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Introduction: 'The Radical Ladder' Notes Introduction: ‘The Radical Ladder’ 1. The Loyalist; or, Anti- Radical; Consisting of Three Departments: Satyrical, Miscellaneous, and Historical (W. Wright, 1820), iv. 2. Here, it might also mean (if the artist is being subversive), ‘I Have Suffered’, which Caroline and the radicals certainly had; or, it might stand for ‘In hoc signo vinces’ – ‘with this as your standard you shall have vic- tory’, hinting at the odd relationship between this Queen and republican radicals. 3. See Thompson, The Making, 691–6. 4. See Robert Reid, The Peterloo Massacre (Heinemann, 1989), 117–19. 5. Frederick Jameson, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as Symbolically Social Act (London: Routledge, 2002), ix. 6. Jameson, The Political Unconscious, 1. 7. Clifford Siskin, The Work of Writing: Literature and Social Change in Britain, 1700–1830, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 2. 8. Frank Kermode, The Romantic Image (London: Fontana Press, 1971), 18–19. 9. Anne Janowitz, ‘“A voice from across the Sea”,: Communitarianism at the Limits of Romanticism’, At the Limits of Romanticism: Essays in Cultural, Feminist and Materialist Criticism, ed. Mary A. Favret and Nicola J. Watson (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994), 85. 10. Nigel Leask and Phillip Connell (eds.), Romanticism and Popular Culture in Britain and Ireland, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 7. 11. Gary Dyer, British Satire and the Politics of Style, 1789–1832 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 141. 12. Donald Read, Peterloo: the ‘Massacre’ and its Background (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1958), 16. Interestingly, in a letter to The Times newspaper on 26 September 2008 Read wrote: ‘The crowd was certainly gathered to demand democratic reform, but it was in a fes- tive mood. Incidentally, I say this as a historian of Peterloo who does not believe that the masses were at that time sufficiently educated to deserve the vote. This even includes my own contemporary Lancashire working- class family.’ 13. The Journal of Mrs. Arbuthnot, ed. Francis Bamford and the Duke of Wellington, 2 vols. (Macmillan, 1950), I: 139. 14. Thompson, The Making, 737. 15. Rev. Lionel Thomas Berguer, A Warning Letter to His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, Intended Principally as a Call Upon the Middle Ranks, At this Important Crisis (T. and J. Allman, 1819), 28. 16. Nigel Leask, ‘What is the People’, Romanticism and Popular Culture, 7. 17. Ian Haywood, The Revolution in Popular Literature, 4. 226 Notes 227 1 Peterloo 1. Richard Holmes, Shelley: the Pursuit (Flamingo, 1995), 532. 2. Shelley, Preface to Prometheus Unbound: the Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. Mrs Shelley, 4 vols. (Edward Moxon, 1839) II, 6. 3. PRO: HO 41/4, f 432. Disturbance Book vol. 4, 3 Jan 1818 to 1 Sep 1819. 4. T. H. Ford, ‘The Constitutional Association: Private Prosecutions in Reaction to Peterloo’, The Journal of Legal History 7:3 (1986), 295. 5. Ibid. 293. 6. The numbers who attended the meeting at St Peter’s Field range from esti- mates of 30,000 (Thomas Tatton, a magistrate at the trial of Henry Hunt), to 153,000 people (James Wroe, the Manchester Observer). Bamford estimated 80,000 people (Passages, 151). 7. See ‘An Examination of the Late Dreadful Occurrences at the Meeting at Manchester, on August 16, 1819; Being a Clear Statement and Review of its Object, Circumstances, and Results’ (Newcastle on Tyne: William Andrew Mitchell, n.d.). 8. Michael Bush, The Casualties of Peterloo (Lancaster: Carnegie, 2005), 50. 9. F. A. Bruton, ‘Three Accounts of Peterloo by Eyewitnesses Bishop Stanley, Lord Hylton, John Benjamin Smith, with Bishop Stanley’s Evidence at the Trial’ (Manchester: Longmans, Green & Co. 1921), 42. 10. Joyce Marlow, The Peterloo Massacre (Rapp and Whiting, 1970), 50. 11. R. J. White, Waterloo to Peterloo (Heinemann, 1957), 185. 12. Reid, The Peterloo Massacre, 84. 13. Berguer, A Warning Letter to His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, 36. 14. Bamford, Passages, 152. 15. See Bush, The Casualties, 44 and 49 for details on these figures. 16. The Manchester Observer, 21 August 1820. James Wroe, the first editor of the Manchester Observer, further promoted this coinage when he brought out a weekly journal called The Peterloo Massacre: a Faithful Narrative of the Events nine days after the event; there were 14 issues. See Bush, The Casualties, 41–2. 17. J. Taylor, ‘The Peterloo Massacre, Containing a Faithful Narrative of the Events which Preceded, Accompanied and Followed the Fatal Sixteenth of August, 1819, on the Area Near St. Peter’s Church, Manchester, Including the Proceedings which Took Place at the Inquest at Oldham on the body of John Lees’ (Manchester: 1819), 178. 18. Victor Hugo, Les Miserables (London: Penguin, 1982), 316–17. 19. R. J. White, Waterloo to Peterloo (Heinemann, 1957), 181. 