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The Development and Significance of Standards for Smoking-Machine Methodology* By

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The Development and Significance of Standards for Smoking-Machine Methodology* By Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International # Contributions to Tobacco Research Volume 20 # No. 1 # February 2002 The Development and Significance of Standards for Smoking-Machine Methodology* by Richard R. Baker British American Tobacco, Research & Development Centre, Southampton, U.K. CONTENTS unjustifiably made health claims about low “tar” cigarettes. The objectives of this paper are to review the development Summary 23 of smoking-machine methodology and standards, involve- Introduction 25 ment of relative parties, outline the significance of the results 1 Claims from BIALOUS and YACH’s paper 25 and explore the validity of BIALOUS and YACH’s claims. The 2 Factors relevant to the development of smoking- large volume of published scientific information on the machine methodology 26 subject together with other information in the public domain 3 Development of the standards 27 has been consulted. When this information is taken into 3.1 Development by the Federal Trade Commission in account it becomes obvious that the very narrow and the USA 27 restricted literature base of BIALOUS and YACH’s analysis 3.2 Development by national standards institutes, has resulted in them, perhaps inadvertedly, making factual CORESTA and ISO 28 errors, drawing wrong conclusions and writing inaccurate 3.3 The Barclay conflict 30 statements on many aspects of the subject. 3.4 Harmonisation of smoking-machine standards 31 The first smoking-machine standard was specified by the 4 The significance of smoke yields determined by Federal Trade Commission (FTC), a federal government standard smoking-machine methods 31 agency in the USA, in 1966. The CORESTA Recommended 5 Inaccurate interpretations by BIALOUS and YACH 33 Method, similar in many aspects to that of the FTC, was 6 Health claims about low “tar” cigarettes 34 developed in the late 1960s and published in 1969. Small 6.1 Statements made by health scientists and authorities 34 differences in the butt lengths, smoke collection and analyti- 6.2 Smoker compensation 36 cal procedures in methods used in various countries includ- 6.3 Statements on the effect of smoking reduced “tar” ing Germany, Canada and the UK, developed later, resulted cigarettes 36 in about a 10% difference in smoke “tar” yields. These 6.4 Comments by tobacco industry scientists 36 differences in methodology were harmonised in a common 7 Conclusions 37 International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) Stan- Acknowledgements 37 dard Method in 1991, after a considerable amount of inter- References 37 laboratory comparisons of the developing methodology had been undertaken by CORESTA. As acknowledged by BIALOUS and YACH, the purpose of the SUMMARY standards is to determine the “tar”, nicotine and carbon mon- oxide content of cigarette smoke when the cigarette is smoked BIALOUS and YACH have recently published an article in under precisely defined conditions, and hence to allow a com- Tobacco Control in which they claim that all smoking- parison of the yields from different cigarettes when smoked machine standards stem from a method developed unilater- under identical conditions. Such yields are not predictive of ally by the tobacco industry within the Cooperation Centre the yields humans obtain when smoking, nor were they ever for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA). expected to be so, since no two smokers smoke exactly the Using a few highly selective quotations from internal to- same nor does a smoker smoke a cigarette the same way on bacco company memos, they allege, inter alia, that the to- every occasion. This purpose has been stated consistently bacco industry has changed the method to suit its own needs, many times, originally by the FTC in 1967 and subsequently that because humans do not smoke like machines the stan- in the scientific literature, published by the tobacco industry dards are of little value, and that the tobacco industry has and health/regulatory authorities, over the last 35 years. *Received: 22nd August 2001 – accepted: 3rd December 2001 23 From the 1950s onwards numerous public health scientists Rauch zu einem Unterschied von ungefähr 10%. Diese have advocated that lower “tar” cigarettes should be devel- Unterschiede in der Methodik wurden in einer International oped on the grounds that they may reduce to some extent the Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) Standard Methode risks of smoking, while at the same time advocating that the im Jahre 1991 harmonisiert, nachdem umfangreiche Ver- best way to avoid risks is not to smoke. Some health authori- gleiche zwischen den Labors bei der entwickelten Methodik ties have used the standard machine-smoking yields to set im Rahmen der CORESTA