Notes

Introduction: ‘The Radical Ladder’

1. The Loyalist; or, Anti- Radical; Consisting of Three Departments: Satyrical, Miscellaneous, and Historical (W. Wright, 1820), iv. 2. Here, it might also mean (if the artist is being subversive), ‘I Have Suffered’, which Caroline and the radicals certainly had; or, it might stand for ‘In hoc signo vinces’ – ‘with this as your standard you shall have vic- tory’, hinting at the odd relationship between this Queen and republican radicals. 3. See Thompson, The Making, 691–6. 4. See Robert Reid, The Peterloo Massacre (Heinemann, 1989), 117–19. 5. Frederick Jameson, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as Symbolically Social Act (London: Routledge, 2002), ix. 6. Jameson, The Political Unconscious, 1. 7. Clifford Siskin, The Work of Writing: Literature and Social Change in Britain, 1700–1830, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 2. 8. Frank Kermode, The Romantic Image (London: Fontana Press, 1971), 18–19. 9. Anne Janowitz, ‘“A voice from across the Sea”,: Communitarianism at the Limits of Romanticism’, At the Limits of Romanticism: Essays in Cultural, Feminist and Materialist Criticism, ed. Mary A. Favret and Nicola J. Watson (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994), 85. 10. Nigel Leask and Phillip Connell (eds.), Romanticism and Popular Culture in Britain and Ireland, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 7. 11. Gary Dyer, British Satire and the Politics of Style, 1789–1832 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 141. 12. Donald Read, Peterloo: the ‘Massacre’ and its Background (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1958), 16. Interestingly, in a letter to The Times newspaper on 26 September 2008 Read wrote: ‘The crowd was certainly gathered to demand democratic reform, but it was in a fes- tive mood. Incidentally, I say this as a historian of Peterloo who does not believe that the masses were at that time sufficiently educated to deserve the vote. This even includes my own contemporary Lancashire working- class family.’ 13. The Journal of Mrs. Arbuthnot, ed. Francis Bamford and the Duke of Wellington, 2 vols. (Macmillan, 1950), I: 139. 14. Thompson, The Making, 737. 15. Rev. Lionel Thomas Berguer, A Warning Letter to His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, Intended Principally as a Call Upon the Middle Ranks, At this Important Crisis (T. and J. Allman, 1819), 28. 16. Nigel Leask, ‘What is the People’, Romanticism and Popular Culture, 7. 17. Ian Haywood, The Revolution in Popular Literature, 4.

226 Notes 227

1 Peterloo

1. Richard Holmes, Shelley: the Pursuit (Flamingo, 1995), 532. 2. Shelley, Preface to Prometheus Unbound: the Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. Mrs Shelley, 4 vols. (Edward Moxon, 1839) II, 6. 3. PRO: HO 41/4, f 432. Disturbance Book vol. 4, 3 Jan 1818 to 1 Sep 1819. 4. T. H. Ford, ‘The Constitutional Association: Private Prosecutions in Reaction to Peterloo’, The Journal of Legal History 7:3 (1986), 295. 5. Ibid. 293. 6. The numbers who attended the meeting at St Peter’s Field range from esti- mates of 30,000 (Thomas Tatton, a magistrate at the trial of Henry Hunt), to 153,000 people (James Wroe, the Manchester Observer). Bamford estimated 80,000 people (Passages, 151). 7. See ‘An Examination of the Late Dreadful Occurrences at the Meeting at Manchester, on August 16, 1819; Being a Clear Statement and Review of its Object, Circumstances, and Results’ (Newcastle on Tyne: William Andrew Mitchell, n.d.). 8. Michael Bush, The Casualties of Peterloo (Lancaster: Carnegie, 2005), 50. 9. F. A. Bruton, ‘Three Accounts of Peterloo by Eyewitnesses Bishop Stanley, Lord Hylton, John Benjamin Smith, with Bishop Stanley’s Evidence at the Trial’ (Manchester: Longmans, Green & Co. 1921), 42. 10. Joyce Marlow, The Peterloo Massacre (Rapp and Whiting, 1970), 50. 11. R. J. White, Waterloo to Peterloo (Heinemann, 1957), 185. 12. Reid, The Peterloo Massacre, 84. 13. Berguer, A Warning Letter to His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, 36. 14. Bamford, Passages, 152. 15. See Bush, The Casualties, 44 and 49 for details on these figures. 16. The Manchester Observer, 21 August 1820. James Wroe, the first editor of the Manchester Observer, further promoted this coinage when he brought out a weekly journal called The Peterloo Massacre: a Faithful Narrative of the Events nine days after the event; there were 14 issues. See Bush, The Casualties, 41–2. 17. J. Taylor, ‘The Peterloo Massacre, Containing a Faithful Narrative of the Events which Preceded, Accompanied and Followed the Fatal Sixteenth of August, 1819, on the Area Near St. Peter’s Church, Manchester, Including the Proceedings which Took Place at the Inquest at Oldham on the body of John Lees’ (Manchester: 1819), 178. 18. Victor Hugo, Les Miserables (London: Penguin, 1982), 316–17. 19. R. J. White, Waterloo to Peterloo (Heinemann, 1957), 181. 20. Letter from Place to Hobhouse, cited by Graham Wallas, The Life of Francis Place, 1771–1854 (George Allen & Unwin, 1918), 141–2. 21. The Times, 19 August 1819. 22. Sherwin’s Weekly Political Register, 21 August 1819. 23. Ibid. 24. Address of the Reformers of Fandon, to Their Brothers the Pitmen, Keelmen, and Other Labourers, on the Tyne and Wear [sic] (Newcastle Upon Tyne (John Marshall, 1819), 7. 25. Ibid. 8. 26. Cited by Clive Bigham, The Prime Ministers of Britain 1721–1921 (John Murray, 1924), 199. 228 Notes

27. HO 42/192, f.269. 28. See Percy Bysshe Shelley, Poems and Prose, ed. Timothy Webb and George E. Donaldson (J. M. Dent, 1995), 470–2. 29. Ibid. 472–3. 30. Michael Scrivener, Poetry and Reform: Periodical Verse from the English Democratic Press 1792–1824 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1992), 218.

2 Myth- making: Samuel Bamford and Peterloo

1. Passages in the Life of a Radical was first published in parts between 1839 and 1841. It went through four editions by 1857. 2. Sir Richard Phillips, bookseller, publisher and owner of the Monthly Magazine. 3. Martin Hewitt, ‘Radicalism and the Victorian Working Class: the Case of Samuel Bamford’, The Historical Journal 34:4 (1991), 873–92 (886). 4. Samuel Bamford, Homely Rhymes, p. 11. In his preface to Passages, Tim Hilton claims that ‘in 1848 he enrolled as a special constable to help keep down the Chartists who had assembled on Kennington Common’ (5) but I have not traced another source for this claim. 5. See Robert Poole, ‘“A Poor Man I know”: Samuel Bamford and the Making of Mary Barton’, The Gaskell Journal 20 (2008), 96–115 (109). 6. First formed in 1813 by Major Cartwright, Hampden clubs were named after the parliamentary leader, John Hampden who died in 1643 fighting the Royalists. 7. George Pellew, The Life and Correspondence of the Right Honourable Henry Addington, First Viscount Sidmouth, 3 vols. (John Murray, 1847), 3: 226. 8. Marlow, Peterloo Massacre, 63. 9. Reid, Peterloo Massacre, 71–2. 10. Samuel Bamford, An Account of the Arrest and Imprisonment of Samuel Bamford, Middleton, on Suspicion of High Treason. Written by Himself (Manchester: 1817), 38. 11. Marlow, Peterloo Massacre, 25. 12. Letter from Carlyle to Bamford 21 April 1849. Cited by Morris Grant, Samuel Bamford: Portrait of a Radical (Littleborough: George Kelsall, 1992), 41. 13. Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 3 (1818), 519. 14. Letter to the George Keats’s 17 September 1819. The Letters of John Keats 1814–1821, ed. Hyder Edward Rollins, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958), II, 186. 15. S. Bamford, weaver, The Queen’s Triumph (Lincoln Castle, nov. 13 1820). 16. The Monthly Magazine or British Register 52 (1821), 450. 17. Ibid., 1 Jan. 1822: 502. 18. Miscellaneous Poetry by Samuel Bamford, Weaver, of Middleton (T. Dolby, 1821) is not listed on COPAC, however a copy can be found in Middleton Library. See Garratt, Samuel Bamford: Portrait of a Radical, p. 98. 19. Bamford, Homely Rhymes, 244. 20. See Bamford, Passages, 126–30. 21. For more on this see Reid, Peterloo Massacre, 108–9 and James Epstein, Radical Expression: Political Language, Ritual and Symbol in England, 1790–1850 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 83–5. Notes 229

22. Bamford, Passages, 130. 23. Bamford, Homely Rhymes, 244. 24. Shelley, The Mask of Anarchy (Moxon, 1832), LXXXIX. 25. Epstein, Radical Expression, 85. 26. H. Montgomery Hyde, The Strange Death of Lord Castlereagh (Heinemann, 1959), 101. 27. Ibid., 185. It seems that Castlereagh’s fondness for prostitutes was well known; William Hone hints at this in his ‘Official Account of the Noble Lord’s Bite! And his Dangerous Condition, with Who Went to See him, and What Was Said, Sung, and Done, on the Melancholy Occasion’ (William Hone, 1817), 4. 28. James Chandler, England in 1819: the Politics of Literary Culture and the Case of Romantic Historicism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 18. 29. First printed in the Manchester Observer, 26 February 1820, and later in The Black Dwarf 7 (1821), 670–2. 30. Robert Walmsley, Peterloo: the Case Reopened (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969), 132. 31. Reid, Peterloo Massacre, 221. 32. The Examiner, 10 March, 1833. 33. See Reid, Peterloo Massacre, 25. 34. This poem was printed in The Black Dwarf 7 (1821), 670–2. 35. Walmsley, Peterloo, 132. 36. This poem was later published in The Manchester Observer on 5 August 1820. 37. John Milton, Areopagitica (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898), 49. 38. Cited by Garratt, Samuel Bamford: Portrait of a Radical, 36. 39. Cited by Walmsley, Peterloo, 425. 40. Gaskell had befriended Bamford shortly before she wrote her novel, and later wrote to Tennyson on Bamford’s behalf to obtain a signed volume of his verse.

3 William Hone’s Peterloo

1. Wood, Radical Satire, 269. 2. See Kyle Grimes, ‘William Hone’, in British Reform Writers, ed. Gary Kelly and Edd Applegate. Vol. 158 of Dictionary of Literary Biography (Detroit: Gale, 1996), 163. 3. Stanley Jones, Hazlitt: a Life From Winterslow to Frith Street (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 304. 4. Rickword, Radical Squibs, 22. 5. Duncan Wu, William Hazlitt: the First Modern Man (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 4, xiv. 6. Tom Paulin, The Day- Star of Liberty William Hazlitt’s Radical Style (Faber and Faber, 1998), 51. 7. P. P. Howe, Life, 418. 8. [Anon.], Quarterly Review 26 (London: John Murray, Oct. 1822), 103. 9. First used in 1807 in Salmagundi: or the Whim- whams and Opinions of Lancelot Langstaff, Esq. & Others (Routledge, 1859), 67. 230 Notes

