Proc. Hampsh. Field Club Archaeol. Soc. 46, 1990, 41-52 ROMSEY MINSTER IN SAXON TIMES By CHRISTOPHER COLLIER ABSTRACT secure land-grants soon after the Conversion. Men and/or women lived in some form of The prestige of Romsey in Norman times and its subsequent organisation, sharing a common table, and decline are thought to have obscured the status enjoyed by the have had no personal wealth. There was earlier Saxon minster. Saint Balthild and other women prayer, study and work, which could include venerated at Romsey are seen here to indicate 9th century writing or embroidery. Much was done for lay support by royal women. Attention is invited to the ties neighbours, especially at festivals. Neither between Wessex and the Continent, and to women's contri­ complete enclosure nor stability were essential bution to religious life before the 10th century Monastic Revival. Evidence is presented for temporary evacuation of the characteristics of minsters; each had a mixture Romsey community to Winchester in AD 1001. The hypothe­ of functions, part mission station, and part sis of Nursling and Romsey Minster as a commonality is place for prayer and study. All minsters had suggested as a basis for further reasoning. books; a few became centres of learning with a library, scriptorium and school. Names of Saxon women have been spelt in INTRODUCTION many ways: Elfleda was often confused by later writers with Aethelflaeda; Balthild in English At Romsey is the only Norman nuns' church was Batildis in Latin. Nuns would adopt the standing in England. The beautiful building name of a popular saint or royal lady. The and the marriage to the Conqueror's son of the legend of one saint would cross that of another princess educated at Romsey has focussed bearing the same name, resulting in contra­ attention upon Norman times. This paper, dictions and a muddle of dates and places however, reviews Romsey between about AD (Dunbar 1904). 700 when Bede received information from Bishop Daniel of Winchester on Hampshire's history, and about AD 1100 when Archbishop PRIMARY SOURCES Anselm wrote to Athelitz, Abbess of Romsey, urging her not to create a new saint in the old A major limitation in studying Anglo-Saxon Saxon way. The locally popular AD 907 found­ Romsey is the shortage of charters from the ation date will be evaluated, and the connec­ pre-Conquest period itself. It is surprising that tion between Romsey Minster and Nursling several hundred manuscripts survive from Minster will be examined. England at the eve of the Conquest, when there were 40 houses for monks and 6 for nuns, Nomenclature yet not one manuscript is catalogued as having been at Romsey in Saxon times. A recent review of Saxon religious estab­ lishments before AD 899 commends the word New Minster's Book of Life minster to represent church, abbey, monas- terium, community, cenobium etc., until the In AD 1031 a Book of Life was started at New differences become clear (Foot forthcoming). Minster, Winchester. It named persons to be The practice will be adopted here. The same remembered in prayers, and recorded features review of minsters showed that many received of the minster's history. It reveals much about 42 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOCICAL SOCIETY Romsey, including the cofraternity with New understanding of forged charters shows that Minster. Whereas the drawings in the manu­ many were written retrospectively when a script, now BL Stowe 944, have been widely community felt its land-holdings insecure, as reproduced and discussed, the text is less well happened when monks were re-introduced at known, although it was printed as the second Winchester in AD 964 (Finberg 1964). The offering of the Hampshire Record Society early allocation, security and continuity of (Birch 1892). Romsey's estates may thus explain the short­ age of Romsey charters. Saints' Lists and Lives The 14th century cartulary of Edington Priory (BL Lansdowne 442) records King Among a bundle of pre-Conquest manuscripts Edgar's grant of Edington to Romsey Abbey given by Archbishop Parker to Corpus Christi (Sawyer 765) and his confirmation of the privi­ College were a Regularis Concordia and a Bede in leges of Romsey Abbey (Sawyer 812). The a delicate and unusual hand, also homilies, latter charter has an addition in Old English laws, prayers and a list of saints. The prayers recording the burial at Romsey of Edmund showed feminine forms. The collection is now Atheling, King Edgar's heir. The will of CCCC MS 201 (Ker 1957). According to the Aelfgifu (AD 966 X 975) records her bequest list: at Romsey rest Saint Maerwyn, the abbess to Romsey Abbey of land at Whaddon in who founded the minister, Saint Balthild, Buckinghamshire (Sawyer 1484). Queen, and Saint Aethelflaeda and many other saints (Rollason 1978). Archaeological evidence John of Tynemouth's 14th century