durchgeführt worden waren. limits on “tar” as a way of reducing the health impact of Wie von BIALOUS and YACH anerkannt wird, ist der Zweck cigarette use. The tobacco industry has co-operated with von Standards, den Kondensat-, Nikotin- und Kohlenmon- these health authorities by developing cigarettes with lower oxidgehalt im Cigarettenrauch zu bestimmen, wenn die “tar” but has also followed public health advice by not Cigarette unter genau definierten Bedingungen geraucht advertising lower “tar” cigarettes as safe cigarettes. wird, um somit einen Vergleich der ermittelten Konzen- The available evidence, taken as a whole, indicates that trationen zwischen verschiedenen Cigaretten, die unter den compensation by smokers who switch from a high to a low gleichen Bedingungen geraucht wurden, zu ermöglichen. “tar” cigarette is partial in the short term, and that such Diese ermittelten Werte erlauben keine Vorhersagen über smokers do obtain a reduction in smoke component uptake. die Aufnahmemengen durch den Raucher, was auch zu [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 20 (2002) 23–41] keiner Zeit erwartet wurde, da keine zwei Raucher exakt identisch rauchen und auch ein Raucher eine Cigarette nicht immer in der gleichen Weise raucht. Dieser Zweck wurde ZUSAMMENFASSUNG konsequent viele Male angeführt, zunächst von der FTC im Jahre 1967 und nachfolgend während der letzten 35 Jahre in BIALOUS and YACH haben kürzlich einen Artikel in den wissenschaftlichen Publikationen der Tabakindustrie Tobacco Control publiziert, in welchem sie behaupten, und der Gesundheits/Überwachungsbehörden. dass alle Standards für Cigaretten-Abrauchmaschinen auf Seit den 1950iger Jahren haben es viele Wissenschaftler eine Methode zurückgehen, die einseitig von der Tabak- des öffentlichen Gesundheitswesens befürwortet, dass industrie im Rahmen des Cooperation Center for Scientific Cigaretten mit einem niedrigeren Kondensatgehalt entwi- Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) entwickelt ckelt werden sollten, um dadurch die Risiken des Rauchens wurde. Indem die Autoren einige höchst selektive Zitate in einem gewissen Umfang zu verringern, während sie aus internen Memos der Tabakindustrie verwenden, gleichzeitig dafür eingetreten sind, dass der beste Weg behaupten sie unter anderem, dass die Tabakindustrie die Risiken zu vermeiden das Nichtrauchen sei. Einige Ge- Methode verändert habe, um ihren eigenen Bedürfnissen zu sundheitsbehörden haben die durch Abrauch-Standards entsprechen, und die Standards von geringem Wert seien, ermittelten Rauchausbeuten zur Festsetzung von Höchst- weil Raucher nicht wie Maschinen rauchen, und dass die werten für Kondensat als ein Mittel genutzt, um die mit Tabakindustrie ungerechtfertigterweise Gesundheitsaus- dem Rauchen verbundenen Risiken zu reduzieren. Die sagen über Cigaretten mit niedrigem Kondensatwert Tabakindustrie hat mit diesen Gesundheitsbehörden aufstellt. zusammengearbeitet, indem sie Cigaretten mit niedrigerem Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, eine Übersicht über die Kondensatgehalt entwickelt hat. Dabei ist sie jedoch auch Entwicklung der Methoden und Standards von Rauch- dem Rat des öffentlichen Gesundheitswesens gefolgt und maschinen zu geben, die Einflußnahme interessierter hat Cigaretten mit niedrigerem Kondensatgehalt in der Parteien und die Bedeutung der Ergebnisse aufzuzeigen, Werbung nicht als „sichere“ Cigaretten bezeichnet. sowie die Gültigkeit der Aussagen von BIALOUS und YACH Die verfügbaren Hinweise zusammengenommen deuten zu untersuchen. Die Vielzahl publizierter wissenschaftli- darauf hin, dass die Kompensation bei Rauchern, die von cher Arbeiten zu diesem Thema sowie andere veröffent- einer Cigarette mit hohem Kondensatgehalt zu einer Ciga- lichte Informationen wurden zur Bewertung herangezogen. rette mit niedrigem Kondensatgehalt wechseln, kurzfristig Unter Berücksichtigung all dieser Informationen wird partiell erfolgt, und dass bei diesen Rauchern eine Redu- deutlich, dass die sehr enge und begrenzte Literatur- zierung der aufgenommenen Rauchinhaltsstoffe erreicht grundlage der Analyse von BIALOUS and YACH dazu wird. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 20 (2002) 23– 41] geführt hat, dass die Autoren, vielleicht unbeabsichtigt, tatsächlich Fehler begingen, indem sie die falschen Schluß- folgerungen zogen und fehlerhafte Behauptungen über RESUME viele Aspekte dieser Thematik aufstellten. Der erste Standard für Rauchmaschinen wurde von der BIALOUS and YACH ont récemment publié dans Tobacco Federal Trade Commission (FTC), einer staatlichen Regie- Control, une étude dans laquelle ils prétendent que toutes rungsbehörde in den USA, 1966 spezifiziert. Die von der les méthodes normalisées (standards) de fumage sur CORESTA empfohlene Methode, die in vielen Aspekten machine sont unilatéralement développées par l’industrie derjenigen der FTC entspricht, wurde Ende der 1960er du tabac dans le cadre du Centre de Coopération
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