Memorial to Edwin Thomas Hodge 1887-1970

JOHN ELIOT ALLEN Department of Earth Sciences, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon Edwin Thomas Hodge, born in Atlanta, Illinois, on July 12, 1887, died at his home in Portland, Oregon, on November 7, 1970. lie was the only son of an itinerant minister, who had abandoned his family when Edwin was 4 years old. His early years were full of hardship that spurred him on in his later ambitions and successes. He attended school in Minneapolis and completed high school in three years. One of his early talents was his ability to memorize; he tells in a memoir how he read and committed to memory whole sections of Darwin’s Origin o f Species and Hudson’s Laws of Physical Phenomena while he was still in grade school. He early developed a high degree of competence in gymnastics, and during high school and college taught night “settlement” classes in gymnastics and boxing to contribute to the family finances. He worked his way through the North American Normal School for Gymnastics in Milwaukee and, after receiving a degree in 1907, took his first academic job as director of high school physical education at Ashland, Wisconsin. In one year he was able to save enough money to go to the University of Minnesota, receiving a B.A. in 1913 and, with the assistance of a fellowship, a M.A. in Biology (pre-Med.) in 1914. While at the University of Minnesota, he met Lydia I.. Herrick whom he married in 1912. She was an accomplished artist and a gracious woman who enriched Edwin’s life. Here he also met W. 11. Emmons, who helped him decide that climbing mountains was better than working in a laboratory, and who recommended him to the graduate school at Columbia University, where he studied as a University Scholar. He received his Ph.D. in 1916 for a study of the geology of south-central Puerto Rico, made during one year as a William Bayard Cutting Travelling Fellow. Hodge began his field career under Emmons in 191 1 as assistant geologist for the Minnesota Geological Survey in the Mesabi Range. In 1912, he acted as geologic aid studying coal in Montana for the U. S. Geological Survey. He was geologist for the Wisconsin Geological Survey in a magnetic study of iron ore in 1913, and assistant chief geologist for the Pennsylvania Geologial Survey in 1914. As geologist for the New York City Board of Appraisal he examined bridge and tunnel projects in 1916. Between 1917 and I 925 he acted as consultant to several mining companies in Alaska, Yukon, and British Columbia. In 1919 he helped organize the International Mining Convention and acted as secretary and in other capacities during 1920 and 1921. He was also executive secretary to the General Meeting of theCanadian Institute of Mining Engineers, and president of the British Columbia Chamber of Mines in 1919. During

56 EDWIN THOMAS HODGE 57 the decade 1910-1920 he reports that he studied under or worked during the summer with such well-known geologists as J. P. Berkey, Reginald A. Daly, W. H. Emmons, Amadeus Grabau, L. C. Graton, Frank Grout, J. D. Irving, D. W. Johnson, J. F. Kemp, Waldemar Lindgren, G. P. Merrill, and F. E. Wright. In 1917 he went to the University of British Columbia as assistant professor, to organize and direct the Department of Geology. In 1920 he moved to the University of Oregon as professor of economic geology. Here, with Warren Du Pre Smith and Earl Packard, this small department during the next 10 years graduated such eminent geologists as Eugene Callaghan, Ian Campbell, Harold N. Fisk, Donald M. Fraser, Claire Holdredge, Henry V. W. Howe, Siemon W. Muller, Howard A. Powers, Hubert G. Schenck, T. P. Thayer, Harry E. Wheeler, D. W. Wilkinson, and others. Can any other three-man department match such a record? Thomas Condon, Oregon’s pioneer geologist, had been appointed to the Chair of Natural Science in 1876 and had held it during the following 30 years. Condon saw the cultural values of geology and the importance of transmitting them to the general public, as well as to the students. After Condon’s death in 1908 there was a hiatus until 1914, when Warren Du Pre Smith came from his tour in the Philippines to become head of the new department. When he added Hodge to the staff in 1920 he brought in a man who would stress the importance of basic field work in the solution of geological problems, one who had gone into geology originally because of his interest, as he once stated, “in climbing the mountains,” and one who was later to conduct, with his students, some of the most extensive field surveys that had been accomplished in the state up to that time. In 1932, in a