collection of saints' lives was published by Horstman in The Field Director of the Test Valley Archaeo­ AD 1901 as Nova Legenda Angliae, using a copy logical Trust kindly described excavations at made before BL Cotton Tiberius Ei was burnt Romsey and nearby Nursling. The iron to a crust. However, a key work for the early smelting site at Romsey is the largest of its history of Romsey, the Romsey Book of Saints' type known in southern England, and was Lives of about AD 1380 (BL Lansdowne 436), most likely active from the 7th to the late 9th has not been edited, though the linked century. It was very close to, but not on, the Edington Cartulary has recently been site of the minster. Here three phases of post- published (BL Lansdowne 442, Stevenson Roman timber buildings precede any stone 1987). building. Examination of animal bones has led to the dating of the middle phase of occupa­ Domesday Book tion of the timber buildings to the period AD 650-700. Burials, not necessarily Christian, The Ordnance Survey facsimile of the Domes­ predate any stone building on the site. An day Book published in AD 1862 showed, by unusual burial, probably within a timber extra space and independence from any hun­ building, was of an important person. dred, the special status given to Romsey. Few At Romsey, rammed chalk footings, which scholars appreciated this. may have supported flint or timber walls, suggest a range of buildings including a min­ Charters ster, by the 10th century. Large stones from a Roman buildings were used in the foundations Documentation relating to the foundation of of the stone Saxon minster which underlies its the Wessex nunneries is surprisingly scarce, Norman successor. Carved stones that were and foundation charters were apparently not used in the Saxon minster came from quarries issued. Shaftesbury is the only nunnery for near Bath. which a foundation charter, if it can be so Although construction of a canal and a called, has survived (Meyer 1981). The new railway through both Romsey and Nursling COLLIER: ROMSEY MINSTER IN SAXON TIMES 43 disturbed some ground, considerable areas The essay quoted Leland's opinion that remained for investigation. Excavations at Romsey Minster was founded by Edward the Nursling have been most unproductive in Elder, and continued 'Richard de Hovedon (sic) terms of archaeological finds of the Saxon (fol.244.6.) also says, "Anno DCCCCVII. Rex Ang period, particularly near the present church at Edgarus in monasterio Rumesiae quod avus suus Nursling, where no such evidence has been construxerat, sanctimoniales collocavit, sanctamque found. Excavations at Romsey have produced Merwennam super eas abbalissam constituit."' many finds of the Saxon period (Green and Published by John Gray in the same year as Scott forthcoming). the essay, a booklet quoted Roger de Hovedene more closely, associating the con­ Asset's Life of King Alfred struction with King Edward the Elder, and omitting the AD 907 date (Stubbs 1868). AD Details of the Wessex royal family, and a view 907 probably became the earliest written date of circumstances in the second half of the 9th for Romsey because of Hovedene's layout of century can be drawn from Asser, who appears his chronicle page, rather than through his to have used an underlying, but now lost, access to a source now lost. version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The Victoria County History of Hampshire (Vol 1 1900, Vol 2 1903) said 'The statements with Limitation regard to the early foundation of Romsey are confusing and conflicting, but it would seem probable that King MS CCCC 173, known as the A-text of the Edward the Elder founded this house about the year Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was copied in the first AD 907 and that Saint Elfleda became abbess and was years of the 11th century to form the G-text, buried there.' later held at Southwick Priory, which was not Liveing's Records of Romsey Abbey, first founded until the 12th century; neither of published in 1906, contained nothing new these versions of the Chronicle will be used about the foundation, but was the basis for here to shape the history of Romsey, because it much of the pageant held at Romsey in 1907, is not known where they were produced. popularising the unsubstantiated foundation date of AD 907. SECONDARY SOURCES AND Recent pointers DIVERSIONS Women's contribution to the 10th century Previous attempts to write the history of Monastic Revival has been undervalued by Romsey were hampered by difficulties of historians (Stenton 1971, 445). A major art- access to material, and by certain widespread form especially associated with Anglo-Saxon misunderstandings. By the time of William of women is embroidery. Surviving examples, Malmesbury, Romsey's history was already such as the embroideries made for Bishop hedged about with uncertainties.