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Ground-Water Resources of the Willamette Valley, Oregon

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Ground-Water Resources of the Willamette Valley, Oregon UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. C. Mendenhall, Director Water-Supply Paper 890 GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY, OREGON BY '">' ' V ARTHUR M. PIPER ? +~ ,*' '> Prepared in cooperation with the" -^ OREGON AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTor STATION . DEPARTMENT OF SOILS ~,~"") CU. « f * ^ fc» UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1942 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - - - - - - Price 45 cents CONTENTS Page Abstract.___-_--_______-_--------__--------------------_-_--_--_- 1 Introduction.. ______-______-__________-_________--_----____..__----_ 2 Location and extent of the area_____-_______,.^___-_-__-__-__-___ 2 Purpose and scope of the investigation.____,+ _u.___________________ 4 Acknowledgments-_-_-___-__________--_______--_--________-_-_ 5 Bibliography_ _ _ ___-__________..___________--__-__-_______-__,. 5 Surface features of the Willamette Valley___________-___________-____ & Climate. ____-__-___-__-__________________________________ 12: Geology and hydrology of the consolidated and semiconsolidated rocks. __ 19 General character, succession, and age of the rocks ________________ 19 Structure____-____--__--_______--_________----_______-___-__ 20 Water-bearing properties.______________________________________ 24 Geology and hydrology of the unconsolidated deposits__________---_-__ 27 General character, extent, and thickness of the deposits ____________ 27 Younger alluvium__________________________________________ 27 Older alluvium and related deposits_______________________ . 28 Terrace deposit and related alluvial materials _________________ 32 Occurrence, source, and disposal of water in the unconsolidated de­ posits ______________________________________________________ 34 Form and fluctuations of the water table-____________________ 34 Relation of ground water to rainfall and streams,_____________ 39 Dependability of the ground-water supply._--_---____________ 40 Subdivisions of the central lowland with respect to yield of ground water. 41 Flowing wells,____________________________________________________ 55 Chemical character of the ground water._____________________________ 56 Well records-___-_--____-_-_________________________-____________"_ 65 Index, ______________________________________________________ 193 m ILLUSTRATIONS Page PLATE 1. Geologic map of the northern part of the Willamette Valley, Oregon.__________________________________________ In pocket 2. Geolpgic map of the southern part of the Willamette Valley, Oregon___________________________________________ In pocket 3. A, Three-Fingered Jack, viewed southward across Marion Lake; B, Three Sisters, viewed southward from McKenzie. Pass across a young lava field._______________________________ 10 4. A, Collier Glacier, viewed from its western lateral moraine; North Sister Peak in the background; B, Younger alluvium of of the McKenzie River; material from lower part of well 680_ 34 5. Younger alluvium of the Willamette River. A, Gravel pit in the SE% sec. 8, T. 11 S., R. 4 W.; B, Pit of East Side Sand & Gravel Co. near Corvallis, in the SW% sec. 2, T. 12 S., R. 5 W________________________________________________ 34 6. Older alluvium and related deposits. A, Exposure in the NW% sec. 1, T. 16 S., R. 4. W.; B, Highway cut in the NW% sec. 7, T. 4 S., R. 1 E., showing faint stratification.____________ 34 7. Map of the Willamette Valley showing thickness of younger and older alluvium, terrace deposit, and related materials. __ 34 8. A, Decomposed terrace deposit in highway cut in the N}£ sec. 32, T. 12 S., R. 1 W.; B, Cross-bedded sand and gravel exposed in cut along the Spokane, Portland & Seattle Railway, 0.1 mile north of Lombard Street, Portland ___________________ 34 9. Water-level fluctuations in 12 wells in the Willamette Valley and at two stations oa the Willamette River, 1928-30 and 1935-36_ 50 10. Map of the Willamette Valley showing principal subareas of the central lowland with respect to yield of ground water_______ 50 FIGTTRE 1. Index map of Oregon showing drainage divide of the Willamette River, area covered by plates 1 and 2, and areas covered by other reports relating to ground water. _________________ 3 2. Maximum, average, and minimum monthly rainfall at three climatologic stations in the Willamette Valley, 1896-1935.__ 15 3. Chemical character of waters from 20 wells in the Willamette Valley..