Palace, when there are big temporary exhibitions, development. It is noted that the nationally important lace items have to be stored off-site or gallery space has to be collection is not held at the Castle. The Environmental converted into a temporary store. It can be a requirement Policy for the storage of collections can be found in NCMG’s Collections Care and Conservation Policy (2014).

2 1 Detail of the large picture store showing salts coming out of the stone outer walls and landing on the artworks 2 The Decorative Art store on the ground floor is the best of the stores

154 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 4 ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES

The location of the stores makes access difficult. Many of The Parks Team currently use the Bothy as a mess room the stores are on upper floors and in Brewhouse Yard and and for storage. This mess room is an adequate size the Waterworks there is no lift whilst the Palace lift is out although the storage is insufficient and a work room is also of order for long periods. Even when the lift works, the required. The Parks Team also need somewhere to park large paintings and objects from the basement stores that their vehicle. do not fit in the lift are taken by trolley through the external courtyard via the tunnel uphill to the museum entrance, at OPPORTUNITIES great risk to the artworks and potentially at risk to the staff. The visitors for special or corporate events should be The art stores in the Service Wing are located directly off a developed into an audience for leisure visits. The Castle’s workshop where a lathe, sander and other dust-producing archaeology, buildings and collections should be celebrated equipment is used and this further compromises the in events or at least be advertised during events. There are conditions in the stores. Also in the Brewhouse Yard access concerns that some visitors do not realise that there are to most of the attic stores is via a half-height door up two exhibitions to visit and think that the Castle is only open steep steps. for events. Similarly, when corporate events are held at the Castle, there should be an incentive for attendees to return It is also noted that the large picture store was refurbished with their families for a leisure visit. using Renaissance funding, which stipulated public access. Internal consultees suggested that there should be more Staff Facilities events and activities that tie in with the collections and the The amount of space in the historic buildings is finite 1 site that are specifically aimed at adults rather than families. and, moreover, relatively inflexible as the main walls and Another suggestion was for late night events that relate circulation cores determine the layouts. The staff facilities to the temporary exhibitions which are aimed primarily at are generally inadequate: there are small messrooms in the younger adults. This tends to be expensive due to the NCC Palace and the Waterworks, a tiny kitchen facility and no conditions of employment. Other events that relate to the messroom in the Museum of Nottingham Life, a very small site which were suggested include historical re-enactments, changing room for staff and volunteers in the basement of although it was noted that there is probably not enough the Palace and is no dedicated staff cloakroom in the Palace. space for these, and more activities focused on craft to The facilities that exist are not grouped together so that connect with the museum’s collections. there is a coherent staff area with a kitchen, mess room, changing room and WCs. A dedicated collections storage facility located close to the Castle would potentially free some space in the Castle and There is a lack of storage for staff which can make some provide a better storage environment for the collections. offices feel relatively cramped. There is also very limited However, consideration would need to be given to its meeting room space. staffing, particularly to enable public access, and the logistics of getting objects to and from the Castle.

1 The half height door to the attic stores in Brewhouse Yard Cottages 2 The existing small changing room in the basement 2 155 4 ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES

4.7 GALLERIES ISSUES The galleries lack coherence in the Palace and in the Museum of Nottingham Life. In both, the galleries have been refurbished at different times and in different styles. There is no sense of a house style to give coherence. Some of the galleries in the Palace, especially the Story of Nottingham gallery, have a tired appearance and this is even more the case with the Museum of Nottingham Life.

Some of the galleries in the Palace feel very crowded. Some of the temporary exhibition galleries have storage spaces built into them, air handling units and heavy lighting tracks that were installed to accommodate temporary walls that are no longer used. The small galleries on the ground floor, such as the Every Object Tells a Story gallery, have very tall panels and cases in relatively small rooms.

One of the temporary exhibition galleries showing the built in storage and heavy lighting tracks

Panel in the Story of Nottingham showing peeling edges and a map stuck on with tack

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The Sherwood Foresters Museum is a separate museum There is a lack of knowledge regarding the working of the OPPORTUNITIES that has an agreement to use space in the Palace for its air conditioning in the temporary exhibition galleries, which The proposed project intends to refurbish the galleries displays. Its displays look old-fashioned and the room is is the only place that has any environmental control. The completely as the spaces are to be reordered and new very crowded. Although it is not NCMG’s responsibility, plant is maintained by an external contractor, Portmans. displays developed. This provides the opportunity both it reflects poorly on NCMG and the Castle in particular. Similarly, there seems to be a lack of knowledge as to how to improve the interpretation and presentation but also However, it is the subject of a successful HLF project and is the building management system for the Castle, which potentially the environmental conditions either for whole due to be relocated in 2015/16. was established in 2006, is maintained or controlled since rooms or through new display cases. responsibility for it was moved away from the conservation A fundamental issue with the galleries is that the team to the operations team. The Castle has an augmented reality app to tell the story environmental conditions are variable and generally fall of the attack on Nottingham Castle in 1831 during the outside the range required for Government indemnity, The air conditioning units in the temporary galleries are Reform Bill riot. This can be downloaded on visitors’ which is the scheme by which the Government will also unreliable and have overflowed on occasions as they own smart phones or tablets or used on iPads that are insure artworks. The galleries lead from one to another, are at the end of their serviceable life. Consequently the available to be borrowed. Similar digital technology could particularly on the ground floor of the Palace, which means exhibitions team tries to avoid putting objects beneath be used to enhance other galleries and facilitate a greater that temperature and humidity fluctuates dramatically as them but this limits the amount of space available for display. understanding of the collections. external doors are opened by visitors or for deliveries, especially when several are open at once. Also the Long Although the lighting systems in the Palace galleries are Curating in-house exhibitions that can tour to other Gallery in particular tends to overheat due to solar gain in suitable for the objects on display, there is a lack of control institutions could be a means to raise the profile of NCMG, the summer and inadequately zoned heating in the winter. to vary the lighting levels or to have natural light as Hine enable more of the collections to be on display at any one originally intended. time and potentially generate revenue. The environmental conditions in some galleries are not monitored. Relative humidity and temperature used The temporary exhibition galleries are generally filled with to be monitored in galleries and stores by a telemetric exhibitions that are bought in although sometimes they system that fed back to the conservation laboratory in the are curated in-house from NCMG’s collections. The size of Waterworks building. However, since the staff restructures the gallery space available and the requirements of lending in 2008 and 2010, environmental monitoring has ceased institutions for environmental conditions can limit the choice to be a priority and the computer which ran the operating of touring exhibitions that can be brought to the Castle, software has been removed without a replacement. The although cost and availability are also considerations. On monitoring equipment left, though not used, is over 15 some occasions in the past, as with the Great British Art years old. This issue is being addressed through the assigning exhibition, the exhibition was split across three sites in the of responsibility for environmental monitoring and the city. building management system to the Conservation Officer as of April 2015. The Environmental Policy for the display of collections can be found in NCMGs Collections Care and Conservation Policy (2014).

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4.8 EDUCATION AND ENGAGEMENT The subjects dealt with in Brewhouse Yard, such as the as a space for learning in relation to the arts. With the Second World War, are popular topics with schools but establishment of the Rebellion galleries, it would be ISSUES the size of the rooms in the Museum of Nottingham Life beneficial to have a space that could be used for debating, Arguably the biggest issue that compromises visitor makes it more challenging to hold school sessions there. especially for secondary school students. engagement with the site is the expectation that the Sometimes the meeting room in the Waterworks is used as Castle will be a medieval castle and the consequent an education space whilst in the evenings it is used for youth The Castle’s role as a place for research and learning for disappointment that there is no Keep or discernible castle. groups. adults would benefit from a multi-purpose space that It is not clearly explained why there is not one and how the could be used for the consultation of drawings and prints site developed into what it is today. Outside of formal education groups, the museums offer and which could also be used for talks and masterclasses. activity trails, hands on events and, in the Long Gallery, A good quality research facility is needed, especially given In terms of formal education visits, the Castle and Museum there are Art Carts. Though generally well received the research value and proposed research projects.5 of Nottingham Life generally attract primary school sometimes the quality of materials provided could be Furthermore, a comprehensive Learning Strategy is groups. The main education room is Studio 1 in the upper improved. being developed for the site in conjunction with the basement of the Service Wing and it is a good sized room redevelopment project. but is in a poor decorative state and feels cramped with One popular feature with children is the playground but this large utilitarian storage cupboards occupying a large part is fairly small. It also compromises the setting of the Ducal Front of house staff are vital to bringing the castle and its of the room. The second education space, the Den, is cold, Palace. history to life for visitors and helping them to navigate the damp and lacking in natural light. confusing layout and history of the site. The knowledge OPPORTUNITIES and communication skills of the front of house guides vary. There is no designated lunchroom at the Castle. Various Although there is no medieval keep, the Castle has a varied There is a winter training programme covering historical rooms are used at different times, such as the south bastion history which encompasses many different components, background, collections and conservation for front of house of the Gatehouse, but there is a conflict for use of these such as the Ducal Palace, the allotments, the museum staff and volunteers, although it may be a few months rooms at some times and the schools groups are moved out and its collections and the park as a public space. This before some can attend if they start mid-season. It is to allow for events. However, given the shortage of space provides fertile ground for a range of different activities and crucial that continual training opportunities and guidance is in the Castle, rooms generally need to be multi-functional. opportunities to appeal to different audiences. However, it provided for guides to maximise their value to visitors. There are also no toilets near the education rooms. is important that there is an overarching celebration of the history and site as a whole so that the different component The previous CMP discussed the risk of the loss of The galleries in the Palace are used for education groups parts are clearly relevant and coherent. knowledge relating to the twentieth century use of Castle but there are no areas set aside within the gallery design and grounds as a social and leisure space. There are that allow school groups to be taught without considerably There is scope for considerably widening and diversifying numerous sources relating to this online, such as the British affecting the other visitors. the audiences that visit the Castle. Currently the main Newspaper Archive, which could be drawn upon to learn audience groups at the Castle are primary schools, families more about this aspect of the Castle’s history, and the with children under 12, adults usually over 50, students and Castle Committee minutes have been fully digitised and are overseas visitors. The Castle is seeking ways to increase available on the museum network. It might also be worth family and adult audiences, diversify ethnicity and encourage considering undertaking an oral history project with older disabled visitors, increase school visits especially secondary. local residents potentially in collaboration with other local history groups. The Castle’s work with school groups would be enhanced by the provision of good quality, flexible exciting learning space, ideally of approximately 100sqm that can be used 5 It is noted that a dedicated research facility is provided at Newstead Abbey for the consultation of the designated textile collection

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4.9 VISITOR FACILITIES 4.10 TRANSPORT LINKS ISSUES ISSUES The café is located at the south end of the Palace, which There are generally good public transport links to the site. means it is as far from the entrance as it can be on the There are numerous bus routes that stop on Maid Marian Castle site so it is not ideal from a commercial point of view Way to the east of the Castle entrance as well as a bus stop as it is inside the barrier. The current location does mean by Brewhouse Yard to the south which is served by the that visitors to the cafe can enjoy eating on the terrace on Skylink Nottingham and the Y5 bus service. The Castle is fine days. However, there are no proper access doors so, on approximately a 700m walk from the railway station. fine days, there is a constant noise from the fire doors being open and shut, which is disruptive to other visitors and to There is no general parking provision for visitors on site. staff. The Castle website advises the use of a small surface car park on Canal Street, approximately 400m from the Castle There are two shops on the site but the larger one, which is entrance, or the Broadmarsh Shopping Centre’s multi- in the Palace, and contains a wider variety or merchandise is storey car park, which is a similar distance. There is also located beyond the ticket barrier whereas the smaller shop signage to a large privately owned car park on Canal Street. is in the Gatehouse. There is no access for coaches nor any coach parking on The café and shops both suffer from having limited storage the site and coaches stopping outside the Castle cause an for goods and supplies. These stores are also in unsuitable obstruction of the road. There is designated coach parking locations and mean that goods are brought through public further up Lenton Road towards the Park although it is areas to get to the café in particular. not often used. There are also works to create a new one. The Castle Quarter Vision seems to imply that were the Generally there are an insufficient number of WCs across college site opposite to be redeveloped, it could perhaps the site. There are none for visitors on the first floor of the incorporate some coach parking or at least a coach drop-off Palace whilst the ones for the Museum of Nottingham Life point, although a coach park opposite the Castle would not are across the yard from the exhibition areas. These toilets enhance its setting. in particular are in a very poor state. There is very limited staff car parking on site and staff are There is no cloakroom for damp coats and umbrellas in wet encouraged to use alternative means of transport. There is weather that means that visitors bring damp clothing into no staff parking during events. exhibition galleries thereby compromising conditions for sensitive collections. OPPORTUNITIES NCC proposes to review transport links as part of the OPPORTUNITIES major project. The major project offers the opportunity to consider creating a free access cafe and shop in the vicinity of the Gatehouse. The possibility of smaller retail or refreshment locations around the grounds could also be considered for use during events.

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4.11 WAYFINDING 4.12 ACCESSIBILITY ISSUES ISSUES The site is not readily comprehensible and consequently is In terms of the general accessibility of the site, the Castle confusing for visitors. This is compounded by the different is perceived as being outside the main city centre, which is levels across the site and the myriad paths radiating from focused around the Old Market Square and the shopping the Gatehouse and around the Park. There is no clear centre. Maid Marian Way and the high rise hotels create direction as to how to start their journey round the site. something of a visual barrier between the centre and the Even before they get into the grounds, visitors are often Castle. There is a need to improve connections particularly confused as to where to buy their tickets and try to buy to the Broadmarsh shopping centre and it is hoped this them at the checking kiosk rather than from the shop. The might be achieved during the shopping centre’s forthcoming level difference between Castle Rock and Brewhouse Yard regeneration. also complicates the access between the two museums. Access to the Castle is limited to via the Gatehouse, which Similarly, both the Palace and the Museum of Nottingham is up a steep slope from Castle Boulevard, and there is also 1 Life are not intuitive to navigate. In both visitors enter in the a steep slope from the Gatehouse to the Ducal Palace. The middle of the museum and in both museums, visitors have route from the Old Market Square via Friar Lane is also to pass through the shop to get to some of the exhibits, uphill. Limited parking is available for Blue Badge holders on which can feel counterintuitive, especially in such a small site and it is possible to ring in advance to reserve a parking building as the Brewhouse Yard Cottages. There is no space. There is one wheelchair and one electric scooter that apparent logic to the building layouts, which in the Palace can be requested in advance. is further compounded by the different levels, and often visitors do not even know what is in the museum to see. There is a lift in the Ducal Palace which makes most of In the Palace the combination of entrance, shop and cross the building physically accessible although it is often out circulation paths creates a bottle neck in the middle of the of order. The Nemi Room, which is a meeting room that ground floor. is also used for talks and activities, is a up a short flight of steps off the North Stair, which means that there is The difficulties of wayfinding around the site and around currently no accessible training space in the building as the buildings is not helped by poor signage. There is no Studio 2 has temporarily been converted to an office. The coherent house style to the signage so visitors do not staff offices and stores that are several different levels are immediately recognise wayfinding signs that are there as only accessible via stairs. These stairs, like the public stairs distinct from information panels. Signs are prepared by between the education space and history galleries, are different teams for different purposes that are all different in narrow. The galleries have poor acoustics for talks even style and the result is disjointed and unattractive. There is a when using a PA system and this causes complaints from balance that needs to be struck between providing visitors older visitors. 2 with signs that are obvious but which do not compromise the listed buildings or the park. 1 Wayfinding signpost which is neither in-keeping There is no lift in Brewhouse Yard meaning that the in design nor has adequate contrast in colours to facilitate easy reading two upper floors are not accessible to visitors, staff or volunteers with mobility impairments. It also means that 2 A blank board by Castle Rock in Brewhouse Yard objects have to be carried to and from the stores on the

160 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 4 ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES second floor. A study to explore possible lift locations It is noted that NCMG has a Collections Access Statement It is about a decade since NCC introduced mid-week was undertaken but it was abandoned following the (2014) and a Collections Information Policy (2014), which charges for admission to the site, which was previously used advice of the Historic England Inspector. Similarly, access set out the opportunities and limitations for physical and as a free-to-access park. Admission charges generate more to Rock Cottage is via an external stair. Two of the three intellectual access to the collections. than half the income made on the site (£600K in the last staircases in the Brewhouse Yard Cottages are very narrow. financial year), whilst the shops produce under a quarter Externally, the cobbled circle is an uneven surface which is 4.13 FUNDING (£250K), and the café and events combined just under a difficult for those with impaired mobility or those visitors in quarter (£150K and £100K respectively). This income is ISSUES mobility scooters. fed back into the museum service as a whole. Events are As a local authority owned and managed site, the Castle thought by staff to be the income stream that has the There is also no lift in the Waterworks building so there is and Brewhouse Yard are competing with a wide variety of greatest potential for growth but, as noted above, there no level access to the upper floor. This means that all items other services for internal funding. In recent years, NCC, are risks associated with increasing the number or size of from the stores on the first floor and items being moved to like all councils, has been obliged to make savings which events. and from the conservation laboratories have to be carried has affected the Castle. There have been restructures in up and down stairs. the staffing of the sites with losses of conservation and 4.14 MARKETING maintenance staff and a dedicated employee for Brewhouse ISSUES The offsite stores at Whitemoor are not publically Yard amongst other changes. This exacerbated earlier accessible. staff reductions that predate the recession, which were Although there is a site brand, there is no coherent house implemented to widen the range of activities and appeal of style for marketing the different events at the site. Posters There is a general need for access assessments to be carried the Castle. are designed in different styles so that there is no coherence out and the recommendations implemented wherever or recognisable brand. possible without harming the significance of the heritage As a Major Partner Museum, the Castle receives funding assets. from ACE and there are several posts which are ACE- OPPORTUNITIES funded (see Appendix C). As ACE’s funds are also subject In addition to the newly launched website, social media In terms of remote access, there is an online collections to government cuts, this is not a wholly secure source of provides an important platform for generating and catalogue but this could be improved. The joint project funding. sustaining interest in the Castle and its activities as well as with Nottingham Caves means that it is possible to go on for advertising. a virtual tour of the main caves beneath the Castle, the Nottingham Castle has been able to attract funding for upper Western Passage and Mortimer’s Hole, as well as the particular projects including grants from the HLF, Paul Other more traditional media, such as leaflets and local Middle Bailey Passage. Mellon Foundation, AHRC and Nesta. television and radio should be used to attract the widest possible audiences. Deliveries are meant to be made before 10am but sometimes these are late and this conflicts with the visitors trying to enter the site. There are also concerns about the fact that the delivery route to the Ducal Palace passes over the Wine Cellars, which has a weight restriction. Staff have to ensure that delivery vehicles do not exceed this weight limit before they enter the site. There is supposed to be no parking on the area above the Wine Cellar but it is where the blue badge spaces are located.