10. [Anon.], Quarterly Review, 26 (London: John Murray, Oct. 1822), 104. 11. Cited by Wu, William Hazlitt, 4, xviii. Edinburgh Review 3 (1820), 297. 12. Wu, William Hazlitt, 275. 13. Howe, Life, 277. 14. William Carew Hazlitt, Memoirs of William Hazlitt, 2 vols. (Richard Bentley, 1867), I, 300. 15. Ibid. 16. Thomas Davison first published cantos 1 and 2 of Byron’s Don Juan on 15 July 1819. 17. Hugh J. Luke, Jr. ‘The Publishing of Byron’s Don Juan’, PMLA 80: 3 (June, 1965), 209. For more details of the other forgeries of Don Juan see Samuel C. Chew, Byron in England: His Fame and After- Fame (John Murray, 1924), 27–75 and Colette Colligan, ‘The Unruly Copies of Byron’s Don Juan: Harems, Underground Print Culture, and the Age of Mechanical Reproduction’, Nineteenth- Century Literature, 59: 4 (2005), 433–62. 18. Cited by Hone in his preface to Wat Tyler: a Dramatic Poem (William Hone, 1817), v. 19. Southey, 1837–38, II, 22. 20. William Hazlitt in an unsigned review of Wat Tyler featured in The Examiner on 9 March 1817 calls Southey, ‘a literary prostitute . . . The author of Wat Tyler was an Ultra- Jacobin; the author of Parliamentary Reform is an Ultra- royalist; the one was a frantic demagogue; the other is a servile court- fool.’ 21. In August 1819 Blackwood’s published a review of Byron’s Don Juan, claiming it contained a ‘thorough and intense infusion of genius and vice – power and profligacy – than in any other poem which had ever before been written in the English, or indeed in any other modern language. . . . The moral strain of the whole poem is pitched in the lowest key,’ Blackwood’s Magazine 29 (1819), 512–13. 22. William Hone, ‘Don John’, or Don Juan Unmasked; being A Key to the Mystery, Attending that Remarkable Publication! With a Descriptive Review of the Poem, and Extracts, 3rd edn. (William Hone, 1819), 6. 23. Luke, ‘The Publishing of Byron’s Don Juan’, 200. 24. From, The Late John Wilkes’s Catechism of a Ministerial Member Taken From an Original Manuscript in Mr. Wilkes’s Handwriting, Never Before Printed, and Adapted to the Present Occasion (William Hone, 1817). 25. Southey, 1837–8, X, 251. 26. See Thompson, The Making, 75. Hone would have identified with this arson attack as he too had his shop in Fleet Street burnt out. See Hackwood, William Hone, 104. 27. The Letters of John Keats, ed. Hyder Edward Rollins, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958), I, 19. 28. See Aileen Ward, ‘Keats’s Sonnet, “Nebuchadnezzar’s Dream”’, Philological Quarterly 34 (1955), 177–88. 29. [Anon.], The Loyalist, 213. 30. Thomas Brown, (Thomas Moore), Replies to the Letters of the Fudge Family in Paris (Pinnock and Maunder, 1818), 50–1. 31. Letter from Dorothy Wordsworth to T. Monkhouse, January 1818, The Letters of Dorothy and William Wordsworth: the Middle Years, ed. Earnest de Selincourt, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1937), II, 804. Notes 231

32. Olivia Smith, The Politics, 165. 33. Hone, Don Juan Unmasked!, 6. 34. William Hone, The Sinecurist’s Creed (1817), 7. 35. The Society for the Suppression of Vice was founded in 1802 with 29 mem- bers, by 1803 it had secured 678 London convictions. The Society used paid spies to report on book traders from almost the outset of its formation. See M. J. D. Roberts, ‘The Society for the Suppression of Vice and Its Early Critics, 1802–1812’, The Historical Journal, 26:1 (1983), 159–76. 36. Ben Jonson, Every Man in His Humour (IV, 7). 37. William Hone, A Slap at Slop and the Bridge- Street Gang (1822), 26. 38. Ibid. 39. DJCT, 23n. 40. New Letters of Robert Southey, ed. Kenneth Curry, 2 vols. (Columbia: Columbia University Press, 1965), II, 210 41. Cited by Hackwood, William Hone, 220. 42. Stoddart was a leading member of what William Hone would call ‘The Bridge Street Gang’. See Hone’s pamphlet, A Slap at Slop and the Bridge Street Gang. Subsequent to a Royal Proclamation in 1787 for the ‘encouragement of piety and virtue, and for preventing and punishing vice, profaneness and immorality’, William Wilberforce founded the Proclamation Society. This merged with the ‘Society for the suppression of Vice and the encouragement of religion and virtue, throughout the United Kingdom, to consist of mem- bers of the Established Church’ in 1802, before becoming the Bridge Street based ‘Constitutional Association for Opposing the Progress of Disloyal and Seditious Principles’ on 20 December 1820 under the leadership of the Duke of Wellington and Stoddart. See Edward Royle, Revolutionary Britannia? Reflections on the Threat of Revolution in Britain 1789–1848 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 173–4. 43. The True Political House that Jack Built: being a parody on [William Hone’s] ‘The Political House that Jack Built’ (Dean and Munday) 1820. 44. Michael Scrivener, Seditious Allegories: John Thelwall and Jacobin Writing (Philadelphia, PA: Pennsylvania State University, 2001), 20. 45. [Anon.], The Loyalist, v. 46. William Thackeray, An Essay on the Genius of George Cruikshank with Numerous Illustrations of his Works (Henry Hooper, 1840), 6–7. 47. Cited by Patten, George Cruikshank, 168. 48. Diana Donald, The Age of Caricature, 194. 49. Patten, George Cruikshank, 176. 50. Mary Dorothy George, English Political Caricature, II, 263. 51. [Anon.], The Radical Chiefs, a Mock Heroick Poem. Embellished with a suitable caricature by Mr. Cruikshank (William Turner, 1821). 52. Hazlitt, ‘My First Acquaintance with Poets’ (Howe, XVII: 107). 53. John Wardroper, The Caricatures of George Cruikshank (Boston: David R. Godine, 1978), 84. 54. See Ian Haywood, The Revolution in Popular Literature, 116–18 for changes in the way that the Stanhope Press is perceived in its later usage on the front of The Poor Man’s Guardian. 55. [Anon.], The Queen in the Moon (Grove & Co. 1820). 56. See Hackwood, William Hone, 223. 232 Notes

57. [Anon.], The Monthly Magazine; or, British Register, 49 (London: W. Shackell, 1820), 72. 58. Cited by James Chandler, England in 1819: the Politics of Literary Culture and the Case of Romantic Historicism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 21. 59. See Scrivener, Radical, 55. 60. Hone may well have been aware of Shelley’s poem. Richard Holmes claims that in April of 1816 Shelley was in communication with Hone about the printing of some of his political works. Holmes, Shelley: the Pursuit, 366. 61. See Patten, George Cruikshank, 184. 62. William Blake, ‘An Island in the Moon’, in The Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake, ed. David V. Erdman and Harold Bloom (California: University of California Press, 2008), 449. 63. See G. E. Bentley, Jr, The Stranger from Paradise: a Biography of William Blake (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), 472. 64. Joseph Nadin, Manchester deputy-constable at the time of Peterloo. Frequently mentioned by Bamford in Passages in the Life of a Radical. 65. James Norris, Manchester stipendiary magistrate, and the main contact with the Home Office for the Manchester region in the run- up to Peterloo. 66. Colonel Ralph Fletcher, Bolton magistrate. 67. Ralph Wright, magistrate. 68. Revd. William Robert Hay, magistrate. 69. See Rickword, Radical Squibs, 313. 70. Cited by Vern L. Bullough and Bonnie Bulloch in Human Sexuality: an Encyclopedia (Abingdon: Taylor & Francis, 1994). 71. For a fuller account of advertising in the period see Wood, Radical Satire, 155–214. 72. Wood, Radical Satire, 212. 73. Ibid, 211. 74. Hone, A Slap at Slop, 35. 75. Haywood, Revolution, 4. 76. Mina Gori, ‘Every- day Poetry: William Hone, Popular Antiquarianism and the Literary Anthology’, in Romanticism and Popular Culture in Britain and Ireland, ed. Philip Connell and Nigel Leask (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 256. 77. Byron, preface to ‘The Vision of Judgment’, Lord Byron: the Complete Poetical Works, 7 vols. ed. Jerome J. McGann (Oxford: Clarendon Press), 309. 78. Leslie A. Marchand, Byron: a Biography, 3 vols. (New York: Knopf, 1957) II, 101. 79. Peter Bell the Third, ‘Part the Second; The Devil’. 80. Vincent Caretta, George III and the Satirists from Hogarth to Byron (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1990), 354. 81. Byron, Letters. 8, 181–2. 82. John Murray, The Letters of John Murray to Lord Byron, ed. Andrew Nicholson (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2007), 419. 83. The New Times, 13 April 1820. See also, Trowbridge H. Ford, ‘The constitutional association: Private prosecutions in reaction to Peterloo’, The Journal of Legal History 7:3 (1986), 293–314. 84. The Examiner, 14 November 1822, 723. 85. P. B. Shelley, The Revolt of Islam, II, xiv. Notes 233

86. Signed Peter Tarlem, HO44/10, f.6. 87. Olivia Smith, The Politics, 168. 88. Kyle Grimes, ‘William Hone’s Liturgical Parodies’, Radicalism and Revolution in Britain, 1775–1848: Essays in Honour of Michael I. Thomis, ed. Michael T. Davis (Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan, 2000), 149. 89. ‘Summary of the Report of a Select Committee Appointed to Enquire Into the Causes which have Led to the Extensive Depreciation or Reduction in the Remuneration for Labour in Great Britain and the Extreme Privation and Calamitous Distress Consequent Thereupon’ (J. Millar, 1823), 16. 90. Ibid. 17. 91. William Thackeray, An Essay on the Genius of George Cruikshank with Numerous Illustrations of his Works (Henry Hooper, 1840), 6–7. 92. Richard Holmes, Coleridge: Darker Reflections (Harper Collins, 1998), 239. 93. Byron, Don Juan, I, ii. 94. John Stoddart, from Slops Shave at a Broken Hone (W. Wright, 1820). 95. Grimes, ‘William Hone’s Liturgical Parodies’, 149. 96. Bamford, Passages, 24.

4 Shelley: Doggerel and Dialectics

1. Michael Scrivener, Radical Shelley: the Philosophical Anarchism and Utopian Thought of Percy Bysshe Shelley (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982). 2. Introduction to The Works of P. B. Shelley (Ware: Wordsworth, 1994), 5. 3. Shelley, The Masque of Anarchy (Edward Moxon, 1832), xii–xix. 4. Tim Webb, Shelley: a Voice not Understood (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1977), 16. 5. See Chapter 10. 6. See K. N. Cameron, Shelley: the Golden Years (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974). 7. Webb, Shelley, 97. 8. One recent critic who makes these connections is Ashley J. Cross, ‘“What a World We Make the Oppressor and the Oppressed”: George Cruikshank, Percy Shelley, and the Gendering of Revolution’, ELH 71 (2004), 167–207. 9. R. J. White, Waterloo to Peterloo, 6–7. 10. The Letters of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. Frederick L. Jones, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964), II, 116. 11. The Poems of Shelley, ed. Kelvin Everest and Geoffrey Matthews, 2 vols. (Longmans, 2000), II, 458. 12. Karl Marx (1847) The Poverty of Philosophy (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1966), 168. 13. Bloom, ‘The Unpastured Sea: an Introduction to Shelley’, Romanticism and Consciousness: Essays in Criticism, ed. Harold Bloom (New York: Norton, 1970), 380. 14. Simpson, Closet Performances, 255. 15. It is often noted that G. M. Matthews first gives this meaning in his essay ‘A Volcano’s Voice in Shelley’ (ELH, 24:3 [1957] 222) when he gives the word in Greek, without translation. But, anyone with access to the OED will arrive 234 Notes

at this meaning: Demo – ‘the people’ and Gorgon, a ‘terrible infernal deity’, a monster. 16. Hugh Roberts, Shelley and the Chaos of History: a New Politics of Poetry (Philadelphia, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 47. As Roberts reminds us, Cameron reads Demogorgan as ‘necessity’ (Political Symbolism, 743) and Wasserman as ‘Power’ (Shelley, 329). 17. Scrivener, Radical, 198. 18. Shelley, Letters, II, 152. 19. Mary Shelley, note to ‘Prometheus Unbound’. Shelley, Poems, 1839, 135. 20. Richard Cronin, The Politics of Romantic Poetry: in Search of the Pure Commonwealth (Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan, 2000), 174. 21. The Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. E. B. Murray (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), 64. 22. The Black Dwarf, 21 August 1820. The poem is reprinted in Michael Scrivener’s Poetry and Reform, 265–6. 23. Bloom, ‘The Unpastured Sea: an Introduction to Shelley’, 377. 24. Scrivener, Poetry and Reform, 226. 25. Sir John Leach features again, in Swellfoot the Tyrant, as the Leech. I am indebted to Edgell Rickword for identifying Leach as the subject of Cruikshank’s cut. See Rickword, Radical Squibs, 317. 26. Here Cruikshank co- opts Gillray’s representation of Paine as a Crocodile in The New Morality. 27. ‘A Description of Mr. West’s Picture of Death on the Pale Horse; or, the Opening of the First Five Seals: Exhibiting Under the immediate Patronage of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, at no. 125 Pall- Mall, Near Carlton House’ (C. H. Reynell, 1817). For discussion of other pictorial influences see Morton D. Paley, ‘Apocapolitics: Allusion and Structure in Shelley’s “Mask of Anarchy”’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 54: 2 (Spring 1991), 91–109. 28. See Rickword, Radical Squibs, 317. 29. Steven Jones, Shelley’s Satire, 98–9. 30. See Bush, The Casualties, 107. 31. Ibid., 32. 32. The name of Elizabeth Gaunt may have had a deeper resonance for radicals as she shares her name with the last woman executed in England for High Treason. Burned at the stake during the first year of James II’s reign (1685) she is said to have ‘rejoiced to be the first martyr that suffered by fire in this reign’ (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography/ODNB). 33. John Stafford, ‘The Answer to Peterloo’. Webb, Shelley, 473. 34. C. Stewart, An Introduction to Botany Containing an explanation of the Theory of that Science, Extracted from the Works of Linnaeus (Mundell, Doig and Stevenson: Edinburgh, 1806), 269. 35. See Shelley, ‘A Fragment’: ‘As a violet’s gentle eye/ Gazes on the azure sky’. 36. Cronin, Politics, 161. 37. Bamford, Passages, 13. 38. Cited by Prothero, Artisans and Politics, 97. 39. Stuart Curran, Shelley’s Annus Mirabilis: the Maturing of an Epic Vision (California: Huntington Library, 1975), 195. 40. Cited by Marlow, Peterloo Massacre, 113. 41. Shelley, Letters, II, 136. Notes 235