-____._--__-______-_-------------------_----- 58 IV TABLES Page TABLE 1. Monthly, seasonal, and yearly averages and extremes of cli­ matic elements at Portland, Oreg., in the period ending with 1930___---------__--__-_--------_________ 13 2. Monthly temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit, at five climato- logic stations in the Willamette Valley, in the period ending with 1930____________-____---__-__-__-__________ 14 3. Maximum, average, and minimum monthly and yearly rain­ fall and snowfall, in inches, at five climatologic stations in the Willamette VaUey, 1896-1935____________________ 16 4. Maximum rates of precipitation, in inches, at Portland, Oreg., in the period ending with 1930_________________________ 17 5. Yearly rainfall and snowfall, also surplus or deficiency with respect to 40-year average, at five climatologic stations in the Willamette Valley, 1872-1937- _____________________ 17 6. Stratigraphic sections and general water-bearing properties of consolidated and semiconsolidated rocks bounding the central lowland of the Willamette River Basin___________ 22 7. Physical properties of water-bearing materials from well 245_ 31 8. Approximate limits indicating the suitability of a water for irrigation.___________________________________________ 59 9. Chemical analyses of water from representative wells in the Willamette Valley__________________________________ 60 10. Wells in the Willamette Valley for which records of ground- water levels have been published in other water-supply papers- _____________________________________________ 65 11. Records of wells in the Willamette VaUey and adjacent area, Oregon._____________________________________________ 66 12. Materials penetrated by typical wells_____________________ 130 13. Ground-water levels in observation wells, 1928-30 and 1935-36. 144 V GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY, OREGON By ARTHUR M. PIPER ABSTRACT The drainage basin of the Willamette River lies in western Oregon between the Oregon Coast Range on the west and the Cascade Range on the east. It is about 170 miles long from north to south and covers about 11,350 square miles. The central lowland, with whose ground-water resources this report is concerned, covers nearly 3,000 square miles and ranges in altitude from 25 to 450 feet above sea level. On this lowland the average yearly rainfall is slightly less than 40 inches, but the average rainfall for the period May to August is only 4.2 inches, less than is needed to mature many crops. Thus, supplemental irrigation is profitable. The central lowland comprises a main valley plain, remnants of at least one higher terrace with a pediment and certain other related features, and relatively narrow trenches cut into the main valley plain. These trenches are occupied by the Willamette River and its tributaries. This lowland constitutes the most extensive single agricultural area in Oregon. The area is covered with uncon- solidated Quaternary deposits which, of all the rock formations in the basin, are those most likely to yield continuous large supplies of water to wells. The bedrock formations that underlie the unconsolidated deposits of the low­ land and form the foothills and mountains to the east and west include marine and nonmarine sedimentary rocks that range in age from late Eocene to Miocene (?), and fragmental and nonfragmental volcanic rocks and associated detrital rocks that range in age from Oligocene (?) to Recent. The rocks of Miocene age and older are deformed by broad shallow folds and possibly by faults of small extent and displacement. Of the several bedrock formations, only the Yakima basalt of Miocene age yields water copiously over an extensive area; some wells in this rock yield as much as 500 gallons a minute, whereas others yield only a few gallons. Certain detrital and fragmental bedrock formations supply water copiously near Portland. The remaining bedrock formations, which together underlie most of the central lowland, are either impervious or yield water slowly or contain brackish water and brine. They supply numerous farm wells in the foothills but are not liekly to yield large supplies of fresh water from beneath the central lowland. In general the terrace deposit and related pediment gravel are thoroughly weathered and nearly impervious. At most places they yield water slowly and are not an adequate source of water for irrigation wells. The older alluvium and related deposits form the main lowland plain, some 1,100 square miles in extent between Eugene at the southern or upstream end and Canby at the downstream end. They rest on an eroded bedrock surface and range in thickness from a feather edge along the margins of the plain to a maximum 1 2 GROUND WATER OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY, OREG. of about 300 feet. Their aggregate volume is estimated as not less than 80,000,- 000 acre-feet, or 23/£ cubic miles; their aggregate water-storage capacity is about 6,000,000 acre-feet. These deposits form a plain that is divided into two nearly equal segments separated by a rock-bound narrows about 21 miles long. The southern segment is composed of several broad alluvial
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