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4.15 SECURITY • changes in hydrology that put buried archaeological 4.17 ARCHAEOLOGY remains, including well-preserved wetland archaeology, ISSUES ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES at risk Generally the site is fairly secure and does not suffer There have been various archaeological investigations on particularly from vandalism or intruders. Security issues have • changes in vegetation patterns that threaten the the site which revealed medieval and later fabric particularly become less frequent since the introduction of mid-week visibility and integrity of archaeological remains and in the area that corresponds with the Middle and Inner charges. Security facilities include alarms throughout the historic landscapes Baileys. The Description of Heritage Assets prepared by SLR Palace and the other buildings with a separate alarm in the • changes in the distribution of pests that threatens the Consulting summarises the archaeological investigations main collections stores, bars on all windows and doors, and integrity of historic buildings, collections and designed up to the autumn of 2012 and these are referred to in CCTV in the Palace. A security guard is on duty at night landscapes the assessment of heritage values above. The previous and the Commercial Manager lives in Rock Cottage and is Conservation Plan incorporated a report by Trent & on call. There are areas of the site that would benefit from • possible increases in the frequency or geographical Peak Archaeology in 2005 that stated that there were greater camera coverage. range of extreme weather that could pose an increased no area known to be devoid of buried archaeology and risk of damage to some historic landscapes and therefore the Castle site should be regarded as having high 4.16 ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE buildings… archaeological potential. The Brewhouse Yard was outside the scope of the 2005 report but, given the constant use of ISSUES • The design integrity of some historic buildings and landscapes could be damaged by the need to provide the area, its buried archaeological potential is also likely to Climate change is an important consideration of the future new and more effective rainwater disposal or storage be considerable. Andrew Hamilton of Nottingham Caves protection of heritage assets. The reuse of historic buildings systems or flood protection features.”6 Forum has highlighted the boiler room at the west end of is an inherently sustainable process which negates the need thekitchen courtyard as areas of particular interest that to use energy to manufacture new materials and dispose have yet to be excavated. of waste from demolitions thereby reducing the carbon Though most of these risks do not need immediate action, emissions and the impact on climate change. As a member they will need to be kept in mind and monitored for the There is significant archaeology close to the surface in of ACE’s Major Partnership Museum programme, the Castle long term future of the building. many areas of the site. Any future works to the site that is committed to reduce its Carbon footprint. involves extending any building, building a new structure The adaptation of the site and the buildings to cope or laying new buried services should be preceded by an Climate Change and the Historic Environment (2008), with the effects of climate change or to improve energy archaeological assessment to identify the archaeological published by Historic England, explores potential risks. efficiency ratings (such as by the installation of insulation) potential in that particular location. This is likely to include Those which could be relevant to Nottingham Castle and could cause conflict between the need to make changes field evaluation and, depending on the area, an approved the Brewhouse Yard include: and the need to preserve the significance of the asset. scheme of archaeological investigation, supervision and Intrusive interventions will need to be avoided and where recording may be required during construction works. • “increased extremes of wetting and drying that changes are required, careful consideration will be needed Scheduled Monument Consent would be required for any heighten the risk of ground subsidence and accelerated to minimise harm. excavation prior to its commencement. decay of stonework and thus pose a threat to many historic buildings Works and the concomitant archaeological investigations • more frequent intense rainfall that causes increased provide opportunities to learn more about the erosion of archaeological sites and damaging flooding in development of the site and particularly the form and historic settlements, the latter making historic buildings construction of the medieval castle. difficult to insure 6 English Heritage. Climate Change and the Historic Environment. (2008), 6-7.

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As noted previously, a comprehensive site fabric analysis 4.19 MAJOR PROJECT PROPOSALS It is currently proposed that the temporary exhibition has been commissioned from SLR Consulting and a gallery in the Brewhouse Yard Cottages and some of ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES community excavation programme in partnership with York the rooms in the Waterworks will be refurbished for Archaeological Trust began in July 2015. The proposed project will involve the covering of the education and learning use. This will help to improve the Service Wing Courtyard, which will create much needed education offer at the Museum of Nottingham Life. It is also 4.18 INTRUSIVE FEATURES gallery space but it will reduce the amount of parking on intended that there will be an open access art store in the ISSUES site. The amount of gallery space will also be increased by Waterworks to enable members of the public to see parts relocating the shop to an area currently used for offices. The site has numerous layers of historical development of the collections not on display. The glazing of the colonnade will help to reduce the changes that are still visible. Many of the elements that mar the in the environmental conditions in the building and improve illustrative value of these layers are alterations that were Consideration will need to be given to the storage, the circulation. made to benefit the museum and still serve a purpose, such transport and possible temporary display of the collections as the various inserted mezzanine levels in the Ducal Palace, during the project works in both museums. The new visitor centre provides the opportunity to explain the 1980s subdivisions of Walker’s galleries in the former the history of the site briefly so that visitors understand Service Wing, the storage built into the art galleries, the lift The proposals are still being developed and when more what they are seeing. It will also provide a hub for and stair circulation at the north end of the Palace and the detailed designs have been drawn up, a Heritage Impact orientation. metal fire escape across the Service courtyard. Similarly, the Assessment should be undertaken. public art inlaid in the paving in front of the Ducal Palace The proposed scheme will clear the trees and paths from and the round floral beds on the side of the Middle Bailey the rock cut ditch and bank and instate a grass sward. This both confuse the historic landscape yet have artistic and will make the medieval landscape easier to read. However, it aesthetic values in their own right. It is desirable that the will reduce the access between the former Inner and Outer long-term trajectory for the site should move towards the Baileys. The scheme will also remove the popular flower removal of these features but, particularly the features in beds and open up of much of the grounds by removing the Palace, careful planning will be required to ensure that inappropriate and overmature trees. where the functions they perform are still needed, the alternative solutions are not less sensitive than the existing. The Bothy will be given a new use, which will enable this Any relocation of existing public artworks will need to be charming listed building to be more appreciated by the done sensitively. public. If this proposal is enacted, the gardeners will need to have alternative accommodation provided.

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4.20 SETTING AND TOWNSCAPE ISSUES The area to the north of the site once formed the North Bailey whilst the area to the west was the park. These have been extensively built upon so that there is no sense of these having once been part of the medieval castle. However, the houses are generally well designed. The Castle Rock also turns its back on the residential area to the west so there is not a particular sense of connection.

Far more prominent as one approaches the Castle are the College buildings, which are of a mid-twentieth century Modernist design with large areas of unsightly parking and associated paraphernalia, such as barriers. This detracts from the approach to the Castle and is identified as a site for potential redevelopment in the Castle Quarter Vision. If the site is redeveloped, it should be carefully designed and constructed to a high standard and designed so that it relates to the scale and detailing of the Waterworks and The main entrance to the college opposite the Castle other buildings in the Brewhouse Yard.

The Trip to Jerusalem public house provides an indication of the sort of buildings that once clustered around the base of Castle Rock. It particularly provides context for the Brewhouse Yard Cottages. The pub also draws people to the area and creates a scene of activity when customers sit in the outdoor seating area. The seating area can get crowded and potentially block the shortest route from the Castle to Brewhouse Yard.

The Waterworks building sits close to a busy main road, Castle Boulevard, which means that windows cannot be opened without rooms becoming noisy. Moreover, there is a risk of higher levels of pollutants getting into the stores than if the stores were located on a quieter street.

164 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 5 POLICIES

5.1 INTRODUCTION This section outlines the relevant policies that have been developed in response to the conservation required for the site, identified through earlier sections of the Plan.

These policies have been formulated to provide guidance on the future maintenance and development of the site. As the site evolves, the policies should be updated.

These policies should be read in conjunction with NCMG’s Collections Development Policy (2013) and Collections Care and Conservation Policy (2014).

5.2 GENERAL PRACTICE With any heritage asset, it is always preferable to take preventative measures to minimise the risk of major problems developing rather than trying to undertake substantial works once harm has occurred to the asset. Nottingham Castle and Brewhouse Yard is a complex site that encompasses scheduled ancient monuments and listed buildings constructed and repaired over hundreds of years using different materials and construction techniques. It is easy to overlook certain areas that are less visible, including some of the caves, stores and roofs.

The principle guiding the care of the buildings should be the pre-eminence of maintenance. Even when a structure is partially ruined, such as the Middle Bailey walls and towers, basic maintenance procedures, such as clearing vegetation, will slow the deterioration of the fabric.

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Nottingham Castle is a site of national importance and the (formerly English Heritage). Historic England also publishes works carried out on its surviving structures should be done a range of guides on best practice care of different types of in accordance with prevailing conservation principles and materials in a heritage context. with the required statutory permissions. Like-for-like repairs of listed buildings generally do not require listed building The site is located in the Castle Conservation Area, which consent but more substantial works will do. Clarification as means that changes to structures and the exterior of to whether a proposal requires listed building consent or buildings, even if unlisted, requires additional permission. not should be sought from the local Conservation Officer. The Conservation Area designation also provides In general, applications relating to Grade II listed buildings protection to all trees within the Conservation Area. Advice will be dealt with by the local planning authority whilst for regarding trees should be sought from the local authority’s Grade I and Grade II* structures and their settings, the local Tree Officer. authority will consult with Historic England. Where the local planning authority is the applicant, as here, Historic England Whenever works are undertaken on a heritage asset, is also consulted on works to Grade II listed buildings. particularly one of such high significance as Nottingham Scheduled monument consent is granted by the Secretary Castle, it is important that appropriate expertise is sought. of State and applicants should consult with Historic England The architects, surveyors and contractors employed should Where the local planning authority is the applicant, as all be experienced with working with historic buildings and, here, Historic England is also consulted on works to Grade if possible, be familiar with the local traditional materials and II listed buildings. and the City Archaeologist. Sites that construction methods. combine Scheduled Ancient Monuments and listed buildings are more complex in terms of the consents procedure. Much historical and archaeological research has been The Castle is a scheduled monument comprising the above undertaken on the site in the last two decades. NCMG ground medieval remains and all below ground deposits, should seek to continue to further understanding of the structures and spaces to the centre of the earth. Scheduled site in particular by taking opportunities to commission monument consent is required for any works that require archaeological investigations when the occasion to do so disturbing the ground, that affect the upstanding medieval arises, by embarking upon collaborative research projects fabric, such as the Gatehouse, or works within the caves with other institutions and by taking advantage of the included in the Scheduled Ancient Monument (including increasing digitalisation of archives that is making them more services works). The upstanding fabric of the Ducal Palace readily accessible. and the interiors of the below ground rooms which form part of the palace rather than the caves are not treated as Nottingham Castle, its cave network and Brewhouse Yard part of the scheduled monument. Listed building consent are important heritage assets and a careful balance needs is required for works that are more than like-for like repairs to be achieved between their preservation, providing to the Palace and also to the other unscheduled listed public access and the need to ensure sufficient funding to buildings, such as the Museum of Nottingham Life and the enable preservation and public access. Although there may Waterworks. Guidance on different types of works to not be the means of analysis or the need to know about heritage assets and whether they are likely to be deemed a particular aspect of the Castle’s fabric at the present acceptable can be found in Conservation Principles, time, this is likely to change in the future and therefore the Policies and Guidance (2008) published by Historic England preservation of heritage assets is vital.

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TIMESCALE: Immediate As part of the HLF project Medium term but outside HLF Project Ongoing Aspirational

Number Policy Reason Action Timescale

The Conservation Management Plan

CMP1 NCC will adopt the principles and The CMP should be a working document that guides NCC/NCMG to agree to adopt and implement the information contained within this CMP any future change to the site. NCC/NCMG should feel policies. This step should be noted in committee or as a starting point for any further works that they can happily agree to follow the principles within meeting minutes as a record for the future. See section 6 to the Castle site or Brewhouse Yard. it. This will help to create a more efficient and effective of this CMP for the adoption statement. system of managing future change.

CMP2 Review the CMP on a regular basis, The CMP will need regular reviewing to ensure that Plan for periodic reviews of the CMP or recognise events normally every five years or when the policies stay relevant in the future and that the and key changes at the site when a review of the CMP major change is planned. information contained within it is up to date. will be required. Reviews can be undertaken internally or by a specialist heritage consultant. It is recommended that notes or records of changes are kept to enable easy updating of the CMP.

CMP3 Make the CMP available to any parties Although the CMP is a privately owned document, other When the CMP is reviewed it should be made available with a legitimate interest in the site, parties with an interest in the site should be involved in in digital or hard copy format to relevant stakeholders such as local and national statutory the on-going development of the CMP as they will have for comment. It could be made available at the Castle bodies and interest groups. specialist knowledge and experience to contribute. Archives or the Nottinghamshire Archives.

Statutory Requirements

SR1 Consult with statutory bodies at an Discussions with statutory bodies at the early stages When change is planned NCMG should discuss proposals early stage when work is planned. of proposed alterations, including Historic England, the with statutory bodies at an early stage. Members of conservation officers at NCC and the City Archaeologist, NCMG should be aware of statutory requirements and can bring useful input and guidance, and will cut down on processes, such as listed building consent and scheduled disagreements at later stages when a substantial amount monument consent. of work has already been done.

SR2 Proposed changes to the Castle site or Statutory consents need to be obtained to ensure that NCMG should consult with or employ specialist architect Brewhouse Yard will be planned with the work carried out is appropriate to the historic nature to advise on design works or complete necessary regard to statutory requirements and of the building, that work is carried out to a proper consents. guidance on listed buildings. Proper standard and in order to avoid penalties for inappropriate consents will be obtained before work work. starts.

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TIMESCALE: Immediate As part of the HLF project Medium term but outside HLF Project Ongoing Aspirational

Number Policy Reason Action Timescale

Consultations

C1 Prior to the planning or design of any It is best practice to ensure that all relevant stakeholders NCMG to arrange consultation discussions with and major changes to the historic fabric. are aware of, and if possible can provide input into, provide draft plans to relevant stakeholders for comment Appropriate stakeholder consultation any major changes planned. This will help to gain a when change is planned. will be carried out. better understanding of impact as well as building and maintaining good working relationships with those who have an interest in the future of the site.