42. Reprinted by Scrivener, Poetry and Reform, 225. 43. See ‘Sir William Jolliffe’s Narrative’, in F. A. Bruton, Three Accounts, 53. 44. Thompson, The Making, 752. 45. Ibid., 753. 46. Bamford, Passages, 153. 47. The Field of Peterloo: a Poem Written in Commemoration of the Manchester Massacre: With an Admonitory Epistle to the P––E R––T. The Whole Being an Anti- Sympathetic Response to the ‘New Whig Guide’ (J. Fairburn, 1819). 48. James Chandler in England in 1819, claims that this is not by Moore, 286 whereas the University of London Library catalogue states that it is. The British Library’s copy bears the inscription ‘to the editor of The Champion from the author’. It may be possible to discern from the handwriting whether the poem is by Moore. 49. Wooler’s British Gazette, 22 August 1820. 50. Steven E. Jones, Shelley’s Satire: Violence, Exhortation, and Authority (DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1994), 121. 51. Ibid., 110. 52. Andrew Franta, Romanticism and the Rise of the Mass Public (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 130. 53. Preface to Shelley’s The Masque of Anarchy (1832), xi. 54. Reprinted by Scrivener, 245. 55. Preface to Peter Bell the Third, III, 83. 56. Ibid. 57. The significance of the number nine has so far eluded me; it may refer to the number of years of the Regency. 58. Scrivener, Radical, 223. 59. This is obviously in Shelley’s mind, as a footnote to ‘Part the Third’ reads ‘I wonder the women of the town do not form an association, like the Society for the Suppression of Vice, for the support of what may be called the “King, Church, and Constitution” of their order. But this subject is almost too hor- rible for a joke.’ 60. In the earliest surviving version of ‘The Devil’s Walk’ Shelley associates Satan with a lawyer, ‘He saw the Devil [for a lawyer] a viper slay’ (25). The Poems of Shelley, ed. Geoffrey Matthews and Kelvin Everest, 2 vols. (Longmans, 1989), I, 232. 61. Buonaparte-phobia, or Cursing made easy to the meanest Capacity (William Hone, 1815). 62. The Third Trial of William Hone, 3rd edn. (William Hone), 24. 63. ‘Illustrations of The Times Newspaper’. 64. See Richard Holmes, Shelley the Pursuit, 366. 65. Shelley, Letters, I, 591. 66. Shelley, Letters, I, 533. 67. De Quincey’s ‘On Murder’, contains references to the Wapping murders of December 1811. See ‘Murder’ The Works of Thomas De Quincey “The English Opium Eater” Including All His Contributions to Periodical Literature, 2nd edn. 15 vols. (Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1863), IV, 35–6. 68. Shelley, Letters, I, 178. 69. See Percy Bysshe Shelley: Poems and Prose, ed. Timothy Webb (J. M. Dent, 1995), 392. 236 Notes

70. Hone, Buonaparte- phobia, 7. 71. Cronin, The Politics, 152. 72. Jones, 64. 73. Shelley, The Masque of Anarchy (1832), i. 74. Anne Janowitz, Lyric Labour in the Romantic Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 150. 75. Benjamin Disraelli, Coningsby (Warne, 1866), 235. 76. Ibid., 54.

5 The Cato Street Tragedy

1. The New Times was the only paper to advertise the dinner, rather than six as was the custom. John Stoddart had been editor of The Times before being sacked in 1816. 2. George Borrow, The Romany Rye (John Murray, 1900), 365. 3. Prothero, Artisans and Politics, 90. 4. Ibid., 89. 5. See Peter MacKenzie, An Exposure of the Spy System Pusued in Glasgow, During the Years 1816–17 (Glasgow: Muir, 1833). 6. Alexander B. Richmond, Narrative of the Condition of the Manufacturing Population and the Proceedings of Government which Led to the State Trials in Scotland (John Millar, 1824), 183. 7. Prothero, Artisans and Politics, 89. 8. Ibid., 90. 9. See Arthur Thistlewood, An interesting Correspondence between Thistlewood and Sidmouth Concerning the Property Detained, In Consequence of an Arrest, On a Charge of High Treason (A. Seale, 1817), 8 10. Ibid., 8. 11. Cited by Matthew Wood, See Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, I, 55. 12. Prothero, Artisans and Politics, 124. This is around the time when Bentham is evicting Hazlitt from Milton’s old house for falling behind with the rent. 13. Wilkinson, Authentic History, 371. 14. Cited by Royle, Revolutionary Britannia, 53. 15. During his trial Davidson wrote to Harrowby stating ‘it was impossible I could be guilty of the slightest intention to harm your lordship in any way . . . in truth my lord, Mr. Edwards must know that I am not that man of colour that was in their party.’ This letter had no effect on Davidson’s fate. Contradicting this is the evidence offered by Ruthven during the trial claiming that when Davidson was arrested ‘he damned and swore against any man who would not die in liberty’s cause – that he gloried in it. He sung a song “Scots wha’ hae’ wi’ Wallace bled”’ (cited by Stanhope, The Cato Street Conspiracy, 35). 16. See Thompson, The Making, 773. 17. Henry Hobhouse, the Diary of Henry Hobhouse, 12. 18. Signed W––r (Edwards’s pseudonym), Public Records Office, Home Office Papers, HO 42/199, f.604. 19. HO 42/199, f.622. The office of the New Times in Fleet Street was demolished by a mob sympathetic to Queen Caroline on 11 November 1820. See The Gentleman’s Magazine, 90, 462. Notes 237

20. Thomas Preston, A Letter to Lord Viscount Castlereagh: Being a Full Development of all the Circumstances Relative to the Diabolical Cato Street Plot (T. Preston, 1820), 8. 21. Gurney, Trials of Arthur Thistlewood, 98. 22. Ibid., 99. 23. Wilkinson, Authentic History, 405. 24. Prothero, Artisans and Politics, 128. 25. Ibid. 26. Stanhope, The Cato Street Conspiracy, 168. 27. Ibid. 28. David Johnson, Regency Revolution (Salisbury: Compton Russell, 1974), 94. 29. Wilkinson, Authentic History, 346. 30. Ibid., 402. 31. Wilkinson, Authentic History, 415. 32. David Worrall, Theatric Revolution, 195. 33. The Black Dwarf, 4 (1820), 795–6. Cited by Michael Scrivener, Poetry and Reform: Periodical Verse from the English Democratic Press 1792–1824 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1992), 267. 34. David Worrall, Theatric Revolution, 277–8. 35. Reproduced by Scrivener, Poetry and Reform, 268. 36. See Worrall, Theatric Revolution, 206–7. 37. [Anon.], The Loyalist, iv. 38. Hone’s colleague George Cruikshank produced three cuts on the conspiracy for Hannah Humphrey’s shop. See Robert L. Patten, George Cruikshank’s Life, Times and Art, 2 vols. (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992), I, 175. 39. Cited by Hackwood, William Hone, 130. 40. Both Tidd and Adams lived here. See David Johnson, Regency Revolution, 71. 41. Patten, George Cruikshank, 175. 42. Hobhouse’s diary is available at: Peter Cochrane’s Hobby- O website: Peter Cochrane, Hobby- O, http://www.hobby- o.com/newgate.php, 19 June 2009. Other than there it is only available at the British Library, BL AddMss. 56540 and 56541. 43. S. Squirre Sprigge, The Life and Times of Thomas Wakley (Longmans, 1897), 71. 44. Hackwood, William Hone, 130–1. 45. Shelley, Poems and Prose, 165. 46. Testimony taken on 25 February 1820. HO 44/4, ff.203–4. 47. Hackwood, William Hone, 130–1. 48. Prothero, Artisans and Politics, 124.

6 Charles Lamb and the Spy System

1. Michael Alexander, A History of English Literature (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 244. 2. Lamb once wrote to Coleridge: ‘don’t make me ridiculous any more by terming me gentle- hearted in print, or do it in better verses’. See The Works of Charles and Mary Lamb, ed. E. V. Lucas, 7 vols. (Methuen & Co., 1903), VI, 172. 3. William Hazlitt, ‘Elia–Geoffrey Crayon’, The Spirit of the Age, The Complete Works. 4. Felicity James, Charles Lamb, 2. 238 Notes

5. Hazlitt says of the conspiracy in his ‘Notes of a Journey Through France and Italy’: ‘There is also the conspiracy of Catiline, by Savator Rosa, which looks more like a Cato- street conspiracy than anything else, or a bargain struck in a blacksmith’s shop,’ (Howe, The Life, X: 226). 6. This is the title used in later publications of the poem, the original title used in The Champion is ‘Sonnet to Alderman Wood, Esq. Alderman and M.P.’ 7. Lamb, Works, V, 336. 8. The Times, 20 September 1820. 9. The Journal of Mrs. Arbuthnot, I, 22. 10. Henry Hobhouse, The Diary of Henry Hobhouse, ed. by Arthur Aspinall (Home & Van Thal, 1947), 29. 11. This was the poem’s sub- title when it was reprinted in the London Magazine in May 1825. 12. Lamb’s choice of The Champion was perhaps appropriate, as Cabinet min- isters reputedly read it. See British Literary Magazines: the Romantic Age, 1798–1836, ed. Alvin Sullivan (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983), 99. 13. Parliamentary Debates: Forming a Continuation of the Work Entitled ‘The Parliamentary History of England From the Earliest Period to the Year 1803.’ New Series; Commencing With the Accession of George IV. Vol. I Comprising the Period From the Twenty- First Day of April to The Twenty- Sixth Day of June, 1820, ed. T. C. Hansard (T. C. Hansard, 1820). 249. 14. 2 May 1820. Hansard, I, 58. 15. 9 May 1820. Hansard, I, 268. 16. Hansard, I, 59. 17. This poem is signed R. et R., a signature that Lamb had used in 1812 for his ‘The Prince of Whales’. 18. First printed in The Morning Post, 8 January 1802. 19. Speech to the house 19 April 1821. Cited by Michael Joyce, My Friend H. John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton de Gyfford (John Murray, 1948), 158. 20. The Champion, which reported a summary of Canning and Wood’s debate in the same issues as Lamb’s poems, calls Canning ‘flashy and flippant’. 21. Hansard, I, 282. 22. Ibid., 283. 23. Ibid., 284. 24. John Bull Magazine, 19 August 1821. 25. Ibid., 284. 26. Canning’s mother had married Mr Hunn, a linen draper. 27. Henry Hunt, To the Radical Reformers, Male and Female, of England, Ireland, and Scotland (Ilchester Jail: 1 July 1820), 4. 28. Lamb, Works, V, 337. 29. Parliamentary Debates, 9 May 1820, Hansard, I, 244. 30. This mention of Pitt tends to negate Lucas’s assertion that Lamb’s sonnet pertains to the Queen Caroline affair. Robert Huish claims that Pitt had been Caroline’s ‘constant friend and protector’ until his death in January 1806. Robert Huish, Memoirs of George the Fourth Descriptive of the Most Interesting Scenes of his Private and Public Life, and the Important Events of his Memorable Reign; With Characteristic Sketches of All the Celebrated Men Who Were his Friends and Companions as a Prince, and his Ministers and Counsellors as a Monarch, 2 vols. (T. Kelly, 1830), II, 300. Notes 239