reorganization of the State System of Higher Education, the geology department was transferred to Oregon State College at Corvallis. From here he commuted once a week by train to Portland to teach an adult geology class. With this group as a nucleus, he founded and was twice president of the Geological Society of the Oregon Country, a laymen’s group that now numbers over 200 members, with a Newsletter which has been published monthly since 1935. He served as editor for the first three years, contributed 17 articles, and gave 28 addresses to the society. Hodge also participated in the formation of the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry in 1946, and was its advocate as far back as 1938. As late as 1964, after his retirement in 1951, he taught for a semester at Texas Technological Institute. Following Condon’s tradition of public service, Hodge’s public lectures and popular articles in the Newsletter and elsewhere must have numbered in the hundreds. He records that he spoke before, held offices and was active in mountaineering, mining, political, social, improvement, sanitary, church and lodge societies and associations. In addition to his activity with laymen’s groups, his professional record includes membership in The Geological Society of America, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Canadian Institute of Mining Engineers, New York Academy of Science, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, American Geographical Society, Seismological Society of America, American Association of University Professors, Sigma Xi, American Mineralogical Society, and American Ceramic Society. 58 THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

In 1930 he completed, by summer plane table work with students, a topographic base map covering 8,600 square miles of north-central Oregon. In 1931 he published the first geologic map of the area. By 1942 the work had been expanded to cover 12.000 square miles and was published as an Oregon State College monograph. In the summer of 1931, eleven students under his direction mapped Mount Hood and the Columbia River Gorge in 15 weeks, with areas north and south encompassing 2.000 square miles, resulting in three master’s theses and a report in the GSA Bulletin in 1938. Some of us later calculated that our combined traverses in heavily forested wilderness country totalled over 15,000 miles! Incidentally, on the basis of this survey, Hodge later (1932 to 1942) served as consultant to the U. S. Army Engineers; and the accomplishment in which he took greatest pride was the location of the site and geological supervision of the foundation work on Bonneville Dam, the first of the great dams across the Columbia River. As a teacher, Hodge is remembered by his students for the rigor of his expectations in their work - some of us might even say the harshness of his requirements. He was generally referred to behind his back as “E. T. God.” Later, we found out in other graduate schools that our background far exceeded that of most of our competitors. Hodge also had a talent which added immeasurably to his effectiveness as a teacher and public lecturer — with colored chalk he could ambidextrously draw blackboard diagrams of geomorphic landscapes, stratigraphic and structural sections, and optic wave front views, exceeded only in my experience by those of William Morris Davis. Hodge was always keenly interested in innovative theories, and since he was firm and emphatic in his opinions, he became involved in several lively controversies. In 1930 he presented a full-term seminar on continental drift, which so indoctrinated many of us, that in recent years we have had no problems adjusting to the swing of the pendulum toward this concept. He also gave a seminar on the then questionable Spokane Flood hypothesis of Bretz, and later published an alternate hypothesis. As early as 1925, after making topographic base maps of the Three Sisters area, he mapped and proposed that an ancient Mount Multnomah had been destroyed to leave a caldera ring of peaks. Since Oregon already was familiar with Mount Mazama, ancestor of Crater Lake, this caught the public fancy, and even after Mount Multnomah had been demolished by Howel William’s study, the general public (and press) continued to refer to it. Generations of students worked with him in the compilation of data for his Quantitative Mincralogical and Chemical Classification of Igneous Rocks (1927), which ingeniously placed 679 described igneous rock names on one sheet in a circular diagram (known to his students as “The Target”) where they were classified on the basis of the percentage of feldspars