This includes statutory stakeholders such as Historic England, NCC Planning Department, the Ancient Monuments Society, the Victorian Society, the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, local interest groups (such as the Nottingham Civic Society, Nottingham Castle Trust, Friends of Nottingham Castle), as well as staff and members of the general public. It may also be appropriate to consult other local heritage attractions.

Heritage Value and Change

HVC1 Any new works should seek to This is to ensure that the important heritage value of the This should be the starting point of the NCMG’s thinking enhance, rather than detract from, the site is not eroded or lost by inappropriate changes to the when planning a project and this message should be historic character and significance of buildings or landscape, and that opportunities to reveal passed on to any consultants or contractors involved. the site. important heritage values, such as revealing or restoring historic fixtures and fittings, are taken wherever possible.

HVC2 Where possible, necessary change Capacity for change is greatest for features or areas which NCMG staff who work at the Castle/Brewhouse Yard will be made to areas of little, neutral do not make a positive contribution to the overall heritage and employed consultants and contractors should make or detrimental significance, rather significance or detract from this overarching significance. themselves familiar with the assessments of significance than those areas of moderate or contained within this CMP and this should inform considerable significance. Where Major alterations, whether internal or external, which planned changes. change is proposed that adversely involve the removal of substantial amounts of historic affects the heritage value of the fabric will not normally be given consent. Changes to If further research is necessary, see action for policy RR2. buildings or site, consider the best historic fabric should be the minimum necessary. possible way to mitigate the impact of the development and document the When removing detrimental features, care should be decision making process. taken to avoid any damage to the significant historic fabric.

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TIMESCALE: Immediate As part of the HLF project Medium term but outside HLF Project Ongoing Aspirational

Number Policy Reason Action Timescale

HVC3 Any historic features which are To ensure the survival and authenticity of the built NCMG staff and employed consultants and contractors significant or which contributes to heritage of the site should make themselves familiar with the assessments heritage value of the site will be of significance contained within this CMP and this should retained in situ, and where possible will To conserve, enhance and record the built heritage inform planned changes. be enhanced. within current national and international conservation Demolition and/or removal of any such and spatial planning guidelines elements should be avoided wherever possible. To ensure the appropriate use and re-use of buildings.

Where change to or removal of significant built fabric is deemed necessary, policies RR3 and HVC2 apply.

HVC4 Any features which are detrimental to This is to enhance the character, appearance and heritage the heritage value of the buildings and value of the assets. site will be removed.

HVC5 Any new buildings or extensions on Nottingham Castle is of national importance and any NCMG to employ qualified architects with a track record the site will be of a high quality design new building should be of a high standard in order to of good design and an understanding of the significance and should respect the character and respect the historic function and appearance of the site. of the building and its setting. appearance of the adjacent heritage Consideration of the significance of nearby heritage assets. assets is essential.

Discussions with statutory bodies should be held early on in the design process (see policy SR1).

HVC6 A clear strategic masterplan will be The site has several layers of historical development NCMG and the Design Team will develop a masterplan developed to determine how the site which are not readily comprehensible. There needs to be for the enhancement of the heritage value of the site. will be changed to enhance the heritage a strategy for future works and interpretation as to which values elements are to be further revealed and celebrated to NCMG will ensure that all future developments, ensure that there is a consistent approach. This would alterations and interpretation are in accordance with the benefit from input from heritage and archaeological masterplan. specialists.

The HLF project will develop such an approach, guided by this CMP and any future proposals will be developed in line with the approach established and the CMP.

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TIMESCALE: Immediate As part of the HLF project Medium term but outside HLF Project Ongoing Aspirational

Number Policy Reason Action Timescale

HCV7 A public art strategy needs to be The site has several public art installations already and, NCMG will develop a public art strategy for the site. developed for the site to better together with the monuments, the park and especially highlight existing art work presently in the area west of the Palace has limited capacity for NCMG will produce briefs for any future public art situ. additional installations. Any future installations also installations to ensure the suitability of the artwork for need to be carefully briefed to ensure that they are the site. appropriate for the setting of the listed buildings.

Research and Recording

RR1 All new (relevant) information This is to ensure that when the CMP is updated, it The maintenance of this resource should be the discovered or revealed between CMP reflects any relevant information and changes that have responsibility of a single individual. Maintenance updates will be recorded and retained occurred. The Castle Archives represents a digital and contractors should be aware that they need to pass on in a database. paper archive of information to which this additional relevant information to the nominated individual. information could be added. The database could consist of notes, photographs, reports, etc.

RR2 Prior to the planning or design of This is to ensure that any developments carried out on The CMP should first be checked to see if it contains the changes, alterations, extensions or site are based on a full understanding of their impact on relevant information. If further research is required, staff demolitions, research will be carried the significance and historic character of the building in members of NCMG or Castle volunteers with adequate out as to the history and significance of order that the resulting alterations are sympathetic and research experience could carry out the background and the affected element. minimise loss to the heritage value of the site. history research for this.

Listed building consents are likely to require a Heritage Specialist advice should be sought on the assessment of Impact Assessment (HIA) which assesses what positive significance and impact when needed. This should be and negative effects the scheme has on the heritage done at the earliest stages of a project so that proposals value of the building and suggests mitigation measures. are informed from the outset and designs do not have to be amended at later stages.

RR3 Changes made to the buildings or site This information will be useful when change is proposed NCMG to consult with Historic England. NCMG to will be adequately recorded so that the in the future and to assist in the updating of the CMP. A establish whether recording is required and, if so, to what evolution of the building is understood record should include photographs, a description of the level. Recording work should be commissioned prior to in the future. works and who carried out the works. This should follow any alterations to the building. This information should be guidance in Understanding Historic Buildings published by passed on to or collected by the individual responsible Historic England. for maintaining the archive.

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TIMESCALE: Immediate As part of the HLF project Medium term but outside HLF Project Ongoing Aspirational

Number Policy Reason Action Timescale

RR4 Make use of local and specialist People’s recollections and memories are an important Where necessary, NCMG to consult with experts and knowledge to enhance the resource for adding a personal dimension to the history individuals to increase the understanding of the site and understanding of the buildings and site. of a heritage site. Collecting these memories in an to inform change. oral archive can form a valuable source of information. Experts in medieval and military history can also provide important specialist information about the site.

RR5 When plans are drawn up for The archaeological potential across the site is high and NCMG and architects for future redevelopment works redevelopment seek advice from buried archaeology is known to lie close to the ground to consult with Historic England’s Monuments Inspector Historic England’s Monuments surface. Works which involve excavation may disturb at the earliest opportunity when change is planned. Inspector as to the necessary important remains which should be assessed and damage archaeological assessment required to them mitigated against. and carry out/commission the recommended work.

RR6 The research projects identified on the Research potentially could reveal more about the site NCMG will undertake research projects that will current research programme will be and its development which would enhance the heritage enhance understanding of the site, its development and carried out. value of the site and also facilitate a more informed the collections. approach to change to the heritage assets. NCMG will collaborate with relevant institutions such as Universities to undertake relevant research.

RR7 Relevant research programmes The current research programme primarily identifies NCMG will continue to identify and carry out strands of and links to other organisations will research projects for the next two years. Research relevant research. continue to be developed programming needs to continue beyond this, especially as the masterplan for the site is developed and identifies NCMG will exploit funding opportunities for relevant particular areas of interest. This future research areas of research by putting together timely research programme should tie-in to the regional research proposals. framework and Historic England Action Plan.

Ownership

O1 Potential to increase access to Richard’s Richard’s Tower is currently in private ownership. Were NCC will look at opportunities for partnership work Tower should be explored. it possible to reunite it with the rest of the Castle, access to see whether improved access arrangements or for inspection and maintenance would be better. It would conservation of Richard’s Tower can take place. also enable the Tower to be interpreted as part of the standing medieval remains of the Castle.

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O2 Access to the entrances of caves The entrances to some caves, such as Middle Bailey NCC will negotiate for access to the caves beneath the below the Castle will be negotiated Passage, are in private gardens. The caves should be Castle where the entrances exist on private land. to facilitate regular inspection of these inspected regularly to understand the impact of vehicular caves. traffic or any development on the caves and to ensure that there is no risk of collapse that would impact on the Castle site.

Management

MA1 There will be investment in the NCMG’s remit at the Castle and Brewhouse Yard NCMG will send staff and volunteers on relevant courses development of relevant knowledge encompasses numerous different activities and it or provide in-house training or guides to ensure that they and skills amongst staff and volunteers will facilitate the smooth running of these if staff and have the skills and knowledge to fulfil their roles under around conservation principles. volunteers have up-to-date knowledge and relevant the guidance of the CMP. skills to do the variety of tasks required of them and understand the way their work can conserve the site.

MA2 Procedures will be established to Improved business continuity and knowledge transfer NCMG will establish procedures to ensure knowledge ensure that knowledge is passed on systems should be put in place to ensure detailed continuity. when staff leave or change jobs. understanding of the site.

MA3 A succinct vision statement to ensure There does not appear to be a succinct vision and NCMG will develop a succinct vision statement that all staff understand the vision for the associated priority goals for the Castle and the established the priorities and approach for the Castle and Castle and its history and value. Brewhouse Yard to which all teams subscribe. Different Museum of Nottingham Life. teams work to different agendas and communication between them can at times be poor. NCMG staff will familiarise themselves with the vision statement and work in accordance with it.

MA4 The Nottingham Castle Disaster Plan The heritage assets and collections are of importance An appointed individual will be responsible for updating will be reviewed annually or whenever and some are irreplaceable. Flood and fire are the Nottingham Castle Disaster Plan annually. substantial change occurs. destructive and can cause substantial or even total loss of heritage assets and collections. The plan for dealing with these and other disasters should be reviewed regularly to ensure that it takes into account changes made to the site, whether changes to buildings or the location or storage of collections, so that the Disaster Plan represents the optimum potential for preserving assets and collections, as well as people, in the event of a disaster.

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MA5 Staff will be familiar with emergency As noted in MA4, flood and fire can cause serious harm All staff will be required to learn the emergency procedures. if not total loss to structures or collections that are of procedures upon assuming their positions. Staff will be high value. The site is also open to the public and NCMG required to review their familiarity with these regularly. has a duty of care to visitors and staff. Staff familiarity Staff will be required to familiarise themselves with new with emergency procedures can significantly reduce the or amended emergency procedures as soon as these are risk to people and to heritage assets if an emergency issued. were to occur,

Maintenance

M1 A Maintenance Plan for the site will be This is to ensure that any changes to the building are NCC to review or employ an architect or building developed and will be reviewed on an suitably represented in a maintenance strategy. Any specialist to develop a Maintenance Plan and review it on annual basis. updates should be disseminated to all relevant members a regular basis. of staff.

M2 The Maintenance Log will be This is so that a record can be kept of the maintenance NCC to maintain the log book, held at the building, in maintained to record what changes work that has been done, in order that those in the which maintenance staff and contractors can record have taken place. future are aware of what has taken place, by whom and work carried out or inform NCC staff of what has been when. done for them to input into the log.

M3 Maintenance works should be In light of reduced resources, clear strategic plans need NCC to continue to carry out maintenance works and prioritised for assessment and planned to be put in place to deal with maintenance work of such repairs as effectively as possible to maintain Nottingham programme to deal with such work specialist and significant heritage assets. Castle. agreed.

M4 Regular condition surveys will be Regular formal condition surveys need to be undertaken NCC will undertake or will commission a suitably undertaken. to record the condition of the different listed buildings qualified architect, surveyor or engineer to carry out and structures to establish whether there is any change condition surveys on at least a quinquennial basis. and whether maintenance is being carried out. These condition surveys also need to include services such as the drainage systems as these have been the cause of serious incidents in the past.

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M5 Regular inspections of listed buildings The condition of the listed buildings and structures NCC will undertake visual inspections of priority areas at and structures will be undertaken. needs to be regularly monitored. This should be done at appropriate intervals and regular inspections of all other appropriate intervals for priority areas or areas where areas to ensure that any issues affecting the fabric of the problems are likely to occur. Written inspection reports buildings or the collections are dealt with promptly. should be produced on at least an annual basis between full condition surveys. There are areas which are NCC will produce written reports following annual currently not used or inspected regularly, such as some of inspections to ensure that changes in condition can be the caves. monitored.

Any issues that are identified as part of the inspections will be addressed where required to feed into NCC maintenance programme.

M6 Any repair work or alterations will be It is important that any non-routine specialist repair or When change is planned NCC should choose suitably carried out by appropriately skilled alterations to the site be carried out by appropriate qualified consultants and contractors who have professionals or contractors. professionals and viewed within the wider context of the experience working with listed buildings. Maintenance historic built fabric. staff and contractors should be made aware of the special needs of a listed building and the damage which The minor details on all listed buildings are recognised could be caused by inappropriate and/or incremental as being important. The character of a building can be change. eroded by the replacement of small parts with new elements which are inappropriate.

Repair work alteration should be carried out to meet appropriate conservation standards.

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M7 Before carrying out any repair work, Care needs to be taken in the selection of materials. NCC should make maintenance staff and contractors care will be taken to choose the most ‘Like-for-like’ replacement of historic elements is aware of the requirements of listed buildings and ensure appropriate materials and techniques generally the basis on which repair work can be carried they choose contractors with relevant experience. Staff available for the work and wherever out to listed buildings without the need for permission. responsible for commissioning repairs should consult with possible alterations will be carried out Clarification should be obtained where there is any the conservation officers at NCC if clarification is needed in a way that is reversible. doubt that it is only repair. Staff and sub-contractors about whether the extent of repairs requires listed undertaking any work will need to be made aware of this building consent. and follow the principles.

‘Like-for-like’ replacement requires attention to the detail of the design, finishes and materials. Where possible repairs will be the preferred option rather than replacement with similar new elements.

Reversible changes ensure that, in the future, any changes to the historic fabric which have been deemed necessary in the past can be removed and the historic fabric or layout returned to its original state.

Even where fabric is not historic, such as the extensions to the Ducal Palace, repairs should still be carried out using materials that are consistent with the existing so as not to compromise the appearance of the building, which would have a detrimental impact on the setting of the historic buildings.

M8 Regular cleaning will take place Cleaning is a fundamental part of good housekeeping NCMG will employ staff or assign supervised volunteers throughout the site and in the museum in museums and is essential to the preservation of to regularly clean the stores and galleries, especially in the stores, in line with agreed cleaning collections. It minimises the risk of infestations. It Museum of Nottingham Life. schedules. also improves the appearance of objects on display. Conservation cleaning is required in the Collections Care NCMG will add collections store cleaning to the and Conservation Policy (2014) whilst the Collections Care curatorial job descriptions. and Conservation Plan (2014) sets out a programme of daily cleaning for public areas, cleaning of stores as well as an annual deep clean of stores and annual clean of displays.

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M9 Vegetation will be promptly removed Vegetation causes erosion of stone, brick and mortar NCC maintenance staff or an appropriately qualified from the historic walls and towers. and results in the loss of historic fabric. Vegetation needs contractor will remove vegetation from walls and other to be removed promptly to prevent plants becoming built fabric as soon as it is noticed. established and causing damage to the heritage assets.

Landscape

L1 Selective tree removal will be carried The park in the Outer Bailey has become crowded with NCC will employ a suitably qualified contractor to out to open up the Castle Gardens. mature trees. There have also been further trees planted remove identified trees. The trees for removal should in close proximity to existing trees and built features be identified by an experienced architect or landscape which are inappropriate species. The profusion of trees architect with an understanding of the significance of compromise the setting of the listed buildings, such as the the landscape. Permission will be required from NCC’s Bandstand and the Ducal Palace. They also limit the area Planning Department with advice from Historic England. available for events. The NCC Tree Officer should also be consulted at an early stage. These works will be addressed during the L2 The rock-cut ditch will be cleared of The ditch is not legible as part of the medieval landscape Castle Redevelopment Project. trees. of the Castle as it and the bank up to the Palace are covered with trees, many of which are self-seeded, and crossed with paths.

L3 The paths in the grounds will be The laying of services beneath paths has resulted in the NCC will employ and appropriately qualified contractor resurfaced. paths having a patched appearance that detracts from to resurface the paths as part of site improvement the setting of the listed buildings. appearance work and its maintenance schedules.

L4 A programme of succession planting There are some trees which form an important element NCC will develop or employ a landscape architect to will be planned and implemented. of the setting of the listed buildings, such as the avenue of develop a succession planting programme. lime trees that form the approach to the Bandstand. To preserve this setting, a succession planting programme NCC’s maintenance team or a suitably qualified needs to be developed and implemented. landscape contractor will implement the succession planting programme.