31. The Life Political and Official, of John [Scott], Earl of Eldon, Late Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, &c. &c. (Hunt and Clarke, 1827), 45. This pam- phlet may possibly have been written by William Hone. In 1827 Hunt and Clarke of Tavistock Street were publishing Hone’s Facetiae and Miscellanies. 32. Despite appearing on the same page as ‘Sonnet to Alderman Wood, Esq. Alderman and M.P.’ this poem is signed ‘Dante’. There are perhaps two rea- sons for this: firstly the obvious one, the fate of souls notable for their vices, and secondly Dante as a patriot who had served his state as a soldier and politician, but was exiled when the Neri took power. 33. First printed in The Champion, 14 May 1820. Reprinted in the London Magazine, May 1825, with the sub- title ‘Written during the time, now hap- pily almost forgotten, of the spy system.’ The names of ‘Castles, Oliver and Edwards’ in the final line of the poem are indicated with initials and dashes. See Lamb, Works, V, 336. 34. Seamus Perry quotes Lamb at dinner with Coleridge, saying of Judas, ‘One of the things that made me question the particular inspiration they ascribed to Jesus Christ, was his ignorance of the character of Judas Iscariot. Why did not he and his disciples kick him out for a rascal, instead of receiving him as a disciple.’ S. T. Coleridge: Interviews and Recollections, ed. Seamus Perry, (Basingstoke: Palgrave – now Palgrave Macmillan, 2000), 228. 35. William Bedloe (1650–80). Bedloe’s chief work was: ‘A Narrative and Impartial Discovery of the Horrid Popish Plot, Carried on for the Burning and Destroying the Cities of London and Westminster, With Their Suburbs and C.; Setting Forth Several Consults, Orders, and Resolutions of the Jesuits Concerning the Same. By Captain William Bedloe, Lately Engaged in That Horrid Design, and one of the Popish Committee for Carrying on Such Fires’ (1679). 36. Titus Oates (1649–1705). 37. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee, 63 vols. (Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900), 41, 300. 38. Wilkinson, Authentic History, 398. 39. Sir William Congreve, an inventor, and a friend of the Regent, had designed a ‘Castle of Discord’ for a fete given at Carlton House on 19 June 1811 to inaugurate the Regency. From the ‘Castle’ fireworks were discharged to sym- bolise ‘the horrors of fire and destruction’. See Venetia Murray, High Society in the Regency Period: 1788–1830 (Penguin, 1998), 218. 40. The Champion, 15 April 1820. 41. Wilkinson, Authentic History, 371. 42. The Journal of Mrs. Arbuthnot, 7. 43. Timothy Webb dates this essay from January 1820. Percy Bysshe Shelley, Poems and Prose, 401. 44. Ibid. ‘On the Devil, and Devils’, 187.

7 Byron, Cato Street and Marino Faliero

1. In a review of the play’s first performance (25 April 1821), The Times reviewer wrote ‘Lord Byron’s tragedy of Marino Faliero last night performed at this theatre, under circumstances which are likely to produce many lamentations 240 Notes

from the Lord Chancellor, who hates theatricals . . . We have said that Lord Byron’s tragedy was performed, but we ought rather to have stated, that frag- ments, violently torn from that noble work, were presented to the audience,’ (The Times, 26:4/1821). 2. The British Critic, New Series, 15 (1821), 472. 3. Ibid., 471. 4. Shelley and His Circle 1773–1822, ed. Kenneth Neil Cameron and Donald H. Reiman, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961–86), 3, 321. 5. David V. Erdman, ‘Byron and “the New Force of the People”’, Keats–Shelley Journal 11 (1962), 62. 6. Byron, Letters, 7, 81. 7. Ibid., 7, 62. 8. Ibid., 8, 240. 9. Ibid. 10. Michael Foot, The Politics of Paradise: a Vindication of Byron (Harper & Row, 1988), 274. 11. Jerome Christensen, Lord Byron’s Strength: Romantic Writing and Commercial Society (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), 264. 12. Michael Simpson, Closet Performances: Political Exhibition and Prohibition in the Dramas of Byron and Shelley (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), 237. 13. Martyn Corbett, Byron and Tragedy (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan, 1988), 55. 14. Simpson, Closet Performances, 435. 15. Byron, Letters, 7, 184. 16. See Richard Lansdown, Byron’s Historical Dramas (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), 102. 17. See Richard Cronin, The Politics, 156–61. 18. Byron’s Bulldog: the Letters of John Cam Hobhouse to Lord Byron, ed. Peter W. Graham (Athens, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1984), 4. 19. Hobhouse was imprisoned from 14 December 1819 to 29 February 1820. 20. John Cam Hobhouse, A Trifling Mistake in Thomas Lord Erskine’s Recent Preface. Shortly Noticed and Respectfully Corrected in a Letter to His Lordship, by the Author of the ‘Defence of the People’ (Robert Stoddart, 1819). 21. Even Francis Burdett did not support Hobhouse’s pamphlet, but this may have been because the more inflammatory passages were said to have been written by Francis Place. Thomas Carlyle claimed: ‘Even in going to Newgate, by order of the House of Commons, the then Mr. Hobhouse fathered a pam- phlet which was not his own, but which was written by Mr. Place,’ [Anon.], The Monthly Magazine; or, British Register (London: W. Shackell, May 1836). Cited by Graham Wallas, The Life of Francis Place, 1771–1854 (George Allen & Unwin, 1918), 148–9. 22. The Life and Correspondence of Major Cartwright, ed. F. D. Cartwright, 2 vols. (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1969), I, 163. 23. PRO, Abel Hall File, TS 11/204. 24. Cited by Michael Joyce, My Friend H., 142. 25. Ibid., 141–2. 26. See Byron’s Bulldog, 288. Notes 241

Is all the counsel that we two have shar’d, The sisters’ vows, the hours that we have spent When we have chid the hasty- footed time For parting us – O, all is forgot? All school-days’ friendship, childhood innocence? (A Midsummer-Night’s Dream, III, ii.)

27. Erdman, ‘Byron and “the New Force of the People”’, 60. 28. Peter Quennell, Byron in Italy (Collins, 1941), 171. 29. Cited by Charles Hindley, A History of the Catnach Press at Berwick- Upon- Tweed, Alnwick and Newcastle- Upon-Tyne, in Northumberland and Seven Dials, London (Charles Hindley, 1886), 93. 30. The Journal of Mrs. Arbuthnot, I, 17. 31. HO 44/6 f.208. 32. Letter to John Cam Hobhouse, Ravenna, 9 November 1820, Byron, Letters, 7, 222. 33. Diary of John Cam Hobhouse, 8 January 1820. http://www.hobby- o.com/ newgate.php 34. From The Works of Lord Byron, Poetry ed. Ernest Hartley Coleridge, Letters and Journals, ed. Rowland E. Prothero, 13 vols. (John Murray, 1898–1904), IV, 469. 35. From Byron’s appendix to Marino Faliero, Doge of Venice (John Murray, 1821), 186. 36. Cited by Reid, Peterloo Massacre, 201. 37. Wu, William Hazlitt, The First Modern Man, 275. 38. The Examiner, 13 May 1821. 39. The Works of Lord Byron, ed. E. H. Coleridge, IV, 462. 40. Ibid., 465. 41. Hobhouse, Diary of Henry Hobhouse, 13. 42. Ibid., 14. 43. The Journal of Mrs. Arbuthnot, I, 5–6. 44. Charles C. F. Greville, The Greville Memoirs 1814–1860, ed. Lytton Strachey and Roger Fulford, 8 vols. (Macmillan, 1938), I, 89. 45. Cited by Stanhope, The Cato Street Conspiracy, 46. 46. Thomas Moore, The Journal of Thomas Moore, ed. Wilfred S. Dowden, 5 vols. (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1986), 3, 121. 47. Wilkinson, Authentic History, 413. 48. HO42/199, f.604. 49. Anne Barton, “‘A Light to Lesson Ages”: Byron’s Political Plays’, in Byron: a Symposium, ed. John D. Jump (Macmillan, 1975), 160. 50. Byron, Letters, 7, 122–3. 51. Byron, Preface to Sardanapolis: a Tragedy (John Murray, 1821), vii. 52. Gatrell, The Hanging Tree, 301–2. 53. Wilkinson, Authentic History, 373. 54. Ibid., 383–4. 55. The New Times, 2 May 1820. 56. The Journal of Mrs. Arbuthnot, I, 16. 57. Ibid., I, 9. 242 Notes

58. Ibid., I, 16. 59. Lord Broughton (John Cam Hobhouse), Recollections of a Long Life with Additional Extracts from his Private Diaries, ed. Lady Dorchester, 2 vols. (John Murray, 1909), I, 126. 60. Wilkinson, Authentic History, 379. 61. Ibid., 387. 62. Ibid. 63. Byron, Letters, 7, 113. 64. See David V. Erdman on Byron’s reactions to the staging of the play in ‘Bryon’s Stage Fright: the History of his Ambition and Fear of Writing for the Stage’, ELH 6: 3 (Sep., 1939), 219–43. 65. Byron, Letters, 7, 78. 66. David Worrall, Radical Culture, 200.

8 Introducing the Players

1. Hazlitt, ‘Common Places’. First printed in The Literary Examiner, 15 November 1823. 2. Letter to Barron Field, 16 August 1820. The Letters of Charles Lamb, ed. E. V. Lucas. 3 vols. (J. M. Dent, 1935), II, 282. 3. Letter to Augustus Hessey, Friday 1 December 1820. The Letters of John Clare, edited by Mark Storey (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985), 110. 4. See Dyer, British Satire, 141. 5. McCalman, Radical Underworld, 176. 6. Cited by E. A. Smith, A Queen on Trial, 1. 7. Pierce Egan’s released a satire on this affair: ‘The Mistress of Royalty: or, The Loves of Florizel and Perdita, Portrayed in the Amatory Epistles, Between an Illustrious Personage, and a Distinguished Female: With an Interesting Sketch of Florizel and Perdita’ (P. Egan, 1814). 8. Christopher Hibbert, George IV Prince of Wales 1762–1811 (Longmans, 1972), 127. 9. This hugely popular pamphlet ran through approximately fifty editions and even sold well in France where it was translated. The Queen’s Matrimonial Ladder had a huge circulation and it seems that William Hazlitt (who may have had a hand in its composition) was so impressed that he took it to Florence with him. William Carew Hazlitt tells the following story: ‘My grandfather relates that when he was at Florence in 1825 the people lifted up their hands when they were shown the caricatures in the Queen’s Matrimonial Ladder, and asked if they were really likenesses of the king?’ W. Carew Hazlitt, Memoirs of William Hazlitt, I, 300. 10. See Wood, Radical Satire, 166, 174–6. 11. The marriage between George and Mrs Fitzherbert would not have been con- sidered legal due to the Royal Marriages Act. However, the marriage would have been recognised in canonical law, as it was officiated by the Reverend John Burt and a marriage certificate was issued. 12. See Saul David, Prince of Pleasure: the Prince of Wales and the Making of the Regency (Abacus, 1999), 75. 13. Cited by Christopher Hibbert, George IV, 130. Notes 243

14. James Harris, Diaries and Correspondence of James Harris, First Earl of Malmesbury, ed. the Third Earl of Malmesbury, 4 vols. (Richard Bently, 1844), III, 153. 15. Ibid., 165. 16. Ibid., 211. 17. Ibid., 182. 18. Ibid., 218. 19. Ibid., 218. 20. Gillray had previously issued an etching of a large Mrs Hobart (not dissimi- lar to George), at her gaming table, The Loss of the Faro- Bank; or - The Rook’s Pigeon’d (H. Humphrey, 1792). 21. See Huish, Memoirs, I, 248–52. 22. See Hibbert, George IV, 147. 23. William Thackeray, The English Humourists: the Four Georges (J. M. Dent, 1929), 414. 24. Thea Holme, Caroline: a Biography, 32. 25. Saul David, Prince of Pleasure, 2. 26. [Anon.], The Loyalist, 238. 27. Caroline was not officially informed of the death of her daughter or invited to the funeral. See Thomas W. Laqueur, ‘The Queen Caroline Affair: Politics as Art in the Reign of George IV’, The Journal of Modern History, 54 (1982), 443. 28. Cited by Flora Fraser, The Unruly Queen: the Life of Queen Caroline (Macmillan, 1996), 90. 29. Frances Williams Wynn, Diaries of a Lady of Quality, From 1797 to 1844, ed. A. Hayward, Esq. QC (Longmans, Green & Co., 1864), 213. 30. ‘Letter from Queen Caroline to a Friend’, Rome 23 February 1820. Cited by Lewis Melville, An Injured Queen: Caroline of Brunswick, 2 vols. (Hutchinson & Co., 1912), II, 398. 31. ‘Cardinal Consalvi to the Queen’s Chamberlain’, Rome, 24 February 1820. Cited by Melville, Injured Queen, II, 400. 32. Cobbett, History of the Regency, II, vi, 425. 33. Prothero, Artisans and Politics, 134–5. 34. The Morning Post, 26 June 1820. 35. This bill- poster was pasted all over London at the end of June 1820. See Prothero, Artisans and Politics, 137–8. 36. Proposal to Murder the Queen (W. Benbow, n.d.). 37. Diary entry for 12 February 1820. Diary of Henry Hobhouse, 5. 38. ‘Song for the Coronation’. 39. William Cobbett, History of the Regency and Reign of King George the Fourth, 2 vols. (William Cobbett, 1830–1834) I, 435. 40. Reproduced in Charles Hindley, The Life and Times of James Catnach, 107. 41. Tim Fulford, Romanticism and Masculinity: Gender, Politics and Poetics in the Writings of Burke, Coleridge, Cobbett, Wordsworth, De Quincey and Hazlitt (Macmillan, 1999), 162. 42. Cited by E. A. Smith, A Queen on Trial, 39. 43. Cited by Melville, Injured Queen, II, 449. 44. William Cobbett, History of the Regency, II, vi, 428. 45. Cited by Melville, Injured Queen, II, 444. 244 Notes