and feldspathoids, orthoclase-plagioclase ratios, and degree of saturation. Chemical composition was given by contours. Perhaps Hodge’s most monumental publication was the editorial compilation for the Corps of Engineers from 1932 to 1935, of 16 volumes on the available raw materials for Pacific Northwest industries, with numerous sections and appendices totaling over 1,500 pages. This “5-foot shelf’ has been an invaluable basic reference for the mineral EDWIN THOMAS HODGE 59 industry for 35 years, in spite of its limited distribution. Hodge’s many early articles in the Portland Oregonian and later, in the Newsletter of the Geological Society of the Oregon Country, document his concern with public appreciation of the cultural values of geology. His early training in economic geology led directly to his deep involvement with the interplay between economics, political factors, and the available mineral resources of the region. His students who assisted him in mapping large areas of the state well remember how he could sit on a high point and derive multiple hypotheses on the geological implications of the landscape for miles around. After his retirement in 1951, he spent 1952 in South West Africa and 1953 in Angola as a consultant, investigating iron and manganese possibilities for a steel corporation. Following the death of his wife in 1960, he lost interest in geology for a time, but during the late 1960s this revived, and he became active again, mainly with the Geological Society of the Oregon Country, which, in a real sense, is his outstanding monument.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF EDWIN THOMAS HODGE 1915 The composition of waters in mines of sulphide ores: Econ. Geology, v. 10, p. 123-139. ------Mine waters: Am. Inst. Min. and Met. Eng. Bull., v. 84, p. 98-112. 1916 Field studies in the Coamo-Guayama region, Porto Rico: N. Y. Acad. Sci. Ann. Rep., v. 26, p. 434-436. 1917 The Coamo-Guayama district, Porto Rico: N. Y. Acad. Sci. Ann .Rep., v. 27, p. 277-278. 1919 The minerals of British Columbia: Canadian Min. Jour., February. 1920 The geology of the Coamo-Guayama region: N. Y. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pt. 2, p. 111-228, 50 figs., 2 color maps. 1923 The Teapot Dome, Wyoming: Portland Oregonian, February. 1924 Drainage of the Amazon Slough: Eugene Register, March 9. ------Proposed classification of igneous rocks: Univ. of Ore. Publ. in Geol., v. 2, n. 7, 72 p., 16 figs.: (Abstract) Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 35, n. 1, p. 164-165; (Abstract) Am. Jour. Science, 5th Ser., v. 9, n. 54, p. 518, 1925; (Abstract) Pan-Am. Geologist, v. 46, n. 1, p. 25-48, 5 figs., 1 pi., 1926. ------Can science make gold?: Portland Oregonian, November 23. 1925 History of Mount Multnomah: Portland Oregonian, April 26, 7 figs. ------Origin of the Willamette Valley: Portland Oregonian, June 7, 5 figs. ------Geology of Mount Jefferson: Mazama Ann. Ser., v. 7, n. 2, p. 25-58, map, 5 figs., 3 pis. ------Mount Multnomah, ancient ancestor of the Three Sisters: Univ. Press, Univ. of Ore., v. 3, n. 2, 160 p., 94 figs., 3 color maps; (Abstract) Am. Jour. Science, 5th ser., v. 13, n. 75, p. 270, 1927. ------Lost amid the rocks-geology for loggers: The Timberman, v. 28, n. 2, p. 56. 1926 Oregon’s Central Cascades: Oregon Business, v. 4, n. 9, May, 4 figs. ------Practical classification of igneous rocks: Pan-Am. Geologist, v. 46, n. 1, p. 25-48, 5 figs, 1 pi. 60 THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

1927 Native asphalts in Oregon: Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geol. Bull., v. 11, n. 4, p. 395-406. ------Composition and structure of the Cascades in central Oregon (Abstract): Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 38, n. l,p. 162-163; (Abstract) Pan-Am. Geologist, v. 47, n. 2, p. 157; (Abstract) Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 38, n. 1, p. 204-205. ------A quantitative mineralogical chemical classification of igneous rocks: Univ. of Ore. Pubis., v. 1, n. 2, 132-200, 7 figs., 8 color charts; (Abstract) Pan-Am. Geologist, v. 45, n. 5, p. 374-375, 1925; (Abstract) Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 38, n. 1, p. 204, 1927. 