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L5 Redundant housings around the site will There are a number of small brick structures around NCC’s maintenance team will identify the function of the be removed. the grounds, such as near the Porter’s Lodge and the housings around the grounds and determine whether north-east corner of the Middle Bailey Green, some each is still needed. of which are in poor condition and do not appear to have been maintained. The function of these housings NCC’s maintenance team will remove the redundant should be identified and those that are redundant should housings. be removed. Those which are still required should be overhauled to ensure that they do not detract from the NCC’s maintenance team will overhaul the housings that heritage assets. are required but are in poor condition.

L6 Ensure appropriate settings for the There are several memorials in the grounds, most of NCC will develop a better understanding of the original memorials when carrying out works which are individually listed. As such, they should be settings for the memorials in the grounds through to the landscape and considering preserved in appropriate settings that enhance the research. relocation. heritage assets. Also the memorials continue to be a focus for commemoration. NCC will ensure that the memorials are preserved in an appropriate settings and will reinstate the original settings were feasible.

L7 No further memorials to be added to The Castle grounds have been used for civic functions in NCC will ensure no further memorials are added to the the grounds unless directly relevant. the twentieth century but it is desirable to enhance the Castle grounds unless directly relevant to the site. heritage value and understanding of the site by revealing and celebrating the medieval elements where possible. Adding further memorials would compromise this.

Use

U1 A programme of events that strongly Events are an important source of income for NCMG NCMG will develop a programme of events that has connect with the Castle’s rich history but these events do not always reflect and celebrate stronger connections with the site’s history. and Nottingham will be developed. the importance and history of the place where they are being held. The Castle has a varied history whilst the collections offer further sources of inspiration. Developing events with a closer link to the site may encourage more repeat visitors.

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U2 Methods of incentivising events visitors Some visitors or those who come for events do not NCMG will consider the options for methods of to return for leisure visits will be always realise that there is a public attraction that can be incentivising visitors for events or to return for leisure investigated. regularly visited at the site. Even those who do generally visits. do not return. However, offering a discount on tickets, particularly family tickets, to people who attend events or NCMG will implement the identified methods to events could encourage these kinds of visitors to return encourage return visits. for leisure visits.

U3 Clear guidance on site capacity for Large numbers of visitors crowded in rooms with NCMG’s Events and Conservation teams will seek events should be developed. collections, especially those that are not in cases, can to agree realistic capacity guidelines for event visitor put the collections at risk from accidental damage or numbers. from rapid and severe changes in the environmental conditions. Similarly large numbers of visitors in the grounds could potentially cause damage to built structures partly because people will spill out off the paths and sit on walls etc and partly because it is more difficult to see when people might be causing deliberate damage.

U4 Food preparation for events will be Currently the Family Room in the Ducal Palace is used NCMG will consider and implement the use of avoided in areas that house collections. as a warming kitchen for banquets that are held in the alternative places for food preparation to avoid risk of Long Gallery. This could cause damage to the collections harm to the collections and the building’s fabric. housed in the room.

U5 Power and water supplies will be To facilitate the ease of set up for events and to avoid NCMG will investigate where water and power supplies provided in the grounds for events. the need for generators and other bulky pieces of could be located in the grounds without harming the equipment, power and water supplies will be installed buried archaeology. around the grounds where this will not compromise the buried archaeology. NCMG Events team to advise where power and water supplies would most beneficially be located in the grounds to reduce external equipment required to be moved.

NCMG to install power and water supplies where they will not impact on the buried archaeology and where they will be beneficial for the setting up of events.

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U6 Appropriate staff and volunteer facilities There is no integrated staff facility with kitchen, mess, When planning the refurbishment of the Ducal will be provided. changing room and WC facilities in one area in the Ducal Palace, NCMG and the Design Team will consider Palace. Similarly there is no coherent set of facilities for the requirements of staff and volunteers and improve volunteers, which ideally should be separate from the facilities wherever possible. Additional storage associated staff facilities. with offices will be provided if possible. Facilities for the Parks Team will continue to be provided on site. Facilities for the Parks Team need to be retained even if relocated from the Bothy.

U7 The proposals for an accessible and There is simply not enough space across the site to NCMG will progress proposals for a secure off-site secure off-site store for collections will accommodate all the galleries, visitor facilities, learning collections storage facility. be progressed. space, back of house space and storage required. Every department is struggling with inadequate storage in terms of volume, location, access and environmental conditions. Ideally a purpose-built storage facility close to the Castle is needed to provide readily accessible storage for collections, which could help to alleviate the pressure for space on the site and provide storage which is fit-for- purpose for the preservation of the collections.

Galleries

G1 A coherent house style will be The galleries in the Palace have been developed at NCMG will develop or will employ a suitable consultant developed for use across the galleries in different times and in very different styles. It is inevitable to develop a house style for galleries in the Palace. The the Palace. that in a large museum such as this that the galleries house style needs to be neutral rather than developed would be refurbished in batches. Therefore it is essential for a specific theme. that a house style that will endure is devised so that in the future galleries can be refurbished in a coherent manner. The house style should consider types of interpretation boards and labels, fonts, colours and styles of display.

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G2 A coherent house style will be The Museum of Nottingham Life contains galleries NCMG will develop or will employ a suitable consultant developed for use across the galleries in that were curated at different times and in different to develop a house style for galleries in the Museum of the Museum of Nottingham Life. styles, some of them having remained unchanged for Nottingham Life. over four decades. To allow piecemeal refurbishment of the galleries, it is essential that a house style that will NCMG will ensure that all galleries in the future are endure is devised so that in the future galleries can be refurbished in accordance with the house style. refurbished in a coherent manner. The house style should consider types of interpretation boards and labels, fonts, colours and styles of display.

G3 Gallery spaces in the Palace should be Over the years since Hine and Walker created the NCMG and the Design Team for the refurbishment restored to their original proportions galleries in the Ducal Palace and the Service Wing, project will restore the galleries to their original whenever possible. mezzanine floors have been added, galleries have been proportions wherever possible. subdivided or altered to create storage space and, in the temporary exhibition galleries, heavy lighting tracks and air conditioning units have been installed. These all obscure the original proportions of the spaces created in the creation of the museum.

G4 Environmental conditions in the Currently the environmental conditions in the galleries NCMG will overhaul or replace the existing monitoring galleries and stores will be monitored. and stores are not adequate. This information is needed equipment and install new monitoring equipment where to understand the changes that collections may be there is none. being subjected to. It is also needed to give to some lenders and for the Government Indemnity scheme as a NCMG will purchase a computer with the relevant minimum requirement. software needed for the monitoring of environmental conditions. NCMG’s aims for environmental conditions are set out in the Collections Care and Conservation Policy (2014)

G5 The air conditioning system in the The air conditioning units in the temporary galleries NCMG will overhaul or employ a suitable contractor to temporary exhibitions galleries will be periodically overflow. This puts the collections beneath overhaul the air conditioning system. overhauled. them at risk of damage and therefore spaces are not used to prevent damage to artworks. Space in the galleries is at a premium.

G6 Lighting controls will be installed . Although the lighting installed in the galleries is generally NCMG will review lighting controls to allow lighting levels suitable for the objects on display, the lighting cannot be to be varied when developments take place. adjusted, for example, to be dimmed or blacked out.

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G7 Relevant smartphone applications will Rather than making substantial changes to the physical NCMG will appoint and work with an appropriate be developed to facilitate interactive galleries, which can be costly, disruptive and potentially consultant to develop a smartphone applications to learning in the galleries. could harm the historic fabric of the buildings, use should create interactive learning opportunities and to ensure be made of current digital technology to keep displays that displays remain timely. fresh and ensure that they are interactive.

Education and Engagement

EE1 A strategy to celebrate and explain It is acknowledged amongst staff that visitors are often NCMG will develop or will employ a suitable consultant the whole site and its history will be disappointed that there is no medieval castle keep at the to develop a clear and coherent interpretation strategy developed. site. Visitors are often confused by what they do see at that will celebrate the whole of the Castle’s history, the site: a palace and a park. An interpretation strategy for celebrating and explaining the history of the site and NCMG’s staff responsible for interpretations will use this how it came to be as it is should be developed. This strategy to develop and deliver coherent interpretation should form the basis of all future interpretation and and displays to help visitors to understand the site and inform the events and education programmes so that how it has developed. these elements are coherent. This may involve identifying key dates, events and changes over the last 1,000 years NCMG’s education and events teams will use the and developing a narrative for visitors from these. strategy to inform the programmes that they develop.

EE2 A series of new information panels will There is no interpretation to explain how the site NCMG will develop the narratives that are to be told be designed and installed to inform and developed into what it is today. Ideally this should be about the site; to assess where information boards could guide visitors . done as close to the point of arrival as possible. be usefully and safely located without compromising the heritage value of the buildings; to consult with the The information panels could include a map so as to also local community and visitors as to they would like to function as wayfinding information. see in terms of interpretation; if necessary to appoint a specialist exhibition designer to advise; and to develop information panels.

EE3 A smartphone application will be To facilitate self-guided tours of the site and to make NCMG will appoint and work with an appropriate developed to provide an electronic information on the history of the site more readily consultant to develop a smartphone application. This guide to the site. available with minimal infrastructure costs. should include consultation with the local community to understand what visitors would be most interested in learning about.

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EE4 The proposed major refurbishment The Castle is one of Nottingham’s most important NCMG will carry out the activities identified in its Phase project will be used to engage further cultural assets and NCMG should foster a sense of 2 Activity Plan. with the local community. ownership amongst local people by engaging with the local community especially during the refurbishment project.

EE5 A designated lunchroom with There is currently no designated lunchroom at the NCMG and the Design Team will consider the associated facilities will be identified. Castle. If possible, given the constraints on space on the requirement for a lunchroom and associated facilities site, a lunchroom will be designated and it should have during the development of the refurbishment project associated WC facilities. design.

If it is not possible to provide a lunchroom during the refurbishment project, NCMG will look to designate a lunchroom as soon as possible.

EE6 The audiences and education The Castle has a relatively small audience base and there NCMG will implement the activities identified in the programme will be developed in are many audiences that are not coming to the Castle. Activity Plan and the Education and Engagement line with the NCMG Education and Strategies. Engagement Strategies. As part of the diversification and expansion of audiences, education programmes need to be developed for secondary school visitors. Alongside this needs to be the creation of a larger education space suitable for secondary school pupils.

Activities need to be planned and produced that reflect the quality of the Castle’s collections and the importance of the site.

EE7 Good quality research facilities will be The storage space for collections is very tight and there is NCMG will develop a good quality research facility in the developed. little space for staff to layout materials or for researchers Waterworks or elsewhere. to consult material in them. The Castle lacks good quality research facilities. NCMG will improve the facilities in the other buildings for researchers.

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EE8 Staffing and skills should be appropriate NCMG is a Major Partner Museum until 2018 as part NCMG will ensure it has sufficient staffing capacity to to fulfil requirements of being of ACE’s scheme to ensure excellence and resilience fulfil its programme until 2018 for being a Major Partner accredited and a Major Partner in museums. NCMG needs to ensure it has adequate Museum. Museum. staffing capacity to meet the proposals it set forth in its application to be a Major Partner Museum.

Visitor Facilities

VF1 Visitor WC facilities will be improved, Visitor WC facilities in the Palace are limited and NCMG will invest in the improvement of the visitor WC especially in Brewhouse Yard dated. The visitor WCs in Brewhouse Yard are in poor facilities as part of the major refurbishment project. condition. The quality and condition of WCs can have a significant impact on visitors’ perception of a visitor attraction.

VF2 Mobile or temporary café and retail The café is located at the southernmost end of the NCMG will continue to use mobile or temporary café outlets, especially during events, will be Ducal Palace, as far as it could be from the Gatehouse and retail outlets during large events or at peak visiting used. and also far from the Outer Bailey and Middle Bailey times. Green where events are usually held. Similarly, the main shop in the Palace is not readily accessible or noticeable during events. Mobile café and retail units provide the opportunity to increase revenue from events. Mobile units should be temporary for one-off events to prevent cluttering the site.

VF3 The provision of a café near the The café is located as far from the Gatehouse as it could NCMG and the Design Team will consider the possibility Gatehouse should be considered. be which means that there is no potential for non-paying of creating a café near the Gatehouse that could be used visitors to be allowed to use the café, as many museums by customers who do not hold a Castle entry ticket. and visitor attractions try to allow. A café near the Gatehouse, coupled with the creation of a free-to-enter area near the Gatehouse would allow the café to be used by people who were not visiting the Castle.

VF4 The location and size of storage for the The storage for the café and shops are limited and in NCMG and the Design Team will liaise with the café and shop will be improved. inconvenient locations. Commercial & Operations Manager to understand the requirements for café and retail storage.

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Transport and Parking

TP1 Potential for coach parking will be There is designated coach parking further up Lenton NCMG/NCC will investigate the potential for coach investigated. Road, towards The Park, although it is not often used, parking close to the Castle. Any coach parking should not and is not in an ideal location. compromise the setting and views of the Castle.

Wayfinding

WA1 An appropriate signage strategy Signage, permanent and temporary, around the site and NCMG will develop or will employ a suitable consultant setting out the style of signage will be the buildings is varied in its style, which makes it difficult to develop a signage strategy that includes a style for the developed and adopted. to identify as signage. A coherent style of signage, at least signage and how and where signage should be used. within each of the two museums and the grounds, should be adopted to facilitate wayfinding. The signage should be developed in a style that is appropriate to the site and will not date so that it can continue to be used for many years.

WA2 The directional signage around the site The site is not intuitive to navigate because of the level NCMG will develop a signage strategy which identifies will be improved changes, multiple paths and the fact it is not what many what kind of signs are needed and where. visitors expect when they walk through the Gatehouse. NCMG will implement signage to and around the site.

WA3 Directional signage in the Ducal Palace The Palace has several levels and three main public NCMG will develop a signage strategy for the Ducal will be improved. vertical circulation cores and some minor ones. These, Palace. together with the different displays, make the Palace difficult to navigate. Existing signage is poor. NCMG will implement signage around the Palace and ensure that all future signage is produced in line with the strategy.

WA4 Directional signage in the Museum of The Museum of Nottingham Life has three staircases and NCMG will develop a signage strategy for the Museum of Nottingham Life will be improved. a series of very different galleries that do not relate to Nottingham Life. the original layouts of the cottages. Also the entrance to the Museum is in the middle rather than at one end of NCMG will implement signage around the Museum of the galleries. Consequently the Museum is confusing and Nottingham Life and ensure that all future signage is difficult to orientate oneself in. produced in line with the strategy.

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Accessibility

A1 Access between the Castle and the The only internal connection between the Castle and NCMG and the Design Team will explore options for Brewhouse Yard will be improved. Brewhouse Yard is via Mortimer’s Hole, which is only access between the Castle and the Brewhouse Yard. accessible during cave tours. Visitors who go on cave tours first often miss much of the Castle site. The slopes Operational and Management solutions will also be outside the Castle down to Brewhouse Yard are steep. explored, for example, the possible use of a land train Whilst there is value in maintaining the inaccessibility of facility. the Castle to emphasise its original purpose as a fortress, there is also a need to help visitors to get between the Castle and the Brewhouse Yard. It may be that improved signage is the only solution but the possibilities for physical access between the two should be explored. Physical access is one of the principal aims set out in the Collections Access Statement (2014)

A2 A policy of Universal Design will be In implementing any refurbishment works, this approach NCMG staff will familiarise themselves with the adopted. should be encouraged to create the best possible access requirements of the Equality Act and ensure that for people with or without disabilities. Any new scheme consultants and contractors designing new work are should be compliant with the Equality Act 2010, while aware of this approach. also balancing the needs of the significant fabric of the listed buildings.

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A3 Work with other developments to The Castle is currently perceived as apart from the city NCMG/NCC will work with the Broadmarsh developers improve access to the Castle from the centre, partly because of its elevated position and partly and others in the city to improve the links between the city centre and Broadmarsh. because of the visual barriers of Maid Marian Way and Castle and the city centre and the Broadmarsh. the high-rise buildings. There is going to be a project to refurbish the Broadmarsh shopping centre shortly. It would be desirable for the two project teams to work together, possibly with NCC, to consider ways of improving the connections between the city centre and the Castle.