46. Cobbett, History of the Regency, II, vi, 434. 47. Ibid., 435. 48. See George Spater, William Cobbett: the Poor Man’s Friend (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 407. 49. Cited by Anthony Burton, William Cobbett: Englishman (London: Aurum Press, 1997), 193. 50. Flora Fraser, Unruly Queen, 432. 51. Henry Hunt, To the Radical Reformers, Male and Female, of England, Ireland, and Scotland (Ilchester Jail: 1 July 1820), 1. 52. The Times, 25 September, 1820. 53. Laqueur, Queen Caroline Affair, 447. 54. Gynecocracy, with an Essay on Fornication, Adultery and Incest (J. J. Stockdale, 1821), 369. Cited by Laqueur, Queen Caroline Affair, 447. 55. From The Black Dwarf, 12 July 1820. 56. [Anon.], The Loyalist, 75. 57. Eliza Treager, Queen Caroline (J. Pitts, 1820). 58. Fulford, Cobbett, 163. 59. Letter from Ann Cobbett to Miss Boxall, 14 August. Cited by E. A. Smith, A Queen on Trial, 102. 60. E. A. Smith, A Queen on Trial: the Affair of Queen Caroline (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1994), 100. 61. Anna Clark, ‘Queen Caroline and the Sexual Politics of Popular Culture in London, 1820’ Representations 31 (1990), 62. 62. George Louis le Clere Buffon, (1707–88). French naturalist. 63. Joseph Banks, (1743–1820). Naturalist, president of the Royal Society 1777– 1820. 64. Linnæus, or Carl Von Linne (1738–83). Swedish naturalist. Inventor of a method separating plants and animals into classes. 65. Percy Fitzgerald first suggested this. See Percy Fitzgerald, The Life, Letters and Writings of Charles Lamb, 6 vols. (John Slark, 1886), VI, 469. 66. John Donne, ‘Goe, and Catch a Falling Starre’. 67. E. V. Lucas, The Life of Charles Lamb, 2nd edn., 2 vols. (Methuen, 1905), I, 322. 68. Cited by Patten, George Cruikshank’s Life, I, p.103. I am indebted to Patten for his reading of Cruikshank’s illustration. 69. First printed in The Champion, 18 & 19 March 1820. 70. First Printed in The Champion, 23 & 24 September 1820. 71. Lord Sidmouth. 72. John Scott, Earl of Eldon (1751–1838). 73. Nicholas Vansittart, Baron Bexley (1766–1851). Chancellor of the Exchequer. 74. Thomas Taylour, Marquis of Headfort (1757–1829). 75. From The Anti- Jacobin or Weekly Examiner, 9 July 1798. 76. See Cronin, Politics, 62–3.

9 Byron and the Loyalists

1. Malcolm Kelsall, Byron’s Politics (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1987), 38. 2. Byron, Marino Faliero, I, ii. 3. Letter to John Murray, Ravenna, 22 July 1820. Byron, Letters, 7, 139. Notes 245

4. Letter to John Cam Hobhouse, Ravenna, 22 June 1820. Byron, Letters, 7, 122. 5. Ravenna, 17 July 1820, Byron, Letters, 7, 130. 6. Byron, Letters, 7, 180. 7. Letter to Hobhouse, Ravenna, 8 August 1820. Byron, Letters, 7, 153. 8. See Joyce, My Friend H, 154. 9. Letter to Augusta Leigh, Ravenna. October 1820. Byron, Letters, 7, 208. 10. Letter to John Cam Hobhouse, Ravenna, 8 August 1820, Byron, Letters, 7, 153. 11. See Leslie A. Marchand, Byron: a Biography, 2 vols. (John Murray, 1957), II, 883. 12. Cronin, Politics, 160. 13. Ibid., 868. 14. Radical State Papers Now First Collected (W. Wright, 1820), 31. 15. Letter to Hobhouse, Ravenna, 21 September 1820. Byron Letters, 7, 177–8. 16. See William Hone’s Non Mi Ricordo. 17. Marchand, Byron, A Biography, II, 884. 18. London, 19 June 1821. Hobhouse, Byron’s Bulldog, 311. 19. Letter to Count Guiseppe Alborghetti, 3 December 1820. Byron, Letters, 7, 243–44. Murray had sent Byron the second reading of the bill of pains and penalties. 20. Byron, Letters, 7, 237. 21. Letter to John Cam Hobhouse, Ravenna, June 1819. Byron, Letters, 6, 165–6. 22. Flora Fraser, Unruly Queen, 432. 23. The Journal of Mrs. Arbuthnot, I, 14. 24. Hunt, To the Radical Reformers, Male and Female, of England, Ireland, and Scotland (Ilchester jail: 1 July 1820), 1. 25. To John Murray, Ravenna, 17 August 1820. Byron, Letters, 7, 159. Byron repeats this epigram in a letter to Moore on 5 November 1820. 26. In The Examiner, on 5 January 1817, Hazlitt had written that ‘the tragedy of Jane Shore, which is founded on the dreadful calamity of hunger, is hardly proper to be represented in these starving times’ (Howe, The Life, XVIII: 211). 27. Holme, Caroline: a Biography, 123–4. 28. From The Radical Ladder [Anon.]. 29. General Sir Robert Wilson to Earl Grey, 16 June 1820, cited by E. A. Smith, A Queen on Trial, 40. 30. Cited by E. A. Smith, A Queen on Trial, 41. 31. A Tragic Ballad of the Ninth Century; Set to a New Tune (Hodgson & co. n.d.) 32. Ravenna Journal, 13 June 1821, Byron, Letters, 8, 26.

10 Shelley and the Radicals

1. Newman I. White, ‘Shelley’s Swell-Foot the Tyrant in Relation to Contemporary Political Satires’, Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 36 (1921), 332–46. 2. Ibid., 332. 3. Scrivener, Radical, 262–7. 4. Shelley, Letters, II, 213. 5. A Diary Illustrative of the Times of George the Fourth Interspersed with Original Letters from the Late Queen Caroline, 4 vols. (Henry Colburn, 1838–39), 54. 246 Notes

Volumes 1 and 2 give no editorial details, however 3 and 4 claim to have been edited by ‘the late John Galt’. 6. See Newman Ivey White, Shelley, 2 vols. (New York: Knopf, 1940) II, 225. 7. The Complete Poetical Works of Shelley, ed. Thomas Hutchinson, corrected by G. M. Matthews (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970), 410. 8. Ibid., 806. 9. Gary Dyer, British Satire and the Politics of Style, 1789–1832 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 76. 10. The Champion, 8 July 1820. 11. [Anon.], Derry Down Triangle! A Satire on the Trial of Queen Caroline, with Especial Reference to Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquis of Londonderry. With ‘Epitaph on James Wilson, who was Executed at Glasgow, August 30th, 1820, After Being Recommended to Mercy’ (J. Tyler, 1820). 12. [Anon.], The Loyalist, vii. 13. Ibid., 235. 14. See P. B. Ellis and Seumas Mac A’Ghobhainn, Scottish Insurrection of 1820 (London: Victor Gollancz, I970). 15. ‘The Boa Desolator, or Legitimate Vampire’, from The Political Showman At Home! Exhibiting his Cabinet of Curiosities and Creatures – All Alive!, 2nd edn. (William Hone, 1821). 16. Scrivener, Radical, 262–3. 17. Michael Erkelenz, ‘The Genre and Politics of Shelley’s Swellfoot the Tyrant’, Review of English Studies 47 (1996), 513. 18. Arthur Bryant, The Age of Elegance, 393. 19. See Hone, A Slap at Slop, 44. 20. [Anon.], The Loyalist; or, Anti- Radical, 47. 21. Politics for the People: or a Salmagunday for Swine (Daniel Isaac Eaton, 1793–5). 22. Dyer, British Satire, 76. 23. Olivia Smith, The Politics, 161. 24. Cited by Charles Hindley, The Life and Times of James Catnach (Late of Seven Dials), Ballad Monger (Reeves and Turner, 1878), 105. 25 Richard Cronin, Shelley’s Poetic Thoughts (New York: St. Martin’s Press – now Palgrave Macmillan, 1981), 54–5. 26 Alexander Richmond, Narrative, 169. 27 Olivia Smith, The Politics, 79–80. 28. [Anon.], The Pig of Pall Mall (Thomas Dolby, n.d.). 29. See John Wardroper, The Caricatures of George Cruikshank (Boston: Godine, 1978), 14. 30. E. J. Evans, The Forging of the Modern State (Longmans, 1983), 186. 31. Paul Foot, Red Shelley (Sidgwick and Jackson, 1980), 51–3. 32. Prothero, Artisans and Politics, 133. 33. McCalman, Radical Underworld, 177. 34. Croker, The Croker Papers: 1808–1857, ed. Bernard Pool (London: Batsford, 1967), 39. 35. John Bull, 24 December 1820, cited by E. P. Thompson, The Making, 778. 36. George Cruikshank, ‘The Funeral Pile’ from The Loyal Investigation and Radical Non Mi Ricordo; or the History of the Snug Family; Caroline-Bergami- Relatives, and Lieutenants; their Pleasant Pilgrimages, Suffocating Trial; Published at the Expense of the Loyal Association (W. Wright, 1820). Notes 247

37. [Anon.], The Loyalist, 99. 38. The poem was first printed in The Englishman’s Magazine, September 1831 in the following form:

LINES Suggested by a Sight of Waltham Cross

Time- mouldering CROSSES, gemm’d with imagery Of costliest work, and Gothic tracery, Point still the spots, to hallow’d wedlock dear, Where rested on its solemn way the bier, That bore the bones of Edward’s Elinor To mix with Royal dust at Westminster. Far different rites did thee to dust consign, Duke Brunswick’s daughter, Princely Caroline. A hurrying funeral, and a banish’d grave, High- minded Wife! Were all that thou could’st have. Grieve not, great Ghost, nor count in death thy losses; Thou in thy life- time had’st thy share of crosses.

39. The Times, 16 July 1830.

Conclusion

1. The Life and Correspondence of Robert Southey, ed. Rev. C. C. Southey, 6 vols. (London, 1860), 4: 360. 2. Butler, Romantics, 173. 3. McCalman, Radical Underworld, 181. 4. Ibid. 5. Thompson, The Making, 778. 6. Ibid., 917. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid., 918. 9. J. Ann Hone, For the Cause of Truth: Radicalism in London 1796–1821 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), 356. 10. Prothero, Artisans and Politics, 153–4. 11. Lamb, Works, V, 58. 12. Southey, 1849, 180. 13. Egan, Life in London, 40. 14. Iain McCalman, Radical Underworld, 236. 15. Egan, Life in London, 38. 16. Cited by Hackwood, William Hone, 351. 17. Ibid., 349–50. 18. Ibid., 348. 19. William Benbow, The Crimes of the Clergy, or the Pillars of Priest- craft Shaken; with an Appendix, entitled the Scourge of Ireland, etc. (William Benbow, 1823) 20. Neil Fraistat, ‘Illegitimate Shelley: Radical Piracy and the Textual Edition as Cultural Performance’, PMLA 109 (1994), 413. 21. From The Rambler’s Magazine, March 1822, cited by Fraistat, ‘Illegitimate Shelley’, 413. 248 Notes

22. Prothero, Artisans and Politics, 268. 23. ‘Sceptreless, free, uncircumscribed – but man:/ Equal, unclassed, tribeless, and nationless, . . .’ 24. William Benbow, Grand National Holiday, ed. S. A. Bushell (London: Pelagian Press, 1996), 9. 25. Ian Haywood, The Revolution in Popular Culture: Print, Politics and the People, 1790–1860 (Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 2004), 7. Select Bibliography

Only works cited in the endnotes are listed here. See the List of Abbreviations for works cited in the text. The place of publication is London unless otherwise stated.