20. Letter from Place to Hobhouse, cited by Graham Wallas, The Life of Francis Place, 1771–1854 (George Allen & Unwin, 1918), 141–2. 21. The Times, 19 August 1819. 22. Sherwin’s Weekly Political Register, 21 August 1819. 23. Ibid. 24. Address of the Reformers of Fandon, to Their Brothers the Pitmen, Keelmen, and Other Labourers, on the Tyne and Wear [sic] (Newcastle Upon Tyne (John Marshall, 1819), 7. 25. Ibid. 8. 26. Cited by Clive Bigham, The Prime Ministers of Britain 1721–1921 (John Murray, 1924), 199. 228 Notes 27. HO 42/192, f.269. 28. See Percy Bysshe Shelley, Poems and Prose, ed. Timothy Webb and George E. Donaldson (J. M. Dent, 1995), 470–2. 29. Ibid. 472–3. 30. Michael Scrivener, Poetry and Reform: Periodical Verse from the English Democratic Press 1792–1824 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1992), 218. 2 Myth- making: Samuel Bamford and Peterloo 1. Passages in the Life of a Radical was first published in parts between 1839 and 1841. It went through four editions by 1857. 2. Sir Richard Phillips, bookseller, publisher and owner of the Monthly Magazine. 3. Martin Hewitt, ‘Radicalism and the Victorian Working Class: the Case of Samuel Bamford’, The Historical Journal 34:4 (1991), 873–92 (886). 4. Samuel Bamford, Homely Rhymes, p. 11. In his preface to Passages, Tim Hilton claims that ‘in 1848 he enrolled as a special constable to help keep down the Chartists who had assembled on Kennington Common’ (5) but I have not traced another source for this claim. 5. See Robert Poole, ‘“A Poor Man I know”: Samuel Bamford and the Making of Mary Barton’, The Gaskell Journal 20 (2008), 96–115 (109). 6. First formed in 1813 by Major Cartwright, Hampden clubs were named after the parliamentary leader, John Hampden who died in 1643 fighting the Royalists. 7. George Pellew, The Life and Correspondence of the Right Honourable Henry Addington, First Viscount Sidmouth, 3 vols. (John Murray, 1847), 3: 226. 8. Marlow, Peterloo Massacre, 63. 9. Reid, Peterloo Massacre, 71–2. 10. Samuel Bamford, An Account of the Arrest and Imprisonment of Samuel Bamford, Middleton, on Suspicion of High Treason. Written by Himself (Manchester: 1817), 38. 11. Marlow, Peterloo Massacre, 25. 12. Letter from Carlyle to Bamford 21 April 1849. Cited by Morris Grant, Samuel Bamford: Portrait of a Radical (Littleborough: George Kelsall, 1992), 41. 13. Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 3 (1818), 519. 14. Letter to the George Keats’s 17 September 1819. The Letters of John Keats 1814–1821, ed. Hyder Edward Rollins, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958), II, 186. 15. S. Bamford, weaver, The Queen’s Triumph (Lincoln Castle, nov. 13 1820). 16. The Monthly Magazine or British Register 52 (1821), 450. 17. Ibid., 1 Jan. 1822: 502. 18. Miscellaneous Poetry by Samuel Bamford, Weaver, of Middleton (T. Dolby, 1821) is not listed on COPAC, however a copy can be found in Middleton Library. See Garratt, Samuel Bamford: Portrait of a Radical, p. 98. 19. Bamford, Homely Rhymes, 244. 20. See Bamford, Passages, 126–30. 21. For more on this see Reid, Peterloo Massacre, 108–9 and James Epstein, Radical Expression: Political Language, Ritual and Symbol in England, 1790–1850 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 83–5. Notes 229 22. Bamford, Passages, 130. 23. Bamford, Homely Rhymes, 244. 24. Shelley, The Mask of Anarchy (Moxon, 1832), LXXXIX. 25. Epstein, Radical Expression, 85. 26. H. Montgomery Hyde, The Strange Death of Lord Castlereagh (Heinemann, 1959), 101. 27. Ibid., 185. It seems that Castlereagh’s fondness for prostitutes was well known; William Hone hints at this in his ‘Official Account of the Noble Lord’s Bite! And his Dangerous Condition, with Who Went to See him, and What Was Said, Sung, and Done, on the Melancholy Occasion’ (William Hone, 1817), 4. 28. James Chandler, England in 1819: the Politics of Literary Culture and the Case of Romantic Historicism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 18. 29. First printed in the Manchester Observer, 26 February 1820, and later in The Black Dwarf 7 (1821), 670–2. 30. Robert Walmsley, Peterloo: the Case Reopened (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969), 132. 31. Reid, Peterloo Massacre, 221. 32. The Examiner, 10 March, 1833. 33. See Reid, Peterloo Massacre, 25. 34. This poem was printed in The Black Dwarf 7 (1821), 670–2. 35. Walmsley, Peterloo, 132. 36. This poem was later published in The Manchester Observer on 5 August 1820. 37. John Milton, Areopagitica (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898), 49. 38. Cited by Garratt, Samuel Bamford: Portrait of a Radical, 36. 39. Cited by Walmsley, Peterloo, 425. 40. Gaskell had befriended Bamford shortly before she wrote her novel, and later wrote to Tennyson on Bamford’s behalf to obtain a signed volume of his verse. 3 William Hone’s Peterloo 1. Wood, Radical Satire, 269. 2. See Kyle Grimes, ‘William Hone’, in British Reform Writers, ed. Gary Kelly and Edd Applegate. Vol. 158 of Dictionary of Literary Biography (Detroit: Gale, 1996), 163.
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