A4 The possibility of introducing a lift in There is no lift in the Waterworks and objects being NCMG and the Design Team will investigate the Waterworks particularly to service moved to and from the Conservation laboratories in potential to introduce a lift in the Waterworks to serve the Conservation laboratories will be particular have to be carried up and down stairs. It would the Conservation laboratories without harming the investigated. be safer for collections and for staff if a lift were installed. significance of the heritage asset.

A5 Findings from access assessments will Access assessments have been carried out but NCMG will implement recommendations from access be implemented. their recommendations have not always been assessments unless they compromise the significance of implemented. Recommendations, where they do not the heritage assets. harm the significance of the heritage assets, should be implemented.

A6 The online collections catalogue will There is an online collections catalogue but it is NCMG will improve the online collections catalogue. continue to be improved. incomplete and not intuitive to use. Online catalogues are important in allowing remote access to collections particularly for researchers. It also follows from the aim stated on the Collections Information Policy (2014) to make the collections and information about them available to everyone.

Environment

E1 Monitor environmental changes that Climate change is an increasing concern within our NCMG to nominate an individual to take note of could affect the Castle and Brewhouse society and for national and regional governments. It changes. Information, such as gutters no longer coping Yard sites. may be necessary in the future to make upgrades or with increased rainfall, will be picked up in routine alterations to the building to compensate for increased maintenance checks. These should be recorded in the risk of pests and heavy rainfall. A continued awareness Maintenance Log as additional notes. of long term change in climate will mean that NCMG is better prepared to deal with necessary alterations.

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Number Policy Reason Action Timescale

E2 Any future redevelopment works will This will reduce the development’s impact on the NCMG and the appointed architect for future consider the use of ‘green’ technologies environment. redevelopment works should take note of this policy and and energy conservation measures. suitable technologies explored.

E3 Upgrades to the building to make it Changes which would normally take place to an unlisted The appointed architect for future redevelopment work more energy efficient will balance this building to upgrade energy efficiency can often be should be made aware of this policy and the significance need with the need to maintain the harmful to those with historic value. Alternative methods values of the building, as outlined in this CMP. building’s heritage values. or materials may need to be explored in order to minimise or avoid harm. E4 Recommendations of the ecology survey The ecology survey is currently being undertaken and NCC will ensure that the recommendations of the will be incorporated in the management is likely to identify the presence of species that merit ecology survey are implemented to ensure compliance of the site. protection under EU law, such as bats, or may identify with relevant legislation. species deemed to be invasive that ought to be removed. When works are carried out either as part of routine maintenance or as part of major projects, the necessary surveys and mitigation measures must be undertaken. Funding

F1 NCC will continue to take responsibility The scheduled ancient monuments and listed buildings NCC to ensure that there is adequate funding for the for the listed buildings and scheduled are heritage assets that need to be maintained and upkeep and maintenance of the scheduled ancient ancient monuments for their heritage preserved regardless of their use. monuments and listed buildings within budgets available value. for Heritage.

F2 NCMG to explore potential for grants Funding constraints have limited the amount of A nominated individual at NCMG will regularly review to supplement the funding for the listed maintenance that has taken place on the listed structures the works required and the grants that are available to buildings. which has caused damage to and loss of historic fabric. To identify areas of work that might be able to be partially minimise the risk of this in the future, additional sources or fully funded by grants from an external body. of funding should be identified.

F3 A good working relationship will The Friends of Nottingham Museums and the NCMG will maintain a close working relationship with be maintained with the Friends Nottingham Castle Trust fundraise to support the Castle. the Friends and the Trust and liaise with them on of Nottingham Museums and the The development of a detailed Maintenance Plan would proposals for the Castle, particularly in relation to the Nottingham Castle Trust to ensure help to ensure that these funds can be directed to where proposed redevelopment. that the funds it donates are used most they are most needed. effectively.

187 5 POLICIES

TIMESCALE: Immediate As part of the HLF project Medium term but outside HLF Project Ongoing Aspirational

Number Policy Reason Action Timescale

F4 NCMG will secure funding for the Funding from the HLF and such other sources as NCMG’s Nottingham Castle Project Team will ensure proposed major project are required for match funding are essential to the that the documentation required by the HLF is enactment of the proposed major project. completed to a high standard and in a timely manner to ensure the best chance of securing the funding. This CMP forms part of a Round 2 bid for a grant from HLF to finance the redevelopment of the Castle site. NCMG will identify possible sources of match funding and secure this.

Marketing

MK1 The website will be kept up to date. The exhibitions, events and activities at the site are NCMG will keep the website up to date. constantly changing and developing and therefore it is important both for visitors and for the Castle’s reputation that the website is kept up to date. The website can also be used to maintain people’s interest in the heritage assets via blogs or changing feature articles.

MK2 Full use will be made of different NCMG currently uses a range of media to advertise the NCMG will continue to use a range of media and forums marketing channels to promote the sites including on the NCC website, in local newspapers, to promote the museums, collections and events. Castle and Brewhouse Yard sites and on posters and via local television and radio. This should encourage community engagement. continue and new opportunities for marketing to be NCMG will seek to make use of further means of seized as they arise. communication when the opportunities arise.

MK3 The proposed redevelopment project The Castle and Brewhouse Yard are prominent in the NCMG/NCC will celebrate works to enhance the listed will be publicised. townscape and the cultural life of the town. Works to buildings and other elements of the site through local, improve them provide NCMG with the opportunity to and if appropriate, national press and by maintaining an engage the local community to develop the facilities to up to date website. encourage use and it also provides the opportunity for NCC to gain positive publicity.

MK4 A website will be set up for any major A website or district area of the new Castle website NCMG/NCC will establish a separate website/area of the project to facilitate communications that it is easy to navigate would provide interested Castle website for any major project to provide readily with local and interested parties. parties with somewhere to search for information. It accessible information for the general public. should include a regularly updated news page as well as a description and illustrations of the proposals. If possible, it may be useful to include a blog that members of the project team contribute to provide a more personal account of the project. The website should also allow space for people to feedback information or opinions.

188 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 5 POLICIES

TIMESCALE: Immediate As part of the HLF project Medium term but outside HLF Project Ongoing Aspirational

Number Policy Reason Action Timescale

Security

SE1 Security will be enhanced where Generally the site is secure but there are a small number NCC will enhance security measures where weaknesses weaknesses are identified. of areas where security could be enhanced. CCTV acts are idenitifed. as both a deterrent and a record in the event of a crime.

SE2 Security assessments will be kept up to Assessments of the physical security of staff, visitors, NMS will ensure security assessments are carried out by date. buildigns and collections by a crime prevention officer are relevant personnel and the recommendations are carried required for the Castle and Brewhouse Yard every five out. years for the Museum Accreditation.

Future Development

FD1 The major redevelopment project at The Castle and Brewhouse Yard require substantial NCMG will continue to acquire funding and to progress Nottingham Castle will be undertaken. investment to improve visitor facilities and ensure its the project to completion. future sustainability. NCMG has secured a grant of more than £12 million from the HLF to develop the project proposals and are applying for further funding. A great deal of work has already been put into the project proposals and the fundraising effort.

FD2 The galleries in the Museum The museum has not been comprehensively overhauled of Nottingham Life will be since it opened in the 1970s and many of the displays, comprehensively overhauled. even more recent ones, look tired and dated. There are aspects of the Museum of Nottingham Life that are popular such as the recreated shops and shop fronts. These should be retained but revitalised whilst other displays should be wholly reworked or replaced. The refurbishment of the museum is proposed as part of the redevelopment project.

189 5 POLICIES

TIMESCALE: Immediate As part of the HLF project Medium term but outside HLF Project Ongoing Aspirational

Number Policy Reason Action Timescale

FD3 The caves along Castle Road will be Many of the caves along Castle Road are empty and have NCMG will consider options for the caves. brought back into use. potential to be used as part of the visitor attraction to tell the storey of how people used to live in the caves or as a dry place where visitors could potentially learn something of the Castle’s history for free to entice them to visit the Castle.

FD4 The Collections will be developed NCMG produced a document detailing the Collections NCMG will develop the Collections as set out in the in accordance with the Collections development policy in 2013. This should be adhered to Collections Development Policy. Development Policy. in order to create coherent and sustainable collections.

190 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 6 IMPLEMENTATION AND REVIEW

6.1 IMPLEMENTATION The final draft of this CMP should be adopted by Nottingham City Council. Responsibility for the implementation of the policies contained within the plan should reside with the Director of Sport and Culture.

6.2 REVIEW The CMP should be reviewed and updated regularly, usually every five years or when a major change occurs.

6.3 ARCHIVAL DEPOSITION A copy of this CMP should be deposited in the archives In Brewhouse Yard. It may be considered appropriate to deposit a copy at Nottinghamshire Archives.

191 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY

7.1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND CONSULTATION A partial draft to the end of the Statement of Significance was issued to a small group of internal consultees. The first full draft of this CMP was The preparation of this document has been greatly aided by Faye issued to a larger number of internal consultees for comment: Sadler, Nottingham Castle Project Officer; Cal Warren, Nottingham Castle Project Programme Manager; and Ron Inglis, Service Manager. • Nigel Hawkins - Head of Culture & Libraries; The assistance of Andrew King, Registrar, and Gordon Young, City Archaeologist, in the research at the Castle Archives for the historical • Richard Hamblin, Nottingham Castle Project Director; development section was much appreciated. • Cal Warren, Nottingham Castle Project Programme Manager; An internal consultation was issued to a number of staff. Responses • Faye Sadler, Nottingham Castle Project Officer; were received from: • Ron Inglis, Service Manager Museums & Galleries; • Ron Inglis, Service Manager • Gordon Young, City Archaeologist; • Andrew King, Registrar • Andrew King, Registrar; • Victoria Hobbs, Assistant Conservation Officer • Tom Street, Principal Conservation Officer; • Deborah Dean, Visual Arts & Exhibitions Manager • James Dymond, Parks & Open Spaces Development Manager; • Jo Kemp, Learning, Engagement & Collections Manager • Paul Seddon - Head of Development Management. • Rachel Dewsbury, Operations & Commercial Manager The first full draft was also issued to the following members of the • Mick Smurthwaite, Commercial Manager Nottingham Castle Trust: • Sharon Scaniglia, Principal Arts Officer • Heather Mayfield; • Jean Jackson, Public Programmes Officer • Tim Molloy (advisor); • Richard Buxton, Events Officer • Ted Cantle. • John Pell, Horticultural Service Manager • Mo Allahi, Operations Manager

192 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY

The second draft of this document has been issued to the Published Secondary Sources ‘Death of Mr. George Harry Wallis’, Nottingham Evening Post, following organisations for review: Clark, K., Informed Conservation. London: English Heritage, 17 August 1936. 2001. ‘New Bandstand at Nottm. Castle’, Nottingham Evening Post, • Heritage Lottery Fund: Kally Barot, Roy Steele, Rita 9 June 1908. Deering, C., The History of Nottingham. Nottingham, 1751. McLean, Caroline Wilson. Drage, C., Nottingham Castle: A Place Full Royal,. Nottingham, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Entries • Historic England: Eilis Scott and Tim Allen; 1990. Boase, G. C., ‘Wallis, George (1811–1891)’, rev. R. C. Denis, • Nottingham Castle Trust: Heather Mayfield; English Heritage (now known as Historic England), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Conservation Principles Policies and Guidance London: English • Nottingham Civic Society: Hilary Silvester; Press, 2004; online edn, Sept 2013 [http://www.oxforddnb. Heritage, 2008. com/view/article/28570, accessed 15 Sept 2015]. • Nottingham Caves Forum (under Nottingham Civic English Heritage (now known as Historic England), Managing Hulse, Lynn. ‘Cavendish, William, first duke of Newcastle Society): Andrew Hamilton; Local Authority Heritage Assets. London: English Heritage, upon Tyne (bap. 1593, d. 1676)’, Oxford Dictionary of National 2003. • Friends of Nottingham Museums: Janet Lievesley; Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, English Heritage (now known as Historic England), Seeing • Trent and Peak Archaeology: Dr Howard Jones; Jan 2011 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4946, the View. London: English Heritage, 2011. accessed 29 May 2015]. Hamilton, Andrew. Nottingham’s Caves. Nottingham: Comments were received from all stakeholders. King, Edmund. ‘Peverel, William (b. c.1090, d. after 1155)’, Nottingham Civic Society Sales, 2004. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Hamilton, Andrew. Nottingham’s Royal Castle and Ducal Palace. Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22076, 7.2 REFERENCES Nottingham: Nottingham Civic Society, 1999. accessed 1 June 2015]. Norris, MM. ‘Manners, Thomas, first earl of Rutland c.( 1497– Nottingham City Council Historic England, Good Practice Advice 2: Managing 1543)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford Aligned Core Strategy Part I Local Plan, 2014. Significance in Decision-Taking in the Historic Environment. University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 [http://www. London: Historic England, 2015. Castle Conservation Area Policy, DC 1785/29/06/01, 1994. oxforddnb.com/view/article/17963, accessed 1 June 2015]. Historic England, Good Practice Advice 3: The Setting of Castle Quarter Development Vison and Framework, Draft Loomie, AJ. ‘Manners, Francis, sixth earl of Rutland (1578– Heritage Assets. London: Historic England, 2015. February 2012. 1632)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford Land and Planning Policies: Development Plan Document Local Monkton, Linda and Pete Smith. Nottingham: The Creation of University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2014 [http://www. Plan Part 2: Preferred Option, September 2013. the City’s Identity. Cambridge: English Heritage, 2009. oxforddnb.com/view/article/17953, accessed 1 June 2015]. Thoroton, History of Nottinghamshire, Vol. II. London, 1797. Nottingham City Centre Urban Design Guide, 2009. Seddon, PR. ‘Cavendish, Henry, second duke of Newcastle upon Tyne (1630–1691)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Published Articles Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www. Nottingham City Museums and Galleries Brand, Ken. ‘Nottingham architects’, The Nottinghamshire oxforddnb.com/view/article/40627, accessed 29 May 2015]. Collections Access Statement, 2014. Heritage Gateway. [http://www.nottsheritagegateway.org. Collections Care & Conservation Policy, 2014. uk/people/architects.htm, accessed 4 June 2015]. Collections Care & Conservation Plan, 2014. Unpublished Sources Collections Development Policy, 2013. Foulds, T., ‘’This great house, so lately begun, and all of Carter Ecological Ltd. Nottingham Castle: Background Data Collections Documentation Plan, 2013. freestone’: William Cavendish’s Italianate Palazzo Called Search [Ecology]. Oxford, 2006. Nottingham Castle’, Transactions of the Thoroton Society of Collections Information Policy, 2014. Dixon, Philip. Nottingham Castle: Some Aspects of the Nottinghamshire, Vol. 106 (2002): 81-102. Strategic Plan, 2014. Medieval Castle. 2005. Woodhouse, A., ‘Nottingham Castle’, Country Life (27th July Drury, Paul. Nottingham Ducal Palace: Understanding and 2000):. 70-5. Assessment. 2005. 193 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Furness Green Partners. Building Services Condition Survey chambers-hine/, accessed 28 May 2015]. Grimsthorpe Castle and North Court, Bourne of Castle Museum and Art Gallery Nottingham. Nottingham, ‘Herbert Walker & Son’ [http://www.scottisharchitects.org. K6 Telephone Kiosk adjoining Castle Wall, Nottingham 2005. uk/architect_full.php?id=204180, accessed 28 May 2015]. K6 Telephone Kiosk opposite New Castle House, Inglis, Ron. Nottingham Castle Museum & Art Gallery: Nottingham Collection Highlights. Nottingham: Nottingham City Listing Descriptions Kimbolton School, Kimbolton Museums and Galleries, 2013. The following listing descriptions were consulted in addition King Charles House, Nottingham Kinsley, G. (Trent & Peak Archaeological Unit). A to those in Appendix A: Contribution to Archaeological Issues in the Nottingham Castle Lady Lever Art Gallery, Port Sunlight Conservation Plan. 2005. Lamp Standard 5 metres south west of number 2 Castle I and 2 Castle Grove, Nottingham Land Use Consultants. Nottingham Castle Development Plan: Grove, Nottingham Contribution on Landscape. London, 2005. 1 and 2 Standard Hill, Nottingham Memorial Nurses’ Home, Nottingham Prince Research Consultants. Nottingham Castle Access and 3 Castle Grove, Nottingham Mortimer House the Old Castle Inn, Nottingham Audience Development Plan. London, 2006. 43, 45 and 47 Castle Gate, Nottingham Museum and Art Gallery, Warrington Prince Research Consultants. Nottingham Castle Conservation 49 Castle Gate, Nottingham Number 7 and attached archway, Castle Grove, Management Plan. London, 2006. 5 Castle Grove, Nottingham Nottingham Prince Research Consultants. Nottingham Castle 51 Castle Gate, Nottingham Number 76 and attached railing, Hounds Gate, Nottingham Development Plan. London, 2007. 53 Castle Gate, Nottingham Remains of Newark Castle, Newark Price and Myers LLP. Nottingham Castle: Report on Structural 55 Castle Gate, Nottingham Retaining wall and garden wall at St Mary’s Vicarage and St Inspection. 2005. 57 and 59 Castle Gate, Nottingham Peter’s Rectory, Nottingham Purcell. Condition Survey: Museum of Nottingham Life – Retaining walls, railings and gates to numbers 1 and 2 Castle Brewhouse Yard. 2015. 6 Castle Grove, 3 Castle Rising attached area railings, 1 and Grove, Nottingham Purcell. Condition Survey: Rock Cottage – Brewhouse Yard. 2014. 3 Lenton Road, Nottingham Purcell. Condition Survey: Waterworks Building – Brewhouse Yard. 70 and 72 Hounds Gate, Nottingham Severns’ Building, the Lace Centre, Nottingham 2014. 8 and 10 Park Valley, Nottingham St Mary’s Parish Room and Flat, Nottingham Rutherford-Moore, Richard. Summary of links with ‘The Barbican House Bearcroft, Nottingham St Mary’s Vicarage and St Peter’s Rectory, Standard Hill, Nottingham Legend of Robin Hood’ to The Sheriff of Nottingham and Belvoir Castle, Belvoir Nottingham Castle. 2005. War memorial, retaining wall and railings at Memorial Bolsover Castle, Old Bolsover SLR Consulting. Nottingham Castle Appendix B: Nurses’ Home, Lenton Road, Nottingham Boundary Mark 40 Metres north east of castle gatehouse, Description of Heritage Assets. October 2012. Wyville House and attached railings, Nottingham Nottingham Victoria Waddington Associates. Access Design Audit of Castle, Norwich Nottingham Castle Museum. 2006. Archives Castle Court and Attached Railings, 59, Castle Boulevard, -. Recommendations for Improvements found from Access Audit: Nottingham City Museum and Galleries Castle Museum. (Internal NCC document.) Nottingham Chartwell House, Nottingham Nottinghamshire Archives Websites Chillington House The Maidstone Municipal Museum and University of Nottingham Manuscripts and Special Collections ‘Thomas Chambers Hine’ on Nottingham Hidden History Art Gallery, Maidstone Team [https://nottinghamhiddenhistoryteam.wordpress. Gateway and Boundary Wall at Memorial Nuses’ Home, com/2013/04/25/nottingham-famous-graves-thomas- King Charles Street, Nottingham