Primary works

1. Manuscripts The British Library Broughton Papers, Add. MS. 36458 Francis Place Collection: Set, vols. 18, 40, 46, folders, 71, 96, 204 Satirical Songs and Miscellaneous Papers on the Return of Queen Caroline to England William Hone Papers: Add. MS 4071, 40108–22

Public Records Office Home Office Papers (HO): 40, 41, 42, 44, 52, 64 Treasury Solicitors Papers (TS): 11, 24, 36

2. Newspapers and magazines Colindale Newspaper Library The Black Dwarf Blackwood’s Magazine The British Critic The Champion The Edinburgh Review The Examiner The Gentleman’s Magazine The London Magazine The Manchester Observer The Morning Chronicle The Morning Post The New Times The Political Register Ramblers Magazine; or Fashionable Emporium of Polite Literature Sherwin’s Weekly Political Register. The Times

249 250 Select Bibliography

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Page numbers in bold refer to illustrations.

Adams, Robert 109–10, 111, 118 Passages in the Life of a Radical 7, ‘An Address to the “Rabble”’ 21–4, 24, 25, 32, 228n1; and (anonymous) 92 the Peterloo massacre 13; Address to the Reformers of Manchester Poems 27, 31; poetic response and its Neighbourhood, An to Peterloo massacre 13–14, (Hunt) 15 21–32; poetry output 21; affluence 4 political character 22–4; ‘Ah! Sure Such a Pair Was Never ‘The Prediction’ 27; presence Seen So Justly Form’d to Meet by at massacre 21; prison Nature’ (Cruikshank) 160 sentences 23; self-censorship 27, Alexander, Michael 120 31–2; ‘Solitude how calm art ‘The Answer to Peterloo’ thou’ 24; ‘Song of Slaughter’ 13, (anonymous) 20 30–1, 84; ‘To Death’ 24; ‘Touch Anti-Jacobin, The 124, 181 Him!’ 24–6; and violence 25–8; Arbuthnot, Mrs 5, 71, 127, 138–9, ‘Waterloo’ 27; The Weaver 140, 146–7, 151–2, 187 Boy 21, 24, 26, 27, 211–12 Areopagitica (Milton) 30 Barton, Anne 149 Aristophanes 198 Bedloe, William 125–6, 239n35 army, the 16 Benbow, William 9, 33, 67, 168, Austen, Jane 3 173–4, 223–4, 225 Austin, William 166 Bentham, Jeremy 107–8 Authentic History of the Cato Street Bergamasco, Beltramo 145–6 Conspiracy (Wilkinson) 151 Bergami, Bartolemeo 146, 167, 168–9, 184, 189 ballad-sellers 210 Berguer, Revd. Lionel Thomas 6, Bamford, Mary 13 16, 192 Bamford, Samuel 7, 9, 70–1, Birnie, Richard 139 116, 206, 221: account of the Black Dwarf, The 22, 28, 77, 173–4: Hussar’s action 90; account Cato Street conspiracy squib of the Yeomanry’s charge 17; 112–13 arrest and imprisonment 13; Blackwood’s Magazine 230n21 and Chartism 22; criticism Blake, William 60, 62, 188 of verse 24; ‘The Fray of ‘The Bloody Field of Peterloo! A New Stockport’ 26–7; ‘God Help the Song’ (Shorter) 20 Poor’ 32; Homely Rhymes 27, Bloom, Harold 74, 77 30; Hours in the Bowers 31; Borrow, George 106 Miscellaneous Poems 25; Bourdieu, Pierre 4 Miscellaneous Poetry 24; ‘Ode to British Critic, The 130, 133, 143, 154 Death’ 27–8; ‘Ode to a Plotting broadside production 3 Parson’ 13–14, 28–30, 84; Brougham, Henry 9, 185

262 Index 263

Brunt, John Thomas 108, 111, 152–3 Carlile, Richard 58, 71 Bryant, Arthur 204–5 Carlyle, Thomas 24 Bundle of Truths A Parody, A Caroline of Brunswick, Queen 4, (Rodger) 201 9, 155, 163: see also Queen Buonaparte, Napoleon 86, 93, 97, Caroline controversy; allegations 224 against 168–9, 189–90; army Burdett, Sir Francis 22, 43, 47–8, 122 support for 91; associated with Burke, Edmund 49, 198, 202, 211 radicalism 191–2; Byron’s defence Bury, Charlotte 196–7 of 184–5; Byron’s poems on 9; Butler, Marilyn 10, 218–19 Byron’s support for 183–7; Butler, Samuel 53 Cobbett’s letters for 171–2, 174–6; Byron, George, Lord 3, 9, 183, 218: Cobbett’s support for 169–72, see also Marino Faliero (Byron); 174–6; comparison with Jane death of 221; defence of Queen Shore 188; criticism of George Caroline 184–5; Devil 92; Don IV’s treatment of 192–4; death Juan 18, 21, 37–8, 40–2, 43, of 169–70, 192–4, 216, 219, 161, 178, 186, 199, 230n21; The 221; depiction in ‘The Funeral Irish Avatar 193–4; likens Queen Pile’ 214, 215, 216; depiction in Caroline to Jane Shore 188; Swellfoot the Tyrant 198; divorce political character 132–3, 135, proceedings 168–9; European 183, 194; portrayal of George travels 166–7; featured in Don IV 193–4; preface to Marino Juan 161; funeral 218; George Faliero 134, 140–1; quarrel with IV’s investigation of 166; Hobhouse 134–8, 140–1, 154–5; infidelity accusations 168–9; on reformers 187; response to learns of George III’s death Cato Street conspiracy 130–55, 167; lover 146; marriage 194; response to Peterloo breakdown 166; marriage to massacre 194; response to George IV 161–6; portrayal in Southey’s vision 64–5; response to The Radical Ladder 1; public the Queen Caroline controversy 9, support 170; Queen’s Letter to the 161, 183–9, 194; return to England King 172, 174; radicals support rumoured 185–6; The Sinecurist’s for 212–17; return of 159, Creed 41; squib on Hobhouse’s 167–8; on Shelley 196–7; Shelley’s imprisonment 135–8; support opinion of 196; Shelley’s support for Queen Caroline 183–7; for 195, 204–5, 212; trial 161; use of aural narrative 149–51; witchcraft accusations 188; use of parody 40–1; view of women and 172–6 Thistlewood 154; Vision of Cartwright, Major 33, 43, 228n6 Judgement 188; visit to Venetian Castle, John 107, 111, 126, 128 Ducal Palace 134 Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Byron and Tragedy (Corbett) 133 Lord 23, 27, 29, 44, 55–6, 78, 79, Byron’s Historical Dramas 199–203, 229n27 (Lansdown) 132 Catholic emancipation 216 Catnach, James 137–8, 161 Cameron, Kenneth Neil 73 Cato Street conspiracy 7–8, 105–19, Campbell, Lady Charlotte 166 218, 220–1: Black Dwarf squib; Canning, George 2, 45, 58, 120–1, 112–13; Byron’s response to 130–55, 122–5, 168–9, 181–2, 203 194; conspirators 4, 106–8, 127–8, Caretta, Vincent 66 146; conspirators captured 110; 264 Index

Cato Street conspiracy – continued Croker, John Wilson 40, 67, 137, 213 executions 105, 111, 127, 151–4, Cronin, Richard 10, 73, 76, 87, 99, 155, 219; government knowledge 131, 132, 185, 211 of plot 146–8; Hone and 116–18; cross-class appeal 2 John Cam Hobhouse linked Cruikshank, George 9, 199: ‘A to 138–40, 219; Lamb’s response Crocodile’ 78; ‘Ah! Sure Such to 120–9; loyalist response 116; a Pair Was Never Seen So Justly plan 108–10, 131–2; plot 110; Form’d to Meet by Nature’ 160; Queen Caroline associated collaborations with Hone 33, 49, with 191–2; The Queen in the 50, 53–4, 54, 58, 59, 62, 63, 70, Moon 113–16; radicals silence 97; ‘Coriolanus Addressing the on 116–19; responses to 112–19; Plebeians’ 50, 52, 53; ‘The Dandy spies 106, 107–8, 108–9, 110, 121, of Sixty’ 50, 51, 53; depiction of 124–5; trial 109–10, 111–12, 118, Castlereagh 200–1, 201; ‘Doctor 122, 126, 147–8, 236n15 Southey’s New Vision’ 65, censorship 3, 27, 31–2, 130, 149 65–6; Fortune’s Ladder 162; Champion, The 2, 120–1, 121, 126, ‘The Funeral Pile’ 214, 215, 128, 161, 177, 199 216; ‘The Grillery’ 188; Lamb’s Chandler, James 2, 28 influence 180; later life 222–3; Charlotte, Princess 166 Loyalist production 50; The Man Chartism 22, 31, 224, 225 in the Moon 58, 59; The Prince Cheshire Yeomanry 16 of Whales or the Fisherman at ‘The Chimney Sweeper’ (Blake) 60 Anchor 178, 179, 180; The Queen Christensen, Jerome 133, 134 in the Moon 56, 56, 114, 114; The Clare, John 33, 159, 161–2 Queen’s Matrimonial Ladder 92–3, Clark, Anna 175 94, 206; ‘The Radical Ladder’ 1–2, class-conflict 6, 18–19, 86–9, 144–5, 4, 50; The Right Divine of Kings to 192, 203, 218 Govern Wrong 82, 83; A Slap at class-consciousness 75, 85, 86–9 Slop and the Bridge-Street Gang 63, Clerical Magistrate, The (Hone) 56–7 97; ‘The Triangle’ 201, 203; ‘The Cobbett, Ann 175 Triumph of the Press’ 79, 80, 81 Cobbett, William 33, 71, 83, 86–7, Cruikshank, Isaac Robert 53 99, 117–18, 167, 169–72, 174–6, 210 Curran, Stuart 88 Cohen, Francis 145 Coleridge, S. T. 70, 125 ‘The Dandy of Sixty’ Colin Cloute (Skelton) 53 (Cruikshank) 50, 51, 53 Congreve, Sir William 239 n39 Davenant, William 171 ‘A Congreve Rocket for Davidson, William 108, 111, 148, Pandemonium’ 126 152–3, 236n15 Connell, Phillip 3–4, 10 Davison, Thomas 37, 38, 42, 230n16 Constitutional Association, the 66 Derry Down Triangle Corbett, Martyn 133 (anonymous) 201–3 ‘Coriolanus Addressing the Plebeians’ ‘The Devil’s Walk’ (Shelley) 235n60 (Cruikshank) 50, 52, 53 Diana, Princess 169 Corn Laws 5 Diary Illustrative of the Times of George Courier, The 41, 43, 46, 70, 126, 127, the Fourth, A (Bury) 196–7 137, 172, 181, 186, 187, 196, 206 Dickens, Charles 50, 223 Crimes of the Clergy, The (Benbow) 223 Dickens and the Popular Imagination ‘A Crocodile’ (Cruikshank) 78 (Ledger) 223 Index 265

