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4 the Romantic Period, 1780–1832 PETER J 4 The Romantic period, 1780–1832 PETER J. KITSON This overview of the history of the Romantic period provides a narrative of the major social, political and cultural trends which occurred between the years 1780 and 1832 and which impacted on the literature produced by the men and women who lived through them. The Romantic period witnessed enormous political and social upheaval with such political events and social processes as the American and French Revolutions, the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, the prosecution and criticism of the transatlantic slave trade, the Great Reform Act of 1832, the Industrial Revolution, and much more. In this period Britain relinquished its American Colonies but found a new empire in other parts of the world, transforming itself into a global superpower. The Romantic Age saw a wholesale change in the ways in which many people lived and this was reflected in the culture of the time. It was a time when Britons forged a new national and imperial identity defined against the cultures and peoples of the world that they encountered in accounts of travel, exploration and colonial settlement. Chronology HISTORY AND CULTURE LITERATURE 1776–84 American War of Independence 1784 Act for regulating East India Charlotte Smith, Elegiac Company Sonnets 1785 William Pitt introduces Bill for William Cowper, The Task reform of Parliament William Paley, Principles of Robert Merry (Della Crusca), Moral and Political Philosophy The Florence Miscellany Sir William Jones, ‘A Hymn to Na’ra’yena’ 1786 Thomas Clarkson, An Essay on Robert Burns, Poems, Chiefly the Slavery and Commerce of the in the Scottish Dialect Human Species Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, The William Beckford, Vathek Marriage of Figaro Impeachment proceedings against Warren Hastings John Boydell’s Shakespeare Gallery 1787 Formation of a Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade Mozart, Don Giovanni 1788 The Times 1789 Fall of the Bastille William Blake, Songs of Innocence Bounty mutiny Wilberforce introduces twelve resolutions against the slave trade Richard Price, Discourse on the Love of Our Country 1790 Edmund Burke, Reflections on Ann Radcliffe, Sicilian the Revolution in France Romance Immanuel Kant, Critique of Joanna Baillie, Poems Judgment James Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile 1791 Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, Erasmus Darwin, The Botanic Part One Garden Birmingham Church and King Mary Robinson, Poems (– Riots 1793) Louis XVI flees to Varennes Galvani publishes results of electrical experiments with frogs’ legs 1792 Abolition of French monarchy Smith, Desmond and Republic declared September massacres William Blake, engravings for John Gabriel London Corresponding Society Stedman, Narrative, of a five formed Commons resolves on years’ expedition, against gradual abolition of slavery by revolted Negroes of Surinam 1796 Boycott of sugar begins Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, Part Two William Gilpin, Essay on Picturesque Beauty Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 1793 Execution of Louis XVI Britain Blake, America; Visions of the and France at war Daughters of Albion Beginning of French Terror Smith, The Old Manor House Macartney’s embassy to China William Wordsworth, William Godwin, Political Justice Descriptive Sketches; An Evening Walk Hannah More, Village Politics Board of Agriculture established 1794 Blake, Songs of Innocence and Execution of Robespierre of Experience French Republic outlaws slavery Godwin, Caleb Williams in all French Colonies Radcliffe, The Mysteries of Udolpho Treason trials Habeas corpus suspended 1795 Maria Edgeworth, Letters for French Directory established Literary Ladies Hannah More, Food riots Cheap Repository Tracts George III’s carriage stoned at opening of Parliament Treasonable Practices and Seditious Meetings Acts Methodist secession Joseph Haydn, London Symphony James Hutton, Theory of the Earth 1796 S. T. Coleridge, Poems on Napoleon’s Italian campaign Various Subjects Turner’s first oil paintings Matthew Lewis, The Monk exhibited Edward Jenner’s first smallpox Robinson, Sappho and Phaon vaccination Beckford builds Fonthill Abbey Anna Seward, Llangollen Vale Anne Yearsley, The Rural Lyre 1797 Naval mutinies at Spithead and Radcliffe, The Italian Nore Invasion scares Smith, Elegiac Sonnets (new edition) British naval victories at Camperdown and Cape St Vincent 1798 France invades Switzerland Baillie, A Series of Plays Napoleon’s expedition lands in Coleridge, Fears in Solitude; Egypt; Battle of the Nile France: An Ode; Frost at Midnight Irish rebellion suppressed Wordsworth and Coleridge, Lyrical Ballads Thomas Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Population Edgeworth, Practical