194 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 APPENDICES

Appendix A: Listing Descriptions Appendix B: Legislative Framework and Guidance Appendix C: Staff Structure

195 APPENDIX A: LISTING DESCRIPTIONS

CASTLE MUSEUM AND ART GALLERY colonnade, C19, covering a triple niche, with doors at each end. Above, List entry number: 127118 8 former doorcase with columns and segmental pediment, flanked by Location: Castle Museum and Art Gallery, Castle Road single windows. Returns have recessed bays above the colonnade, and Grade: I 2 windows on each floor. Outer façades, to west, have 3 windows. Date first listed: 11-Aug-1952 South front has a rusticated basement with round-arched rusticated Details porch and balcony, flanked by 3 round-arched French windows. NOTTINGHAM SK5639SE CASTLE ROAD 646-1/22/136 (West side Above, 3 corniced windows with rusticated surrounds. Attic has (off)) 11/08/52 Castle Museum and Art Gallery GV I Ducal palace, C19 windows. North front, 4 windows, has regular C19 fenestration. now museum and art gallery. 1674-79. By Samuel Marsh of Lincoln Sub-basement service range, 9 windows, with balustrade and arcaded for William Cavendish, first Duke of Newcastle. Interior refitted sunken courtyard. INTERIOR has ashlar doorcases with segmental 1719, by Sir John Vanbrugh. Burnt down 1831 during Reform Bill riots. broken pediments. 2 painted ashlar open well stairs and landings with Extensively remodelled as museum and art gallery 1876-78 by TC Hine cast-iron balustrades, coved ceiling and cross beamed skylight to stair of Nottingham for Nottingham Corporation. Restored 1908 and later wells. Ground floor gallery to south has moulded cross beams on C20. Provincial Baroque style. Ashlar, with hipped roofs, glazed and shaped corbels. Ground floor rooms on the east side have jack-arched slated. EXTERIOR: basement windows are mostly 2-light plain sashes fireproof ceilings. First floor galleries have coved ceilings with moulded with stone mullions. First floor windows are stone mullioned cross cornices and cross beamed skylights. Long gallery is divided by a round- casements. Second floor dummy windows are mainly C19, square, with arched ashlar screen with pierced pedestals. This building was the first round-arched stone tracery. The original east elevation has basement, municipal museum and art gallery in England. (The Buildings of England: piano nobile and attics, remodelled internally as 2 storeys. U-plan, 9 x Pevsner N: Nottinghamshire: London: 1979-: 225-228; Get to know 3 bays, with rear wings flanking a central courtyard. The main entrance Nottingham: Hamilton A: Nottingham’s Royal Castle: Nottingham: was transposed from east to west by Hine. East front, fully rusticated, 1980-; Transactions of the Thoroton Society: Drage C: Nottingham has modillion main cornice and C19 pierced balustrade. Slightly Castle: Nottingham: 1991-). projecting centre, 5 bays, divided by Corinthian half-columns, the side Listing NGR: SK5691439447 bays divided by pilasters. Basement has reglazed windows and a central door, C19, all with double keystones. Central window, with columns and cornice, flanked by 4 pedimented windows, all with balustrades. Over the centre, an equestrian statue. Attic has original 2-light windows with strapwork surrounds. Entrance front, to west, has a curved Tuscan

196 APPENDIX A: LISTING DESCRIPTIONS

TERRACE WALL TO EAST OF CASTLE MUSEUM STEPS LEADING TO TERRACE ON EAST SIDE OF THE PAIR OF GATE PIERS 15 METRES NORTH EAST OF List entry number: 1271050 CASTLE MUSEUM CASTLE MUSEUM Location: Terrace Wall to East of Castle Museum, Castle List entry number: 1246762 List entry number: 127119 0 Road Location: Steps Leading to Terrace on East Side of the Location: Pair of Gate Piers 15 Metres North East of Grade: II Castle Museum, Castle Road Castle Museum, Castle Road Date first listed: 30-Nov-1995 Grade: II Grade: II Details Date first listed: 30-Nov-1995 Date first listed: 12-Jul-1972 NOTTINGHAM SK5639SE CASTLE ROAD 646-1/22/137 Details Details (West side (off)) Terrace wall to east of Castle Museum GV NOTTINGHAM SK5639SE CASTLE ROAD 646-1/22/133 NOTTINGHAM SK5639SE CASTLE ROAD 646-1/22/132 II Terrace wall. 1674-79. By Samuel Marsh for the first Duke (West side (off)) Steps leading to terrace on east side of (West side (off)) 12/07/72 Pair of gate piers 15m north-east of Newcastle. Rebuilt 1877-78 by TC Hine of Nottingham. the Castle Museum GV II Steps with intermediate landing. of Castle Museum (Formerly Listed as: CASTLE ROAD Coursed squared stone with slab copings. Square pedestals 1674-79. Probably by Samuel Marsh for the first Duke of Pair of gatepiers at the Castle) GV II Pair of gate piers. with slab copings, 2 of them with figures of heraldic lions Newcastle. Ashlar. Plain steps, approx 3m wide, with low 1674-79. Probably by Samuel Marsh for the first Duke of holding shields. Approx 1m high and 55m long, slightly flanking walls. On the landing, 4 pedestals topped with Newcastle. Ashlar. Square, rusticated piers, approx 3m high, curving. Part of the original architectural scheme of the urns. With the nearby gate piers, these steps formed with cornices and urn finials. With the nearby staircase, Ducal Palace. (Get to know Nottingham: Brand K: Thomas the main approach to the principal entrance. Part of the they defined the main formal entrance. Part of the original Chambers Hine; an architect of Victorian Nottingham: original architectural scheme of the Ducal palace. (Get to architectural scheme of the Ducal palace. (Get to know Nottingham: 27; Get to know Nottingham: Hamilton A: know Nottingham: Hamilton A: Nottingham’s Royal Castle: Nottingham: Hamilton A: Nottingham’s Royal Castle: Nottingham’s Royal Castle: Nottingham: 1980-: 22). Nottingham: 1980-: ILLUSTRATION, 22). Nottingham: 1980-: 22-25; The Buildings of England: Pevsner Listing NGR: SK5692839458 Listing NGR: SK5689739489 N: Nottinghamshire: London: 1979-: 225-228). Listing NGR: SK5689239492

197 APPENDIX A: LISTING DESCRIPTIONS

PAIR OF GATE PIERS 20 METRES SOUTH WEST OF PARAPET WALL TO SOUTH AND WEST OF CASTLE NOTTINGHAM CASTLE MIDDLE BRIDGE ADJOINING CASTLE MUSEUM MUSEUM ARCHWAY AND PORTER’S LODGE List entry number: 1246927 List entry number: 1246761 List entry number: 1246766 Location: Pair of Gate Piers 20 Metres South West of Location: Parapet Wall to South and West of Castle Location: Nottingham Castle Middle Bridge Adjoining Castle Museum, Castle Road Museum Archway and Porter’s Lodge, Castle Road Grade: II Grade: II Grade: II Date first listed: 12-Jul-1972 Date first listed: 30-Nov-1995 Date first listed: 30-Nov-1995 Details Details Details NOTTINGHAM SK5639SE CASTLE ROAD 646-1/22/131 NOTTINGHAM SK5639SE CASTLE ROAD 646-1/22/135 NOTTINGHAM SK5639SE CASTLE ROAD 646-1/22/128 (West side (off)) 12/07/72 Pair of gate piers 20m south- (West side (off)) Parapet wall to south and west of Castle (West side (off)) Nottingham Castle middle bridge, west of Castle Museum (Formerly Listed as: CASTLE Museum GV II Parapet wall. 1674-79. Probably by Samuel adjoining archway and porter’s lodge GV II Bridge spanning ROAD Pair of gatepiers at the Castle) GV II Pair of gate Marsh for the first Duke of Newcastle. Ashlar. Moulded the middle moat at Nottingham Castle, and adjoining piers. 1674-79. Probably by Samuel Marsh for the first plinth and intermediate pedestals. Coping removed. The archway and porter’s lodge. Bridge, originally a drawbridge, Duke of Newcastle. Ashlar. Square, rusticated piers, approx wall follows the cliff edge of the castle rock around the c1170, for Henry II. Altered late C16, restored c1878 and 3m high, with cornices and urn finials. Part of the original south and west sides of the castle. Approx 1m high and c1984. Adjoining archway and lodge c1800. Bridge, coursed architectural scheme of the Ducal palace. (The Buildings of 140m long. Part of the original architectural scheme of squared stone with rubble coping to parapet walls. Single England: Pevsner N: Nottinghamshire: London: 1979-: 225- the Ducal palace. (Get to know Nottingham: Hamilton A: round arch with long approach ramps. Pair of cast-iron 228). Nottingham’s Royal Castle: Nottingham: 1980-: 22). gates, late C19. An important survival of the medieval castle. Listing NGR: SK5685339466 Listing NGR: SK5689439416 Adjoining archway has a round arch flanked by pilasters, under a cornice and flat gable. To its right, an underground porter’s lodge, with pedimented ashlar doorcase and 6-panel door with fanlight. These probably date from the period when the Castle was occupied as apartments. (Get to know Nottingham: Hamilton A: Nottingham’s Royal Castle: Nottingham: 1980-: 2,5,6,22). Listing NGR: SK5691639499

198 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 APPENDIX A: LISTING DESCRIPTIONS

NOTTINGHAM CASTLE MIDDLE BAILEY WALL AND NOTTINGHAM CASTLE GATEHOUSE, OUTER NOTTINGHAM CASTLE OUTER BAILEY WALL AND TOWERS BRIDGE AND ADJOINING GATEWAY TOWERS List entry number: 1246764 List entry number: 1247094 List entry number: 1246765 Location: Nottingham Castle Middle Bailey Wall and Location: Nottingham Castle Gatehouse, Outer Bridge Location: Nottingham Castle Outer Bailey Wall and Towers, Castle Road and Adjoining Gateway, Castle Road Towers, Castle Road Grade: II Grade: I Grade: I Date first listed: 30-Nov-1995 Date first listed: 11-Aug-1952 Date first listed: 12-Jul-1972 Details Details Details NOTTINGHAM SK5639NE CASTLE ROAD 646-1/19/123 NOTTINGHAM SK5639NE CASTLE ROAD 646-1/19/125 NOTTINGHAM SK5639NE CASTLE ROAD 646-1/19/126 (West side (off)) Nottingham Castle Middle Bailey wall and (West side) 11/08/52 Nottingham Castle gatehouse, outer (West side) 12/07/72 Nottingham Castle Outer Bailey wall towers GV II Part of the north wall of the middle bailey, bridge and adjoining gateway (Formerly Listed as: CASTLE and towers (Formerly Listed as: CASTLE ROAD Enclosing and remains of 2 towers. Wall 1171-72, for Henry II. East ROAD Castle Gateway) GV I Castle gatehouse, outer walls at the Castle) GV I Castle outer bailey wall and tower (Black Tower) 1250-1270, for Henry III. West tower bridge, and adjoining gateway. 1252-1255, for Henry III. towers. 1252-1255, for Henry III. Edward’s Tower c1300, for (King Richard’s Tower), 1460-1485, for Richard III. Wall core, Altered mid-C16. Slighted, 1651. Restored and gateway Edward I. Slighted 1651, restored 1908. Coursed squared approx 2m high and 25m long, random rubble. Excavated added, 1908. Ashlar, with ashlar dressings and stone slate stone and ashlar, with flat coping. Approx 8m high. The wall and consolidated 1976-78. Black Tower, to east, coursed roofs, with 3 octagonal ashlar stacks. Parapet, string course runs south-east from the castle gatehouse approx 50m to rubble, round, approx 10m across. King Richard’s Tower, to and cross casement windows, all early C20. Gatehouse Edward’s Tower. Blank round tower with plinth. The wall west, excavated and consolidated 1978, ashlar and coursed has a pointed arched entrance with hood mould, flanked continues south-east in a slight curve to a round corner squared rubble. Canted tower base with coped enclosing by round towers. 2 windows to left. Over the entrance, tower, then turns sharply south-west for approx 50m, along wall. Contains a rock-hewn well shaft. Important survivals of a segment-arched panel with the City arms. Panelled the scarp of the Castle Rock. An important survival of the 3 phases of the medieval castle. (Get to know Nottingham: double doors. Under the arch, a pointed barrel vault, 2 medieval castle. (Get to know Nottingham: Hamilton A: Hamilton A: Nottingham’s Royal Castle: Nottingham: 1980-: bays, and pointed arched recesses with shouldered doors. Nottingham’s Royal Castle: Nottingham: 1980-: 2,9). 1,5,14,15). Outer bridge, spanning the moat, has a chamfered pointed Listing NGR: SK5704139462 Listing NGR: SK5684639549 arch with hood mould, and 4 chamfered ribs. Smaller round arch, mid-C16, replacing the drawbridge. Parapets restored 1908. Rear, mostly 1908, has a pointed arched gateway with a doorway to its left, both C13. Beyond, two C20 windows. To right, small gabled addition. Adjoining gateway, to left, has wrought-iron double gates with square piers and finials, and smaller side gates. Adjoining the gatehouse, a semicircular kiosk. An important survival of the medieval castle. (The Buildings of England: Pevsner N: Nottinghamshire: London: 1979-: 225-228; Get to know Nottingham: Hamilton A: Nottingham’s Royal Castle: Nottingham: 1980-: 2,9). Listing NGR: SK5694939583