Disraeli, Benjamin 101 Fraistat, Neil 223–4 ‘Doctor Southey’s New Vision’ Franta, Andrew 91 (Cruikshank) 65, 65–6 Fraser, Captain 25–6 Don Juan (Byron) 18, 21, 37, 40–2, Fraser, Flora 8, 172 43, 161, 178, 186, 199, 230n21 ‘The Fray of Stockport’ 26–7 Don Juan Canto the Third ! (Hone) 30, freedom of speech 71 33, 34, 37–9, 42–8, 69–70, 71 Fulford, Tim 174–5 Don Juan Unmasked (Hone) 38 ‘The Funeral Pile’ (Cruikshank) 214, Donald, Diana 50 215, 216 Dr Slop (John Stoddart) 93, 95–6, 98 Dryden, John 125 gagging acts 61 Dundas, Henry 124–5 Galt, John 196, 246n5 Dyer, Gary 10, 198, 210 Gamba, Count 186, 187 Gaskell, Elizabeth 32, 229n40 Eaton, Daniel Isaac 77, 209 Gatrell, V. A. C. 151 Edinburgh Monthly Review 35 Gaunt, Elizabeth 45–6, 71, 82, 234n32 Edward IV, King 188 Gay, John (The Beggar’s Opera) 162 Edwards, George 107, 108–9, 110, Gazzetta di Milano 187 110–11, 121–2, 126, 148 Gentleman’s Magazine, The 236n19 Egan, Pierce 222–3, 242n7 George, Dorothy 50 Eldon, Lord 79, 185, 199 George III, King, death of 64–6, 65, Ellenborough, Lord 107 159, 167: madness of 166 Elliston, Robert William 149 George III and the Satirists from Hogarth ‘England in 1819’ (Shelley) 7, 21, 53, to Byron (Caretta) 66 73, 86, 87, 101 George IV, King 9, 121: appetite 178; Englishman’s Magazine, The 247n38 Beechey portrait 164; Byron’s Erdman, David V. 131, 132, 133–4, portrayal of 193–4; Caroline’s 136, 137 challenge to 159; coronation 169; Erkelenz, Michael 195, 204 criticism of treatment of Queen Ethelston, the Reverend Charles Caroline 192–4; death of 216–17; 15–16, 57, 81 debt 161; depiction in The Prince Evans, E. J. 212 of Whales or the Fisherman at events, literary responses to 2–3 Anchor 178, 179, 180; depiction Every-Day Book, The (Hone) 60 in Swellfoot the Tyrant 198–9; Examiner, The 22, 24, 28–9, 35, 39, divorce proceedings 168–9; 42, 67, 76, 87, 112, 143, 161, 177, Gillray portrait 163–4, 165; 180, 230n20 investigation of Caroline 166; Express, The Daily 169 Lamb lampoons 176–8; learns of Queen Caroline’s death 193; 15th Hussars 17, 89–92 marriage breakdown 166; marriage Field, Barron 159, 242n2 to Caroline of Brunswick 161–6; Fildes, Ann 81 marriage to Maria Fitzherbert 162, Finnerty, Peter 196 242n11; pig imagery 211–12; Fitzherbert, Maria 162, 180, 242n11 portrayal in ‘The Godlike’ 180–1; Foot, Michael 132–3 portrayal in The Man in the Foot, Paul 86, 87, 212 Moon 57–8, 59, 60–1; as Prince Ford, Trowbridge H. 15 Regent 50, 51, 57, 92–3, 166; Fortune’s Ladder (Cruikshank) 162 Shelley’s opposition to 196; as a Four Georges, The (Thackeray) 165–6 youth 161 266 Index

Gifford, William 67, 137 218, 219: attack on Canning 123; Gillray, James 9, 178, 182, 199, 209: Byron’s attack on 41; and the Cato portrait of George IV 163–4, 165 Street conspiracy 116–18; ‘The Glasgow Engineers strike (1919) 16 Chimney Sweeper’ 60; the Clerical ‘God Help the Poor’ (Bamford) 32 Magistrate 57; collaborations with ‘The Godlike’ (Lamb) 180–1 Cruikshank 33, 49, 50, 53–4, 54, ‘The Grillery’ (Cruikshank) 188 58, 59, 62, 63, 70, 97; creation of Grimes, Kyle 33, 68–9 public sphere 49; distribution Guards, 3rd Regiment of, system 68–9; Don Juan Canto mutiny 192 the Third 30, 33, 34, 37–9, 42–8, 69–70, 71; Don Juan Unmasked 38; Hackwood, Frederick 33–4, 117 Every-Day Book 60; fame 33; and Hall, Abel 109, 111, 139, 219 Hazlitt 34–5; The Inquest on John Hampden clubs 70, 228n6 Lees 90; The Late John Wilkes’s Harrowby, Lord 108–9, 147–8 Catechism 38; later life 221–2, Hay, Mary 81–2 223; loyalist opposition to 49–50; Hay, the Revd. Robert 28–9 The Man in the Moon 21, 34, Haywood, Ian 10, 64, 225 36–7, 43, 57–8, 59, 60–3, 62; Hazlitt, William 33, 34–6, 67, 95, mock advertisements 63–4; 97–8, 118, 120, 130, 154, 159, 212, and Murray 41–2; opposition 230n20, 242n9 to 68; poetic response to Hazlitt, William Carew 36, 242n9 Peterloo massacre 30; political Hemans, Felicia 153 character 33; The Political Hessey, Augustus 159 House that Jack Built 21, 34, 43, Hewitt, Martin 22 48–50, 53, 53–4, 54, 68, 123, 210; Hiden, Thomas 111, 115, 146, 148 as publisher 33; The Queen’s high literature 10, 218 Matrimonial Ladder 162, 242n9; high romanticism 3 reading public 69–71; religious Hilton, Tim 22 belief 57; response to Peterloo ‘The Hind and the Panther’ massacre 33–50, 53–4, 56–8, 60–71; (Dryden) 125 shop 39; A Slap at Slop and the historical moment, the 2 Bridge-Street Gang 34, 54–6, 63–6, History of English Literature, A 65, 67–8, 97, 200–1; success 68–70; (Alexander) 120 trial 38–41, 95, 107; use of Hobhouse, Henry 14–5, 107, 108, humour 50; use of parody 37, 57 108–9, 110–11, 146, 168 Hooper, John 107 Hobhouse, John Cam 18, 33, 67, Hours in the Bowers (Bamford) 31 71, 117, 118, 122, 123, 134–41, Howe, P. P. 35 150, 152–3, 185: quarrel with Hudibras (Butler) 53 Byron 134–8, 140–1, 154–5; linked Hugo, Victor 18 to Cato Street conspiracy 138–40, humour, power of 50 219; A Trifling Mistake 58 Hunt, Henry 1, 9, 14, 15, 16, 22, 25, Hodgson, Richard 107 30, 33, 87, 89, 116, 124, 131, 132, Holme, Thea 188 135, 155, 172, 187 Holmes, Robert 13 Hunt, John 33, 71 Homely Rhymes (Bamford) 27, 30 Hunt, Leigh 31, 33, 35, 39, 71, 72, Hone, Anne 8 76, 100, 178 Hone, William 5–6, 7, 9, 10, 78, Hunting (Wright) 205 87, 96, 162, 189, 200–1, 203–4, ‘The Hymn’ (Cruikshank) 114, 114 Index 267

‘Idiot Boy’ (Wordsworth) 46 Three Graves’ 8, 121, 125–9; ‘The income tax 5 Triumph of the Whale’ 176–8; Ingrams, Richard 117 ‘The Unbeloved’ 181 Ings, James 108, 110, 111, 130–1, Lansdown, Richard 132 152–3 Laqueur, Thomas 173 Inquest on John Lees, The (Hone) 90 Late John Wilkes’s Catechism, The Ireland, repression in 199–203 (Hone) 38 Irish Avatar, The (Byron) 193–4 Leach, Sir John 78, 167, 204 Island in the Moon, The (Blake) 60 Leask, Nigel 3–4, 10 Ledger, Sally 33, 223 James, Felicity 120 Lees, John 142 Jameson, Frederic 2 Letter to Lord Ellenborough, A Janowitz, Anne 3, 101, 226n9, (Shelley) 77 236n74 Letter to Radical Reformers (Hunt) 30 John Bull 123, 213 Life in London (Egan) 222–3 ‘John Bull’s Trump’, Anon 214 Life Political and Official, of John [Scott], John of Gaunt 46 Earl of Eldon, The (anonymous) 125 Johnson, David 111 ‘Lines Written During the Castlereagh Johnson, Joseph 16 Administration’ (Shelley) 82 Jolliffe, William 89 literacy rates 210 Jones, Ann 18 literary stratification 10, 218 Jones, John Gale 108 literature, cross-class appeal 2 Jones, Steven E. 10, 73, 91, 100, 205 Liverpool, Lord 204 Jonson, Ben 44 Lockhart, John Gibson 24, 40, 50 Judas Iscariot 125–6, 239n34 ‘London’ (Blake) 62 London Corresponding Society 107 Keach, William 2 Lord Byron’s Strength Keats, John 24, 33, 39–40, 221 (Christensen) 133 Kelsall, Malcolm 131, 132, 183 Loyal Association, The 1, 63, 69, 116 Kermode, Frank 3 Loyal Man in the Moon, The 63 Knight, John 16 loyalist association pamphlets Knowles, James Sheridan 167 49–50, 63 Loyalist Chiefs, The (I. R. laissez-faire 5 Cruikshank) 53 Lamb, Charles 2, 9, 33, 221: Lucas, E. V. 120–1, 124, 178 attack on Canning 120–1, Luke, Hugh J. 37, 38 122–5, 181–2; attacks on the government 181; ‘Epilogue’ to McCalman, Iain 10, 33, 161, The Wife: A Tale of Mantua 167; 213, 219 ‘The Godlike’ 180–1; influence Malmesbury, Third Earl of 163, 165, on Cruikshank 180; ‘The New 166 Morality’ 181–2; political Malthus, Thomas Robert 204 character 120–1, 128–9; and the Man in the Moon, The (Hone) 21, 34, Queen Caroline controversy 120–1, 36–7, 43, 57–8, 59, 60–3, 62 159, 161, 167, 176–8, 180–2, 212, Manchester, Theatre Royal 25 216; response to the Cato Street Manchester and Salford conspiracy 120–9; ‘Sonnet to Yeomanry 16, 17, 18, 19, 89–92 Matthew Wood, Esq., Alderman Manchester Chronicle 31 and MP’ 8, 120–1, 122–5; ‘The Manchester Observer, The 17, 22, 28 268 Index

Marino Faliero (Byron) 8, 9, Moore, Thomas 40, 95, 140, 148 130–55: aural narrative 149–51; Moorhouse, John 16 Bertram 144–6, 148; Morning Chronicle 19, 43, 137, 140, censorship 130, 149; class- 181, 181 conflict 144–5; the Doge 131–2, Morning Post, The 168, 181 141, 144, 148–9, 153; ending Murray, Charles 66 148–51; executions 148–51, Murray, John 37–8, 41–2, 67, 134, 153–4; Faliero’s agony 143–4; 135, 153, 154–5, 184, 211 inspiration 134–41; Israel Murray, Venetia 178 Bertuccio 141–3, 144; plot 141–5; political Nadin, Joseph 15, 232n64 character 132–3; preface 134, National Union of the Working 140–1; readings 130–4, Classes (NUWC) 224 154–5; reception 130, 183; ‘Nebuchadnezzar’s Dream’ relevance 132–3; reviews 239n1 (Keats) 39–40 Marks, J. L. 50, 199, 200 ‘The New Morality’ (Lamb) 181–2 Marlow, Joyce 23, 24 New Pilgrim’s Progress; or, A Journey to Marx, Karl 73, 75 Jerusalem, The 189–92, 191 Mary Barton: a Tale of Manchester Life New Times, The 19, 66, 96, 106, 109, (Gaskell) 32 127, 151 Mask of Anarchy (Shelley) 7, 9, ‘A New Vision’ (Southey) 64–6 13, 21, 26–7, 29, 30, 31, 72–92, non-violence 87–8 100, 195, 199: Anarchy 80, Norris, James 14, 232n65 81, 83; audience 76; and class- conflict 86–9; contradictions 72–3, Oates, Titus 125–6 87; flower imagery 85–6; O’Connor, Feargus 22 Hope 81, 82–3, 84; imagery 76–9, ‘Ode to the Assertors of Liberty’ 81–6; and non-violence 87–8; (Shelley) 85, 101 origin 73; preface 72; publication ‘Ode to Death’ (Bamford) 27–8 delayed 100–1; revolutionary ‘Ode to a Plotting Parson’ process 83–5; style 86–7; the (Bamford) 13–14, 28–30, 84 Yeomanry’s charge 81–2 Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot the Matthews, G. M. 233n15 Tyrant (Shelley) 9, 161, 195, 196, ‘A May Day Garland for 1820’, 197–9, 203–10, 211, 212 Anon 105 Oliver, William (the spy W. J. Meagher, Edward 17, 29 Richards) 47, 92, 126, 128, 219 Medusa, The 58, 88, 92 Oliver Twist (Dickens) 223 ‘Men of England: A Song’ On the Devil, and Devils (Shelley) 128 (Shelley) 7, 13, 73, 86–7, 101 ‘On the Regal Character’ Methodism, growth of 219 (Hazlitt) 35–6 Middleton Hampden club, the 23–4 Milan commission, the 167 Paine, Thomas 49, 53, 77, 182, 211, Milan Gazette 185 234n26 Milton, John 30, 41, 180, 202 Paradise Lost (Milton) 30 Miscellaneous Poems (Bamford) 25 parody, Byron’s use of 40–1: Hone’s Miscellaneous Poetry (Bamford) 24 use of 37, 57 Mob Government 1 Passages in the Life of a Radical Monthly Magazine, The 24, 57 (Bamford) 7, 21–4, 24, 25, 32, 228n1 Monument, John 111, 152 Patmore, Peter George 34 Index 269