1928 Structural features in John Day and Deschutes River canyons (Abstract): Pan-Am. Geologist, v. 48, n. 4, p. 305-306; Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 40, n. 1, p. 167, 1929. ------Framework of Cascade Mountains in Oregon: Pan-Am. Geologist, v. 49, n. 5, p. 341-357, 1 fig., 1 pi. ------Geophysics of the discovery of minerals in Oregon: Portland Oregonian, October 21. ------An asphaltite from the Philippine Islands: Philippine Jour. Sci., v. 37, n. 3, p. 263-272. ------Geologie de Coamo-Guayama Tierra: Revista de Obras Publicas de Puerto Rico, v. 5, n. 59. ------Quicksilver on the Pacific Coast: Portland Oregonian, November 18. ------Mercury districts in Oregon: Portland Oregonian, November 30. ------Structure of the east side of the Cascade Mountains (Abstract): Northwest Science, v. 2, n. 4, p. 107-108. ------Prospecting for mercury in Oregon: Portland Oregonian, December 8. ------Future mercury in Oregon: Portland Oregonian, December 8. ------Platinum on the Pacific Coast: Portland Oregonian, December 23. 1929 Earthquake hazard of the north Pacific Coast: 53rd Annual Meeting, Fire Underwriter’s Association of the Pacific, 25 p., 4 figs. ------Platinum placer deposits in Oregon: Portland Oregonian, January 27. 1930 Topographic map of north central Oregon: Univ. of Ore. pubis., Geol. Ser., v. 1, n. 4. 1 m x 32 inches, 3,1 20 sq. miles; 3 colors and 12 pages of text. ------Late Tertiary climatic changes in Oregon: Amer. Meteor. Soc. Monthly Weather Review, v. 58, n. 10, p. 405-411. ------Geology of Warm Springs Indian Reservation (with Patrick Gray): Report, United States Department of Interior, Indian Field Service. 1931 Columbia River Fault: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 42, n. 1, p. 923-984; (Abstract) Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 42, n. 1, p. 185-186; (Abstract) Pan-Am. Geologist, v. 55, n. 1, p. 64. ------Exceptional moraine-like deposits in Ore.: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 42, n. 4, p. 985-1010, 6 figs. ------Anomalous moraines in Oregon (Abstract): Pan-Am. Geologist, v. 55, n. 5, p. 366; (Abstract) Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 43, n. 1, p. 229-230. ------Structure of the Cascade Mountains (Abstract): Revue de Geologie et des Sciences Connexes, v. 10, p. 458-459. ------Glacial changes in Oregon in Tertiary times (Abstract): Revue de Geologie et des Sciences Connexes, v. 10, p. 463. EDWIN THOMAS HODGE 61

1931 Topography of north central Oregon (Abstract): Revue de Geologie et des Sciences Connexes, v. 10, p. 469. ------Framework of Oregon Mountains (Abstract): Revue de Geologie et des Sciences Connexes, v. 10, p. 473-474. ------Stadter buried forest: Mazama, v. 13, n. 12, p. 82-86. ------Geology of dam sites on McKenzie River, Oregon: Report to the Federal Power Commission. 1932 Age of Columbia River and lower canyon (Abstract): Pan-Am. Geologist, v. 58, n. 1, p. 70; (Abstract) Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 44, n. 1, p. 156, 1933. ------History of Columbia River Gorge (Abstract): Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 43, n. 1, p. 131-132; (Abstract) Pan-Am. Geologist, v. 57, n. l,p . 62. ------New evidence of the age of the John Day Formation: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 43, n. 1, p. 695-702; (Abstract) Pan-Am. Geologist, v. 58, n. 1, p. 70; (Abstract) Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 44, n. 1, p. 220, 1933. ------Progress in Oregon geology since 1925: Northwest Science, v. 6, n. 2, p. 44-53, bibl. ------Petrographic succession of Tertiary igneous rocks in Oregon (Abstract): Am. Mineralogist, v. 17, n. 3, p. 116. ------Geological map of north-central Oregon and accompanying text: Ore. Univ. Publ. Geol. Ser., v. 1, n. 5, 7 p.; (Abstract) Am. Jour. Science, 5th ser., v. 25, n. 148, p. 348, 1933. ------Report to Committee on Batholiths of the National Research Council, 7 p. 1933 Oregon batholiths: Northwest Science, v. 7, n. 2, p. 34-38. 1934 Origin of the Washington scablands: Northwest Science, v. 8, n. 3, p. 4-11, 2 figs., maps; (Abstract) Pan-Am. Geologist, v. 62, n. 2, p. 155. ------Volcanic and seismic history of Oregon: Fifth Pacific Science Congress, Canada, 1933, Proceedings, v. 3, p. 2451-2460. 1935 History of the Columbia River: Geol. Soc. of the Oregon Country Newsletter, v. l,n . l,p . 1-3. ------Available raw materials for a Pacific Coast iron industry: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North Pacific Division, 4 volumes. ------Mines and ore deposits of Oregon: Geol. Soc. of the Oregon Country Newsletter, v. 1, n. 18, p. 1-4; v. 2, n. 1, map, 1936. 1936 Bonneville power and an iron industry: Geol. Soc. of the Oregon Country Newsletter, v. 2, n. 3, p. 6-11,3 tbls. ------Bibliography of the geology and mineral resources of Oregon with digests and index to July 1, 1936 (with Treasher, Raymond Clarence): Oregon State Planning Board, 224 p. ------Bibliography of Oregon geology: Geol. Soc. of the Oregon Country Newsletter, v. 2, n. 6, p. 1-21, bibl. ------Origin of the Washington scablands (Abstract): Internat. Geol. Cong., 16th Session, 1933, v. 2, p. 1105. ------Igneous-rock relations (with Wilkinson, William Donald, and Felts, Wayne M.): Geol. Soc. of the Oregon Country Newsletter, v. 2, n. 11, p. 11-12, 1 chart. 1937 Location of Bonneville Dam (Abstract): Geol. Soc. America Proc. 1936, p. 310-311. 1938 Preliminary report on some northwest manganese deposits, their possible 62 THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