199 APPENDIX A: LISTING DESCRIPTIONS

BANDSTAND AND RAILINGS 60 METRES NORTH GARDEN BUILDINGS AND ADJOINING BOUNDARY STATUE OF CAPTAIN ALBERT BALL, 30 METRES EAST OF THE CASTLE MUSEUM WALL AT CASTLE MUSEUM NORTH EAST OF CASTLE MUSEUM List entry number: 1246759 List entry number: 1271107 List entry number: 1246929 Location: Bandstand and Railings 60 Metres North East of Location: Garden Buildings and Adjoining Boundary Wall Location: Statue of Captain Albert Ball, 30 Metres North the Castle Museum, Castle Road at Castle Museum, Castle Road East of Castle Museum, Castle Road Grade: II Grade: II Grade: II Date first listed: 30-Nov-1995 Date first listed: 30-Nov-1995 Date first listed: 12-Jul-1972 Details Details Details NOTTINGHAM SK5639SE CASTLE ROAD 646-1/22/134 NOTTINGHAM SK5639NE CASTLE ROAD 646-1/19/122 NOTTINGHAM SK5639NE CASTLE ROAD 646-1/19/129 (West side (off)) Bandstand and railings 60m north-east (West side (off)) Garden buildings and adjoining boundary (West side (off)) 12/07/72 Statue of Captain Albert Ball, of the Castle Museum GV II Bandstand and railings. c1900. wall at Castle Museum GV II Garden buildings and adjoining 30m north-east of Castle Museum GV II Memorial statue. Wooden structure, mainly glazed, with ashlar plinth and boundary wall. Early C19 with additions c1877-78 and 1921. Baroque Revival style. Life size bronze figure of slate roof topped with a weather vane. Octagonal. Angle mid-C20. Coursed squared stone and brick, with ashlar Captain Ball dressed in flying kit, with a symbolic female pilasters and large traceried glazing bar sashes all round. dressings and hipped slate roof with rendered ridge stack. attendant figure. Square Portland stone pedestal with Enclosed by patterned wrought-iron railings and gate. Single storey; 3 window range. 2 large casements, 2 and strapwork cartouches on 2 faces, and scenes of air combat Listing NGR: SK5698439481 3 lights, with wooden mullions. To left, a C19 4-panel in relief on the others. Moulded grey granite plinth and door and beyond, a large board door. Right return has a circular stepped base. Albert Ball, VC, was the first British porch with wooden Ionic columns and pediment, moulded flyer to become a national celebrity in World War I. He was 6-panel door and fanlight. Beyond, to left, flat roofed and killed in 1917. lean-to additions, C19 and C20. To right, a similar addition. Listing NGR: SK5695139510 The rear of the building forms part of the boundary wall to the castle grounds. This runs from the north gateway to the garden buildings, approx 3m high and 40m long, with slab coping. Beyond the garden building, a similar stretch approx 20m long, ending with an ashlar pier. Beyond this, a section approx. 2m high and 60m long, with a segment- arched doorway. The boundary wall was probably built during alterations to improve access to the Park in 1809 and 1821, with further alterations by TC Hine in 1877-78. The wall is partly built on a natural rock outcrop. (Get to know Nottingham: Brand K: The Park Estate, Nottingham: Nottingham: 1984-: 9). Listing NGR: SK5688639575

200 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 APPENDIX A: LISTING DESCRIPTIONS

WAR MEMORIAL SUNDIAL, 80 METRES NORTH EAST MEMORIAL BUST, 50 METRES NORTH WEST OF THE WAR MEMORIAL OBELISK AND KERB, 70 METRES OF THE CASTLE MUSEUM CASTLE MUSEUM NORTH EAST OF THE CASTLE MUSEUM List entry number: 1246763 List entry number: 1246760 List entry number: 1271191 Location: War Memorial Sundial, 80 Metres North East of Location: Memorial Bust, 50 Metres North West of the Location: War Memorial Obelisk and Kerb, 70 Metres the Castle Museum, Castle Road Castle Museum, Castle Road North East of the Castle Museum, Castle Road Grade: II Grade: II Grade: II Date first listed: 30-Nov-1995 Date first listed: 30-Nov-1995 Date first listed: 30-Nov-1995 Details Details Details NOTTINGHAM SK5639NE CASTLE ROAD 646- NOTTINGHAM SK5639SE CASTLE ROAD 646-1/22/130 NOTTINGHAM SK5639NE CASTLE ROAD 646-1/19/124 1/19/127 (West side (off)) War Memorial sundial, 80m (West side (off)) Memorial bust, 50m north-west of the (West side (off)) War Memorial obelisk and kerb, 70m north-east of the Castle Museum GV II War memorial Castle Museum GV II Memorial bust. c1890. To Major north-east of the Castle Museum GV II War memorial sundial. c1920. Erected by the 17th Bn. Sherwood Jonathan White, 1804-1889. Life size bronze bust, on a obelisk and kerb. c1880. Erected by the 59th Regiment. Foresters. Portland stone. Gothic Revival style. square, tapered pink granite pedestal, approx 1.5m high. Grey granite. Obelisk on tapering square base and Traceried octagonal column on a stepped octagonal The pedestal is encircled by a bronze foliage wreath and pedestal, surrounded by a kerb with miniature obelisks base, approx 1m high. Brass dial and bronze inscribed ribbon. The bust is signed but illegible. Major White was linked by chains. The pedestal is inscribed. The memorial plaques. Commemorates those killed in both World the first commander of the Robin Hood Rifles, a volunteer commemorates those killed in the Afghan campaign, 1878- Wars. regiment formed in 1859. (Get to know Nottingham: Brand 1880. Listing NGR: SK5699639541 K: Thomas Chambers Hine ; an architect of Victorian Listing NGR: SK5689139561 Nottingham: Nottingham: 28). Listing NGR: SK5682439485

201 APPENDIX A: LISTING DESCRIPTIONS

BREWHOUSE YARD MUSEUM AND ASSOCIATED CASTLE ROCK COTTAGE, BREWHOUSE YARD NOTTINGHAM CORPORATION WATERWORKS AND CAVES MUSEUM ATTACHED AREA RAILINGS List entry number: 1246758 List entry number: 1246828 List entry number: 1246306 Location: Brewhouse Yard Museum and Associated Location: Castle Rock Cottage, Brewhouse Yard Museum, Location: NOTTINGHAM CORPORATION Caves, Castle Road Castle Road WATERWORKS AND ATTACHED AREA RAILINGS, Grade: II Grade: II CASTLE BOULEVARD Date first listed: 11-Aug-1952 Date first listed: 11-Aug-1952 Grade: II Details Details Date first listed: 30-Nov-1995 NOTTINGHAM SK5739SW CASTLE ROAD 646-1/23/121 NOTTINGHAM SK5639SE CASTLE ROAD 646-1/22/138 Details (West side (off)) 11/08/52 Brewhouse Yard Museum and (West side (off)) 11/08/52 Castle Rock Cottage, Brewhouse NOTTINGHAM SK5739SW CASTLE BOULEVARD 646- associated caves (Formerly Listed as: CASTLE ROAD Yard Museum (Formerly Listed as: CASTLE ROAD 1/23/93 (North side) Nottingham Corporation Waterworks Nos 5-8 (consec) Brewhouse Yard) GV II Includes: Nos.5- Castle Rock Cottage, Brewhouse Yard) GV II House, now and attached area railings GV II Also known as: Castle 8 BREWHOUSE YARD. 4 houses, now museum, and museum. c1675, restored and converted 1977. Red brick, Works CASTLE BOULEVARD. Former corporation associated caves. c1675, restored and converted 1977. Red with moulded brick dressings and plain tile roof. Plinth, first waterworks depot, now offices and attached area railings. brick, with moulded brick dressings and gabled and hipped floor band, coped gables. Windows are mainly renewed Dated 1900. Red brick, with ashlar dressings and slate plain tile roof. 4 ridge and single gable stacks, rebuilt. Plinth, wooden cross casements, with keystones on the lower and sheet metal roofs. Coped side wall stack. Flemish first and second floor bands, coped gables. Windows floors. 2 storeys plus attics; 5 window range. Symmetrical Renaissance Revival style. Plinth and sill bands. Segment- are glazing bar casements mostly 2 lights, with brick flat front, with renewed central door and overlight. 2 gables, arched openings with keystones. Windows are mainly 2-light arches and keystones. 2 storeys plus attics; 2:8:2 windows. each with a 3-light casement with glazing bars. INTERIOR casements. 2 storeys; 7 x 13 bays. L-plan, on corner site, Symmetrical front, with 3-gabled centre, 8 windows, has exposed chamfered span beams and fireplace with equal returns and angled corner entrance bay, defined flanked by gabled wings. Ground floor has slightly irregular bressumer on the ground floor. Original dogleg stair with by shaped gables. Entrance bay has a segment-arched cart fenestration, with 2 renewed doors. Gables have 3 single winders and turned balusters. opening with wrought-iron gates, and above, small paired windows. Right wing has 2 windows, and a 5-light window Listing NGR: SK5698539412 windows. Shaped gable, with segmental pediment and coat in the gable. Left wing has similar fenestration, with a door of arms. Left return, to Castle Boulevard, has 6 windows to left, and a 4-light window to the gable. INTERIOR has and an off-centre door. Gabled end bay has a 2 storey bay exposed span beams and joists in most rooms. 2 original window to left, with door and single window to right. In dogleg stairs with intersecting strings and turned balusters. the gable, 2 round-arched windows. Right return, to Castle At the rear, associated caves cut into the face of the Castle Road, has 5 windows on each floor. Gabled end bay with 2 Rock. Various irregular chambers with brick reinforcement windows. Beyond, a similar range, 7 windows, with 2 blanks and infilling, and a square shaft to the surface. The caves on the ground floor. In the yard at the rear, a canopy, 2 bays, are probably contemporary with the houses. (The Buildings with formerly glazed roof on cast-iron columns. Outside, a of England: Pevsner N: Nottinghamshire: London: 1979-: wrought-iron area railing. 236; Reprint from The Mercian Geologist, Vol. 13, Sept. 1992: Waltham AC: The sandstone caves of Nottingham: Nottingham: 1992-: 9). Listing NGR: SK5701039431

202 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 APPENDIX A: LISTING DESCRIPTIONS

K6 TELEPHONE KIOSK ADJOINING CASTLE WALL BOUNDARY MARK AT SOUTH EAST CORNER OF BOUNDARY MARK 40 METRES NORTH EAST OF List entry number: 1254675 BAILEY WALL CASTLE GATEHOUSE Location: K6 Telephone Kiosk Adjoining Castle Wall, List entry number: 1271189 List entry number: 1246918 Castle Road Location: Boundary Mark at South East Corner of Bailey Location: Boundary Mark 40 Metres North East of Castle Grade: II Wall Gatehouse, Castle Road Date first listed: 15-Apr-1988 Grade: II Grade: II Details Date first listed: 30-Nov-1995 Date first listed: 30-Nov-1995 NOTTINGHAM SK5639NE LENTON ROAD 646-1/19/318 Details Details (South side) 15/04/88 K6 telephone kiosk adjoining Castle NOTTINGHAM SK5739SW CASTLE ROAD 646-1/23/120 NOTTINGHAM SK5639NE CASTLE ROAD 646-1/19/119 wall (Formerly Listed as: LENTON ROAD/STANDARD (West side) Boundary mark at south-east corner of bailey (North West side) Boundary mark 40m north-east of HILL K6 Telephone Kiosk) GV II Telephone kiosk. Type K6. wall GV II Parish boundary marker. Dated 1869. Cast- Castle Gatehouse GV II Parish boundary marker. Dated Designed 1935 by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott. Made by various iron. Half-round post with domed top, approx 1m high. 1869. Cast-iron. Half-round post with domed top, approx contractors. Cast-iron. Square kiosk with domed roof. Inscribed with the names of the Overseers of the Poor in 1m high. Inscribed with the names of the Overseers of the Unperforated crowns to top panels and margin glazing to raised lettering. The boundaries of several parishes were Poor in raised lettering. The boundaries of several parishes windows and door. defined in 1869, in connection with collection of the Poor were defined in 1869, in connection with collection of Poor Listing NGR: SK5691039582 Rates. (Get to know Nottingham: Brand K: The Park estate, Rates. (Get to know Nottingham: Brand K: The Park estate, Nottingham: Nottingham: 1984-: 9). Nottingham: Nottingham: 1984-: 9). Listing NGR: SK5704739462 Listing NGR: SK5695739614

203 APPENDIX B: LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK AND GUIDANCE

B.1 NATIONAL PLANNING POLICY FRAMEWORK 64. Permission should be refused for development of poor design that fails to take the opportunities available for improving the character and quality of The listed status of Nottingham Castle and other buildings on the site an area and the way it functions. as well as its location in a conservation area will require an assessment of how any changes to the building and its setting will impact upon 65. Local planning authorities should not refuse planning permission for heritage value. buildings or infrastructure which promote high levels of sustainability because of concerns about incompatibility with an existing townscape, if those With regards to the proposed alterations to the listed buildings, the concerns have been mitigated by good design (unless the concern relates to following points of the NPPF should be considered: a designated heritage asset and the impact would cause material harm to the asset or its setting which is not outweighed by the proposal’s economic, 57. It is important to plan positively for the achievement of high quality and social and environmental benefits). inclusive design for all development, including individual buildings, public and private spaces and wider area development schemes. 128. In determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, 61. Although visual appearance and the architecture of individual buildings including any contribution made by their setting. The level of detail should are very important factors, securing high quality and inclusive design be proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient goes beyond aesthetic considerations. Therefore, planning policies and to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance. decisions should address the connections between people and places and … Where a site on which development is proposed includes or has the the integration of new development into the natural, built and historic potential to include heritage assets with archaeological interest, local environment. planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation. 62. Local planning authorities should have local design review arrangements in place to provide assessment and support to ensure high standards 129. Local planning authorities should identify and assess the particular of design. They should also when appropriate refer major projects for a significance of any heritage asset that may be affected by a proposal national design review. In general, early engagement on design produces the (including by development affecting the setting of a heritage asset) taking greatest benefits. In assessing applications, local planning authorities should account of the available evidence and any necessary expertise. They have regard to the recommendations from the design review panel. should take this assessment into account when considering the impact of a proposal on a heritage asset, to avoid or minimise conflict between the 63. In determining applications, great weight should be given to outstanding heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the proposal. or innovative designs which help raise the standard of design more generally in the area.

204 APPENDIX B: LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK AND GUIDANCE

130. Where there is evidence of deliberate neglect of or 133. Where a proposed development will lead to substantial 137. Local planning authorities should look for opportunities damage to a heritage asset the deteriorated state of the harm to or total loss of significance of a designated heritage for new development within Conservation Areas and World heritage asset should not be taken into account in any decision. asset, local planning authorities should refuse consent, unless Heritage Sites and within the setting of heritage assets to it can be demonstrated that the substantial harm or loss is enhance or better reveal their significance. Proposals that 131. In determining planning applications, local planning necessary to achieve substantial public benefits that outweigh preserve those elements of the setting that make a positive authorities should take account of: that harm or loss, or all of the following apply: contribution to or better reveal the significance of the asset should be treated favourably. • the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance • the nature of the heritage asset prevents all reasonable of heritage assets and putting them to viable uses uses of the site; and 138. Not all elements of a World Heritage Site or Conservation consistent with their conservation; Area will necessarily contribute to its significance. Loss of a • no viable use of the heritage asset itself can be found in building (or other element) which makes a positive contribution • the positive contribution that conservation of heritage the medium term through appropriate marketing that will to the significance of the Conservation Area or World Heritage assets can make to sustainable communities including their enable its conservation; and Site should be treated either as substantial harm under economic vitality; and • conservation by grant-funding or some form of charitable or paragraph 133 or less than substantial harm under paragraph • the desirability of new development making a positive public ownership is demonstrably not possible; and 134, as appropriate, taking into account the relative significance contribution to local character and distinctiveness. of the element affected and its contribution to the significance • the harm or loss is outweighed by the benefit of bringing of the Conservation Area or World Heritage Site as a whole. the site back into use. 132. When considering the impact of a proposed development 140. Local planning authorities should assess whether the on the significance of a designated heritage asset, great weight 134. Where a development proposal will lead to less than benefits of a proposal for enabling development, which would should be given to the asset’s conservation. The more important substantial harm to the significance of a designated heritage otherwise conflict with planning policies but which would secure the asset, the greater the weight should be. Significance can be asset, this harm should be weighed against the public benefits the future conservation of a heritage asset, outweigh the harmed or lost through alteration or destruction of the heritage of the proposal, including securing its optimum viable use. disbenefits of departing from those policies. asset or development within its setting. As heritage assets are irreplaceable, any harm or loss should require clear and 135. The effect of an application on the significance of a convincing justification. Substantial harm to or loss of a grade II non-designated heritage asset should be taken into account in listed building, park or garden should be exceptional. Substantial determining the application. In weighing applications that affect harm to or loss of designated heritage assets of the highest directly or indirectly non designated heritage assets, a balanced significance, notably scheduled monuments, protected wreck judgement will be required having regard to the scale of any sites, battlefields, grade I and II* listed buildings, grade I and II* harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset. registered parks and gardens, and World Heritage Sites, should be wholly exceptional.