Patriots, the 106–7 poetry, as battleground 2–3: Patten, Robert L. 117 democratic transmission 3; Paulin, Tom 34, 229n6 historical moment of emergence 2; Peacock, Thomas Love 3, 87, 196 and popular events 2; promptness Peel, Robert 213 of response 2 Perry, Seamus 239n34 poets 10: isolation 3 Peter Bell the Third (Shelley) 7, Political Essays (Hazlitt) 33, 34–6 13, 66, 73, 81, 92–100, 128: Political House that Jack Built, The dedication 92; Devil 92–3, 98–9; (Hone) 21, 34, 43, 48–50, 53, publication 101; and the Wapping 53–4, 54, 68, 123, 210 murders 96–7 political reform 218, 225 ‘Peterloo’ (Stafford) 20 Political Register (Cobbett) 87, 171, Peterloo massacre 5, 6–7, 13–20, 210 108, 218, 220: arrests 19; political representation 4, 6, 218, 220 Bamford’s presence 13, 21; Politics of Language 1791–1819, The Bamford’s response to 13–14, (Smith) 211 21–32; Byron’s response to 194; Politics for the People; or Salmagundy for casualties 17, 81–2; class- Swine (Eaton) 209 conflict 18–19; condemnation Poole, Robert 17, 22–3 of 86–7; in Don Juan Canto the Pope, Alexander 41, 222 Third 43–8; Hazlitt and 35–6; popular culture 10 Hone’s response to 30, 33–50, popular, defining 4 53–4, 56–8, 60–71; legacy 31; popular protest 3–4 loyalist descriptions 46–7; origin Posthumous Poems (Shelley) 224 of name 17–18; poetic response ‘The Prediction’ (Bamford) 27 to 13–14, 21, 30, 72–101; protester Preston, Thomas 107, 109, 117 numbers 15, 227n6; reaction prices 5 to 17–20; reluctance to criticise Prince of Whales or the Fisherman at the regular troops 89–92; Riot Act Anchor, The (Cruikshank) 179, 180 read 15, 57; Shelley’s response printing, power of 7 to 13, 14, 21, 72–101, 131; A Slap printing technology 3, 53–4, 55, at Slop mock advertisements 63–4; 231n54 troop numbers 15; violence Proclamation Society, the 231n42 anticipated 14–15; Yeomanry sent Prometheus Unbound (Shelley) 73–5, in to make arrests 16; Yeomanry 76, 83, 85, 92, 100, 205 troops 16; the Yeomanry’s Prothero, Iorwerth 118, 167, 219–20 charge 17, 29, 45–6, 81–2 public sphere, the 49 Philips, Sir Richard 22 A Philosophical View of Reform Quarterly Review, The 34, 37 (Shelley) 91 Queen Caroline controversy 1–3, ‘The Pig of Pall Mall’ 211–12 8–9, 159–82, 221: see also Pitt, William, the Younger 124–5, Caroline of Brunswick, Queen; 209 allegations 189–90; Byron Pitts, John 174, 210 and 161; Byron’s response Place, Francis 18 to 183–9, 194; Byron’s support for plagiarism and piracy 210–11, Queen 183–7; Cobbett and 223–4 169–72; Cruikshank prints Plots and Placemen (Zachary and 160; end of 216; the Green Zealoushead) 113 Bag 169, 198, 206–7, 207, 208; 270 Index

Queen Caroline ‘The Right Divine of Kings to Govern controversy – continued Wrong’ (Cruikshank) 82, 83 Hazlitt on 159; impact 220; Robinson, Mary 161 interest in 159, 161; Italian Robbins, Jane 8 witnesses 186; Lamb and 120–1, Roberts, Hugh 75 161, 167, 176–8, 180–2, 212, 216; Rodger, Alexander 201 loyalist responses to 187–92, 191; Romanticism, and popular mobilisation of women 172–6; culture 10 public polarisation over 159, 161; Romany Rye, The (Borrow) 106 Queen’s Letter to the King 172, 174; Royal House that Jack Built; Or, 1820, radicals response to 212–17, 214, The 190 215; Shelley and 161; Shelley’s response to 195–212; verse ‘Saint Ethelstone’s Day’ 89 publication numbers 159 Scourge, The 180 ‘The Queen of Hearts Or John Scrivener, Michael 10, 49, 72, 73, 75, Bull’s best Trump is Caroline’ 93, 204 (anonymous) 212–13 Sewell, John 66 Queen in the Moon, The Shakespeare, William 18, 132, 150, (Cruikshank) 56, 56, 113–16, 114 188 Queen’s Letter to the King 172, 174 Sharpe, Chares Kirkpatrick 197 Queen’s Matrimonial Ladder, The Shelley, Mary 72, 198, 224 (Cruikshank) 92–3, 94, 206, 207 Shelley, Percy Bysshe 3, 7, 192, Queen’s Matrimonial Ladder, The 218: attacks on the state 32; (Hone) 162, 242n9 audience 210–11; and the Cato Quennell, Peter 137 Street conspiracy 118, 119; class-consciousness 86–9; death Radical Addresses 1–3 of 221; delays publication of Radical Ladder, The (Cruikshank) The Mask of Anarchy 100–1; 1–2, 4, 50 Devil 92–3, 98–9, 235n60; On radical pamphlets, cost 69 the Devil, and Devils 128; ‘The radical press 54–6: culture 64; Devil’s Walk’ 235n60; ‘England in distribution system 68–9; 1819’ 7, 21, 53, 73, 86, 87, 101; government crackdown on 57–8; on Hunt 131; imagery 76–9, imagery 77–8; reaction to Peterloo 80, 81–6; inspiration for Marino massacre 19; reading public Faliero 134–41; learns of the 69–71; sales 210 Peterloo massacre 13; A Letter Radical Satire and Print Culture to Lord Ellenborough 77; ‘Lines 1790–1822 (Wood) 48 Written During the Castlereagh Radical Shelley (Scrivener) 195 Administration’ 82; links with radical societies 70 popular press 7; The Mask of radicalism, decline in 218–25 Anarchy 7, 9, 13, 21, 26–7, 29, 30, Read, Donald 5, 226n12 31, 72–92, 100, 195, 199; ‘Men of reading public 69–71 England: A Song’ 7, 13, 73, 86–7, recession 4–5 101; and non-violence 87–8; ‘Ode Red Shelley (Foot) 212 to the Assertors of Liberty’ 85, 101; Reid, Robert 23 Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot the Revelation, Book of 79 Tyrant 9, 161, 177, 195, 196, 197–9, Richmond, Alexander 106, 211 203–10, 211, 212; opinion of Queen Rickword, Edgell 33, 34 Caroline on 196–7; opposition Index 271

to George IV 196; Peter Bell the Southey, Robert 37, 39, 41, 63, 64–6, Third 7, 13, 66, 73, 81, 92–100, 128; 92, 218, 221, 230n20 A Philosophical View of Reform 91; Spa Fields Riot, 1816 1, 5, 6, 37, 107, political poems (1819) 86–7; 111, 126, 220 Posthumous Poems 224; Prometheus Stafford, John 20 Unbound 73–5, 76, 83, 85, 92, Stanhope press, the 3, 53–4, 55, 100, 205; and the Queen Caroline 231n54 controversy 161; radical influences Stanley, Bishop 15–16 on 209; reluctance to criticise the ‘Stanzas Occasioned by the regular troops 89–92; response Manchester Massacre!’ to Peterloo massacre 13, 14, 21, (‘Hibernicus’) 77 72–101, 131; response to the ‘Steel Lozenges’ 61, 62 Queen Caroline controversy Stoddart, Dr John 19, 49, 63, 70, 93, 195–212; Romantic subjectivity 7; 95–8, 106, 116, 127, 151, 231n42 Shape 83–4; sources of swinish multitude, the 211–12 information 87; support for Queen Caroline 195, 204–5, 212; The Table Talk (Hazlitt) 34 Triumph of Life 83 taxation 5, 15 Shelley’s Satire ( Jones) 205 texts, historical moment of Sheridan, Robert Brinsley 162, 180 emergence 2 Sherwin’s Weekly Political Register 19 Thackeray, William 69, 95, 165–6 Shore, Jane 188, 245n26 ‘Thanksgiving Ode’ Shorter, Robert 20 (Wordsworth) 99–100 Sidmouth, Henry Addington, Theatre Royal, Manchester 25 Lord 14, 23–4, 29, 44–5, 56, 78, Thelwall, John 49, 63, 120 79, 92, 109, 112–13, 127 Theological and Political Comet 89 Simmons, William 139–40 Thistlewood, Arthur 22, 23, 33, 93, Simpson, Michael 74, 133 106–8, 109, 110, 111, 115–16, 117, Sinecurist’s Creed, The (Hone) 41 118, 126, 127, 130–1, 132, 134, Siskin, Clifford 2 135, 140, 144, 148, 151–4, 155, 213 Six Acts, the 35, 43, 58, 213 Thomas, Revd. Lionel 6 Skelton, John 53 Thompson, E. P. 6, 21, 23, 89–90, Slap at Slop and the Bridge-Street Gang, 219, 220 A (Hone) 34, 54–6, 63–6, 65, 67–8, ‘The Three Graves’ (Lamb) 8, 121, 97, 200–1, 201 125–9 Smith, E. A. 175 Tidd, Richard 108, 111, 152–3 Smith, Olivia 8, 33, 40, 68, 210, 211 The Times 18–19, 19–20, 86, 93, 95, Smithfield 1 97, 121, 161, 172, 173, 216–17, Society for the Suppression of 239n1 Vice 41, 231n35, 231n42 ‘To Death’ (Bamford) 24 ‘Solitude how calm art thou’ ‘Touch Him!’ (Bamford) 24–6 (Bamford) 24 Tragic Ballad of the Ninth Century A Song of Slaughter (Bamford) 13, (Set to a New Tune), A 192–3 30–1, 31, 84 trampled mother imagery 82–3, 83 Songs of Innocence and Experience Treagher, Eliza 174 (Blake) 62 ‘The Triangle’ (Cruikshank) 201, ‘Sonnet to Matthew Wood, Esq., 203 Alderman and MP’ (Lamb) 8, Trifling Mistake, A (Hobhouse) 58 120–1, 122–5 Triumph of Life, The (Shelley) 83 272 Index

‘The Triumph of the Press’ Wellington, Duke of 5, 17, 18, 19, (Cruikshank) 79, 80, 81 79, 138, 140, 152, 203–4 True Political House that Jack Built, West, Benjamin 79, 93 The 49 White, Newman I. 73, 195 Tyas, John 19, 86 White, R. J. 16, 18 White Devil, The (Webster) 150 ‘The Unbeloved’ (Lamb) 181 Wife: A Tale of Mantua, The (James Uxbridge, Lord 25–6 Sheridan Knowles) 167 Wilberforce, William 209, 231n42 Venice, Ducal Palace 134 Wilkes, John 38, 39 violence, Bamford and 25–8 Wilkinson, George Theodore 151 Vision of Judgement (Byron) 67, 92, Williams, John 96 93, 188 Wilson, Ben 33–4 Wilson, James 203 wages 5, 189, 219 Wilson, Sir Robert 122, 192 Walcott, John 93 women: empowerment 175: Walmsley, Robert 28, 30 and the Queen Caroline Walpole, Horace 136, 161 controversy 172–6 Wapping murders, the 96–7 Wood, Marcus 8, 10, 33, 48, 49, Ward, Eileen 39 49–50, 63 Wardroper, John 53 Wood, Matthew 2, 121–2, 123–4, Warning Letter to His Royal Highness 126, 127, 128, 129 the Prince Regent, Intended Wordsworth, Dorothy 40 Principally as a Call Upon the Middle Wordsworth, William 46, 96, 99–100 Ranks, At this Important Crisis, A Works of Charles and Mary Lamb, (Berguer) 6, 16 The (Lucas) 120–1 Wat Tyler (Southey) 37, 96 Worrall, David 111, 155 ‘Waterloo’ (Bamford) 27 Wright, William 189, 205 Waterloo, Battle of 17, 18, 22, 25, Wu, Duncan 34, 35 27, 35, 63, 64, 100, 142, 191 Wynn, Francis 166 Watson, Doctor 33, 107, 117, 126 Watson, James 107 year without a summer, the, 1816 5 Weaver Boy, The (Bamford) 21, 24, Yeomanry troops 16 26, 27, 211–12 Webb, Tim 72, 73, 96 Zachary Zealoushead 113 Webster, John 150