Education Haydn, The Creation Godwin, Memoirs of the Author 1799 Napoleon becomes First Consul Lewis, Tales of Terror Six Acts against radical activities Seward, Original Sonnets Introduction of income tax Wordsworth, Two-Part Rosetta Stone discovered Prelude (MS) 1800 Robinson, Lyrical Tales Act of Union with Ireland (takes Wordsworth and Coleridge, effect 1801) Volta generates Lyrical Ballads (2nd edn with electricity Beethoven, First ‘Preface’) Edgeworth, Castle Symphony Rackrent 1801 Pitt resigns over Catholic Robert Southey, Thalaba the Emancipation Destroyer Henry Addington becomes Prime Robinson, Memoirs Minister First census of England and Wales Thomas Jefferson elected President of the USA 1802 Napoleon restores slavery in the Walter Scott, Minstrelsy of the French Empire Peace of Amiens Scottish Border (–1803) Edinburgh Review founded Baillie, Plays of the Passions (II) Paley, Natural Theology 1803 War resumes with France Darwin, Temple of Nature Richard Trevithick builds first Thomas Chatterton, Collected working railway steam engine Works 1804 Pitt returns as Prime Minister Blake, Miltond Napoleon crowned Emperor Ann and Jane Taylor, Original Poems for Infant Minds 1805 Napoleon victorious at Austerlitz Scott, Lay of the Last Minstrel Battle of Trafalgar Wordsworth The Prelude (completed in MS.) Death of Horatio Nelson Mary Tighe, Psyche; or, The Legend of Love William Hazlitt, Essay on the Principles of Human Action Richard Payne Knight, Principles of Taste 1806 Death of Pitt Robinson, Poetical Works Ministry of All the Talents formed Death of Fox Napoleon defeats Prussians and establishes trade blockade of Britain 1807 Act passed for the Abolition of Wordsworth, Poems in Two the Slave Trade in the British Volumes Lord Byron, Hours Colonies of Idleness France, Russia and Prussia Thomas Moore, Irish conclude Treaties of Tilsit Melodies Humphry Davy isolates sodium Smith, Beachy Head and potassium Geological Society founded Charles and Mary Lamb, Tales from Shakespeare 1808 Peninsular War begins Scott, Marmion Adam Dalton, New System of Felicia Hemans, England and Chemical Philosophy Spain Davy isolates magnesium, strontium, barium and calcium 1809 Byron, English Bards and Quarterly Review founded Scotch Reviewers First use of gas-lighting in central More, Coelebs in Search of a London Wife 1810 George III permanently insane Baillie, The Family Legend George Crabbe, The Borough Scott, The Lady of the Lake Seward, Poetical Works 1811 Prince of Wales becomes Regent Jane Austen, Sense and Sensibility Luddite Riots Tighe, Psyche with Other Poems Percy Shelley, The Necessity of Atheism 1812 Assassination of Prime Minister Baillie, Plays of the Passions Spencer Perceval (III) Napoleon invades Russia United Anna Laetitia Barbauld, States declares war on Britain Eighteen Hundred and Eleven Byron, Childe Harold’s Elgin marbles arrive in London Pilgrimage I and II Crabbe, Toleration Act Tales Hemans, Domestic Affections 1813 Napoleon loses at Leipzig Austen, Pride and Prejudice East India Company monopoly Shelley, Queen Mab ended Toleration Act for Unitarians Byron, The Giaour; The Bride of Abydos Execution of Luddite leaders Coleridge, Remorse Leigh Hunt imprisoned for libelling Prince Regent 1814 Napoleon abdicates and exiled to Austen, Mansfield Park Elba Restoration of French monarchy Byron, The Corsair; Lara Congress of Vienna Leigh Hunt, Feast of the Poets Robert Stephenson builds steam Scott, Waverley locomotive Wordsworth, The Excursion 1815 Napoleon escapes from Elba. Byron, Hebrew Melodies Battle of Waterloo Wordsworth, Poems Corn Law passed Thomas Love Peacock, Headlong Hall Davy designs safety lamp 1816 Economic depression Austen, Emma Spa Fields Riots Byron, Childe Harold’s Elgin marbles purchased by Pilgrimage III, Coleridge, British Museum Kubla Khan Scott, The Antiquary Shelley, Alastor Amherst Embassy to China William Cobbett, Political Register 1817 Pentridge uprising Byron, Manfred Habeas Corpus suspended Coleridge, Sibylline Leaves; Biographia Manchester ‘Blanketeers’ march Literaria to London Blackwood’s Edinburgh Hazlitt, Characters of Magazine Shakespeare’s Plays David Ricardo, Principles of John Keats, Poems Political Economy James Mill, History of British Thomas Moore, Lalla Rookh India Shelley, Laon and Cythna Southey, Wat Tyler 1818 Austen, Northanger Abbey; Habeas corpus restored Persuasion Defeat of Sir Francis Burdett’s Byron, Beppo; Childe motion for parliamentary reform Harold’s Pilgrimage IV Hazlitt, Lectures on the English Poets Keats, Endymion Mary Shelley, Frankenstein 1819 ‘Peterloo Massacre’ Byron, Don Juan I and II Six Acts Crabbe, Tales of the Hall Factory Act Hemans, Tales and Historic Scenes in Verse William Lawrence, Lectures on Scott, Ivanhoe; The Bride of Physiology, Zoology and the Lammermoor Shelley, The Natural History of Man Cenci Theodore
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