205 APPENDIX B: LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK AND GUIDANCE

B.2 LOCAL LEGISLATION POLICY 11: THE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT identify ways to positively manage and make better use of historic assets; The main policies covered by legislation and guidance set 1. Proposals and initiatives will be supported where the d)  considering improvements to the public realm and the out by Nottingham City Council which apply to any change historic environment and heritage assets and their settings setting of heritage assets within it; within the site (based on heritage and design issues) include are conserved and/or enhanced in line with their interest e) ensuring that information about the significance of the the following: and significance. Planning decisions will have regard to the contribution heritage assets can have to the delivery historic environment is publicly available; f) where there is a loss in whole or in part to the ALIGNED CORE STRATEGY PART 1 LOCAL PLAN of wider social, cultural, economic and environmental objectives. significance of an identified historic asset then evidence 2.4 SPATIAL OBJECTIVES should be recorded of its importance; and 2.4.1(vi) 2. Elements of the historic environment which contribute g) considering the need for the preparation of local Protecting and enhancing the area’s individual towards the unique identity of areas and help create a evidence or plans. and historic character and local distinctiveness: to sense of place will be conserved and, where possible, preserve and enhance the distinctive natural and built heritage, enhanced, with further detail set out in part 2 Local Plans. 4. Particular attention will be given to heritage assets at by protecting and enhancing the historic environment, by Elements of particular importance include: risk of harm or loss of significance, or where a number of promoting high quality locally distinct design, and by valuing heritage assets have significance as a group or give context the countryside for its productive qualities and ensuring its a) the industrial and commercial heritage such as the to a wider area. landscape character is maintained and enhanced. Strategic textile and coalmining heritage and the various canals; historic assets will be protected including , b) the literary heritage associated with DH Lawrence, Lord POLICY 13: CULTURE, TOURISM AND SUPPORT Nottingham Castle and Newstead Abbey. Byron and Alan Sillitoe; Further provision of culture, tourism and sporting facilities will c) Registered Parks and Gardens and important historic be supported with details set out in part 2 Local Plans as POLICY 5: NOTTINGHAM CITY CENTRE landscape features such as Sherwood Forest, ancient or appropriate, in line with the following approach: mature woodland and ridge and furrow field patterns; The City Centre will be promoted as the region’s principal a) major new cultural and tourism facilities of national d) historic features within Nottingham City Centre such shopping, leisure and cultural destination. The role of the City or regional importance will be located in or adjoining as the medieval street patterns, the networks of caves Centre will be enhanced in the future by adopting the following Nottingham City Centre; under the City Centre, the Park Estate and Lace strategy: b) new cultural and tourism facilities of more local importance Market; and [.....] will be located in or adjoining town or district centres, or e) prominent Listed Buildings and Scheduled Monuments g) Preserving and enhancing the rich historic, cultural and existing facilities will be improved; with a wider visual and economic benefit such as high quality built environment, recognising the positive c) major new sporting facilities of national or regional Nottingham Castle, Wollaton Hall, Newstead Abbey, contribution it makes to local character and distinctiveness importance will be encouraged, especially where this Bennerley Viaduct and buildings D6 and D10 on the and utilising its potential to attract visitors and tourists, complements the strengths of existing facilities located in Boots campus. supported by the development of appropriate facilities, the south east of the main built up area of Nottingham; events, markets and attractions. and 3. A variety of approaches will be used to assist in the d) where appropriate, existing cultural, tourism and sporting protection and enjoyment of the historic environment facilities will be protected and their further development including: will be supported. a) the use of appraisals and management plans of existing and potential Conservation Areas; b) considering the use of Article 4 directions; c) working with partners, owners and developers to

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LAND AND PLANNING POLICIES: DEVELOPMENT c) enhancing the existing restaurant and leisure offer, DM34: CONTEXT AND PLACE MAKING PLAN DOCUMENT: LOCAL PLAN PART 2 (PREFERRED particularly focussing on inclusive daytime provision across Development proposals will be expected to: OPTION, SEPTEMBER 2013) a range of user groups that complements the tourism, a) Ensure that streets and spaces are well defined, with commercial office, cultural and leisure sectors; buildings appropriately designed and positioned to create d) providing high quality residential accommodation where this DM14: MAIN TOWN CENTRE USES WITHIN THE active frontages and attractive safe places, avoiding is compatible with heritage and tourism objectives and the ‘WIDER CITY CENTRE’ AND OUTSIDE THE PRIMARY obstruction or adversely affecting a public right of way preservation/ enhancement of high grade office provision; SHOPPING AREA unless satisfactory provision is made for an alternative e) improving the pedestrian connectivity of the area to the alignment; 3.76 Major investment in leisure, sport, cultural and tourism City Centre retail core and Lace Market. b) Be of high urban design quality, of the appropriate density facilities will also be promoted to build upon the City’s and respect the local context; existing strengths in this area. The Castle Quarter will be DM33: BUILDING DESIGN AND USE c) Create a clear distinction between public and private the focus for heritage led regeneration, whilst appropriate space with appropriate forms of boundary treatment, enhancements to sports and leisure facilities will be Planning applications will be considered against the following avoiding areas of residual space which are difficult to particularly encouraged within the south eastern parts of design criteria: manage, have no clear purpose and have no sense of the City Centre, and parts of the neighbouring Waterside. a) whether the development would respect and enhance the streetscape, local environment, townscape and character ownership; of the area, particularly the established scale, massing, d) Ensure streets are direct, integrated and safe, allowing DM24: CASTLE QUARTER rhythm, landscape, historic views and materials; for pedestrian and cyclist priority; Within the Castle Quarter, as shown in the accompanying b) whether a satisfactory level of amenity would be provided e) Ensure landmark buildings and an appropriate hierarchy Policies Map Revisions Document, planning permission will be for occupiers of the development and/or occupiers of of streets are legible and designed to enable easy granted for development that contributes towards the heritage neighbouring properties. In assessing this, consideration navigation; value and regeneration of the area focusing on the cultural, will be given to issues such as privacy, daylight, sunlight, f) Ensure that the scheme is sympathetic to, and where leisure, and tourism potential of the Castle and its surroundings, outlook, scale/massing, security, noise and nuisance; appropriate, takes advantage of existing topography, and exploiting the high quality historic environment to promote c) whether the development would enhance community buildings, site orientation, watercourses, landscape, economic growth through the sensitive use and interpretation of safety, crime prevention and street activity; wildlife and other natural features; heritage assets having regard to their significance. d) whether the development would prejudice the g) Maximise opportunities for sustainable transport and comprehensive development or regeneration of a larger provide appropriate parking solutions to reflect the Development will be supported within the Castle Quarter that area; character of the development; is consistent with and does not undermine the delivery of the e) whether the development would allow for safe and h) Integrate with community facilities as and where following strategic aims: convenient access into and around the building, paying appropriate; a) providing new and improved leisure and cultural facilities particular attention to the needs of people who have i) Provide appropriate public and private external space. that enhance its role as a tourist and visitor attraction mobility difficulties; j) Provision of an appropriate and comprehensive of regional and national significance consistent with f) whether the development would provide appropriate space, landscaping scheme with clear proposals for maintaining and enhancing the special historic interest of storage and internal layout; maintenance and management. the area; g) whether the development would allow for future flexibility b) providing high quality office accommodation in appropriate and adaptability; locations including through small scale adaptive re-use of h) whether the development would accord with the principles historic buildings where this is consistent with preserving of sustainability in design, including renewable resources, their significance, or larger scale proposals focussed on recycling, accessibility and efficiency of use and appropriate Maid Marian Way that secure enhancements to the techniques to minimise the impact of surface water quality of the built environment and public realm; discharges.

207 APPENDIX B: LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK AND GUIDANCE

DM37: DEVELOPMENT AFFECTING DESIGNATED its continued use. Damage or deterioration to an asset or field evaluation, carried out as part of the application, HERITAGE ASSETS caused by deliberate neglect will not be taken into shows account in any decision. that: 1) Development affecting a designated heritage asset and/or i. no archaeological resources are likely to be affected by its setting will be considered against the following criteria: 3) Proposals involving demolition within Conservation the development; or a) whether the development would be sympathetic to Areas will not normally be allowed unless a full planning ii. where archaeological resources are likely to be affected, the character and appearance of the asset and any application is submitted, showing the proposed new the remains are preserved ‘in situ’; or feature of special historic, architectural, artistic and development. Conservation Area Consent will be subject iii. where remains are able to be removed, they can be archaeological interest that it possesses; to conditions or a planning obligation to ensure demolition fully investigated, recorded and secured, as part of b) whether the development would preserve and, where does not take place until a satisfactory form of contract the development. possible, enhance the character or appearance of has been entered into for redevelopment. 3) Planning permission will not be granted for heritage assets by virtue of the developments siting, development which would destroy archaeological scale, urban grain, building form, massing, height, DM38: NON-DESIGNATED HERITAGE ASSETS resources of local significance which the City Council considers must be retained ‘in situ’. materials and quality of detail; Where development affects a non-designated heritage asset or c) whether the development would respect its relationship would result in its demolition or loss, a balanced judgement on with the historic street pattern, topography, urban the acceptability of the proposal will be made, having regard DM40: CITY CAVES spaces, gardens, views and landmarks; to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the Development proposals in the vicinity of caves, or with the d) whether the development would demonstrate high heritage asset. standards of design appropriate to the historic potential to affect caves, will be considered with regard to the environment; following: DM39: SCHEDULED ANCIENT MONUMENTS AND e) whether the development would contribute to the long ARCHAEOLOGY term maintenance and management of the asset. a) Where there are caves of great rarity or containing unique 1) Planning permission will not be granted for features, opportunities should be explored for incorporating 2) Development involving the demolition of, or substantial development which adversely affects a Scheduled the caves into the development and protected, with access harm to the significance of a designated asset will only be Ancient Monument (as to be shown on the final to the cave retained where possible; granted in exceptional circumstances. In considering such adopted Policies Map) or archaeological remains of b) Caves with distinctive architectural features should be proposals, the following criteria will be taken into account: national importance, (as shown in the accompanying preserved and access provided and maintained where a) the adequacy of efforts to retain the asset in use, Policies Map Revisions Document) or the setting of appropriate; including the offer of the unrestricted freehold of the either. c) Caves with few distinctive architectural features should be asset on the open market at a realistic price reflecting 2) Planning permission will be granted for development recorded using the specified methodology set out by the its condition; and in the archaeological constraints areas (as shown in City Archaeologist. b) the adequacy of efforts to secure the asset’s the accompanying Policies Map Revisions Document), conservation through grant-funding or some form of or other sites of known or suspected archaeological In the event of previously unknown caves (i.e. those not listed charitable or public ownership; and significance, provided that information derived from an in the Nottingham Caves Project) being encountered during c) the merits of alternative proposals for the site and archaeological ‘desk-based’ assessment, and/ groundworks, work affecting the cave (except for emergency whether they bring substantial public benefits for the remedial work) should cease and the City Archaeologist should community which decisively outweigh the harm to the be consulted before work recommences. This is so that the asset’s significance; and significance of the cave can be established and also which of d) the cost of repairing and maintaining the asset in the criteria, set out above, should be pursued. relation to its importance and the value derived from

208 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2015 APPENDIX B: LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK AND GUIDANCE

B.3 HERITAGE GUIDANCE 138. New work or alteration to a significant place should Good Practice Advice 2 – Managing Significance in normally be acceptable if: Decision-Taking in the Historic Environment (2015) Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance (2008) a there is sufficient information comprehensively to This document provides guidance on assessing the This document, published by English Heritage, sets out the understand the impacts of the proposal on the significance significance of heritage assets in order to inform planning principles for the management of the historic environment of the place; applications. and also the process for assessing the significance of a site. b the proposal would not materially harm the values of the Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance differentiates place, which, where appropriate, would be reinforced or Good Practice Advice 3 - The Setting of Heritage Assets between works that are repairs, restoration and new works further revealed; (2015) or alterations. The following paragraphs indicate the level of c the proposals aspire to a quality of design and execution This document, which supersedes The Setting of Heritage justification required for the different types of work. which may be valued now and in the future; Assets (EH, 2011), provides guidance on how changes d the long-term consequences of the proposals can, within the setting of a listed building, conservation area or 117 Repair necessary to sustain the heritage values of a from experience, be demonstrated to be benign, or significant place is normally desirable if: scheduled ancient monument can affect the significance of the proposals are designed not to prejudice alternative the heritage asset itself. solutions in the future. a there is sufficient information comprehensively to understand the impacts of the proposals on the Seeing the Heritage in the View (2011) significance of the place; and 149. Changes which would harm the heritage values of a significant place should be unacceptable unless: This looks specifically at the significance of a group of b the long term consequences of the proposals can, heritage assets from long range and short distance views. from experience, be demonstrated to be benign, or a the changes are demonstrably necessary either to make It sets out a methodology for assessment and for exploring the proposals are designed not to prejudice alternative the place sustainable, or to meet an overriding public policy the impact of change within an important view. solutions in the future; and objective or need; c the proposals are designed to avoid or minimise harm, if b there is no reasonably practicable alternative means of Managing Local Authority Heritage Assets (2003) actions necessary to sustain particular heritage values tend doing so without harm; to conflict. This sets out guidance regarding the management of local c that harm has been reduced to the minimum consistent heritage assets. 126 Restoration to a significant place should normally be with achieving the objective; acceptable if: d it has been demonstrated that the predicted public benefit These documents can be downloaded in full for free from decisively outweighs the harm to the values of the place, the Historic England website. a the heritage values of the elements that would be restored considering decisively outweigh the values of those that would be lost; • its comparative significance, b the work is justified by compelling evidence of the evolution • the impact on that significance, and of the place, and is executed in accordance with that e the benefits to the place itself and/or the wider community evidence; or society as a whole. c the form in which the place currently exists is not the result of an historically-significant event; d the work proposed respects previous forms of the place; e the maintenance implications of the proposed restoration are considered to be sustainable.

209 APPENDIX C: STAFF STRUCTURE

CHIEF EXECUTIVE

CORPORATE DIRECTOR (COMMUNITY SERVICES)

DIRECTOR (COMMUNITY LIFE)

HEAD OF CULTURE HEAD OF PARKS AND LIBRARIES AND SPACES

210 KEY

Funded by Arts Council England Major Head of Culture & Libraries Partner Museums programme.

Commercial Service Manager Trading & (Museums & Operations Galleries) Manager

Nottingham Castle Visual Arts Museums Learning, Commercial Operations Manager Principal Arts Officer Design Manager Exhibitions & Museums Registrar Biological Records Development Engagement & City Archaeologist Manager Collections Manager Manager Collections Manager

Programmes & Wollaton Park 2 X Assistant Coillections Access Commercial Building & Asian Arts Officer 3 X Design Technician Field Ecologist Development Co- Freelance Support Assistant Manager Operations Manager ordinators

Newstead Abbey Commercial 2X Field Ecologist Commercial Asian Arts Assistant Digital Content Freelance Support Development Officer Assistant Manager Audience Public Programmes Enagagement Officer Officer

3 X Assistant Manager E-Commerce Officer Freelance Support Freelance Support Freelance Support (Visitors)

Schools Programmes Curator of Officer Archaeology & Industry 3 X Assistant Manager 5 X Heritage Assistant (Retail) Assistant Exhibitions Curaotr of Costume & Officer Textiles Schools Programmes Curator of Natural Assistant Sciences 3 x Assistant Manager 3 X Site Co-ordinator (Catering)

Assistant Conservation Curator of Fine & Officer Decorative Art Curator of Community Community History & World 28 X Heritage 6 X Outdoor Museum Programmes Officer Assistant Assistant Cultures

Exhibitions Visual Arts & 2 X Volunteer Technicians Exhibitions Assistant 4 X Museum Assistant Green's Mill Miller Programme Co- Loans Artefact Officer ordinator

17 X Museum Miller Assistant Freelance Support Assistant - Security Apprentice Real World Science Loans Artefact Officer Assistant

2 X Heritage Head Gardener Apprentice Freelance Support

2 X Cleaner Gardener

211 Nottingham Castle; Conservation Management Plan; February 2016