exploration and uses: War Dept., U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Office of Div. Engr., North Pacific Div., Portland, Oregon, 91 p., 8 pis. incl. index maps. ------Market for Columbia River hydroelectric power using northwest minerals: War Dept., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Office of Div. Engr., North Pacific Div., Portland, Oregon, 10 volumes, 1080 p. ------The Cascade Plateau province (Oregon): Geol. Soc. of the Oregon Country Newsletter, v. 4, n. 1, p 3-11,2 pis.; n. 2, p. 16-26. ------Origin of the Washington scablands: Geol. Soc. of the Oregon Country Newsletter, v. 4, n. 4, p. 3-4. ------Mineral deposits of Oregon: Geol. Soc. of the Oregon Country Newsletter, v. 4, n. 8, supp. 1, p. 1 -24. ------Geology of the lower Columbia River: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 49, n. 6, p. 831-930, 12 pis. incl. relief map, 25 figs., incl. geol. map and topog. maps. ------Future of the Northwest in chemical development: Pacific Chem. and Met. Industries, v. 2, p. 3-4. ------Origin of the Willamette Valley: Geol. Soc. of the Oregon Country Newsletter, v. 4, n. 19, p. 215-219. 1939 Mount Multnomah: Geol. Soc. of the Oregon Country Newsletter, v. 5, n. 1, p. 3-7, 2 pis. ------Northwest mineral supplies: Northwest Science, v. 13, n. 2, p. 38-44; Oregon State Monographs, res. paper n. 16, 7 p. 1940 Geology of the Madras quadrangle, Oregon: Oregon State Monograph, Studies in Geology, no. 1, color map and text. ------The Cascade Plateau province: in Physical and economic geography of Oregon, Oregon State Board of Higher Education, p. 41-49, 10 figs. ------The mineral resources of Oregon: in Physical and economic geography of Oregon, Oregon State Board of Higher Education, p. 234-246, 1 fig., index map. ------Cascade andesites of Oregon (with Bogue, Richard): Am. Mineralogist, v. 25, n. 10, p. 627-665, 10 figs; (Abstract): Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 51, n. 12, pt. 2, p. 1959. ------Bonneville-Grand Coulee power and Alaskan minerals (Abstract): Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 5 1, n. 12, pt. 2, p. 2024. ------Glacial history of southeastern Washington (Abstract): Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 5 1, n. 12, pt. 2, p. 2024. ------Mineral resources of the Northwest (Abstract): Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 51, n. 12, pt. 2, p. 2025. ------Structure and petrography of the Oregon Cascades (Abstract): Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 5 1, n, 12, pt. 2, p. 2025. 1941 Dawn of life in Oregon: Geol. Soc. of the Oregon Country Newsletter, v. 7, n. 1, p. 7-9. ------The Paleocene during the Lance time in Oregon: Geol. Soc. of the Oregon Country Newsletter, v. 7, n. 3, p. 28-29. ------Geology of the Madras quadrangle: Oregon State College Studies in Geology, n. 1, geol. map with cross sections and geologic data on side and back. ------Geology of north central Oregon: Oregon State Univ. Monographs, Studies in Geology, n. 3, 76 p., 1 pi. with text, 23 figs. ------Paleocene or Fort Union time: Geol. Soc. of the Oregon Country Newsletter, v. EDWIN THOMAS HODGE 63

7, n. 9, p. 88-91. 1942 The Aleutian Islands: Geol. Soc. of the Oregon Country Newsletter, v. 8, n. 15, p. 117-118. ------Beyond the Don (Russia): Geol. Soc. of the Oregon Country Newsletter, v. 8, n. 15,p. 118-119. ------Land of the Fellahah: Geol. Soc. of the Oregon Country Newsletter, v. 8, n. 16, p. 124-125. 1945 Limestone of the Pacific Northwest: Bonneville Power Administration, Div. of Ind. and Resources Development, Inc. Analyses Section, 104 p., 17 pis. 1950 Ancient river (Tualatin): Geol. Soc. of the Oregon Country Newsletter, v. 16, n. 11, p. 73-76. ------The Bellevue erratic: Geol. Soc. of the Oregon Country Newsletter, v. 16, n. 11, p. 92-94. 1954 Northwest minerals, p. 160-177 in Freeman, Otis W., and Martin, ed, The Pacific Northwest. 1955 Geology of Mount Jefferson: Mazama, v. 7, n. 2, p. 25-28. 1960 The proposed Round Butte Dam and reservoir and its environmental effects: Report to Pacific Gas and Electric Co., 34 p., 44 figs. and plates. 1965 Llano Estacado: Geol. Soc. of the Oregon Country Newsletter, v. 31, n. 1, p. 3-5.