William Butler Yeats and Edmund Dulac
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
RICE UNIVERSITY WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS AND EDMUND DULAC A CORRESPONDENCE: 1916-1938 by DIANA POTEAT HOBBY A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY APPROVED, THESIS COMMITTEE: Chairman yroressor tnaries uarsiae, jr. HOUSTON, TEXAS MAY, 1981 ® Copyright Diana Poteat Hobby ' 1981 ABSTRACT William Butler Yeats and Edmund Dulac: A Correspondence: 1916-1938 by Diana Poteat Hobby In 1916 William Butler Yeats, Edmund Dulac, and Ezra Pound were caught up together in the study of Japanese Noh drama, and were experimenting with a production of Yeats fs first play using that form, "At the Hawkfs Well." This collection of Yeatsfs correspondence with Dulac, which begins in that year, extends through 1938, and takes up all the major concerns of Yeats’s supremely creative later years: occultism, painting, theater, stamp and coin design, Eastern philo¬ sophy, and the two great preoccupations of his late poetry: his cycli¬ cal theory of history, set forth in A Vision, and his concept of the proper music for sung poetry. Yeats wrote to Dulac as his closest male friend, and their correspondence covers the crucial events of the poet’s later life: his marriage, the American tour, the reconstruction of Thoor Ballylee, the Nobel Prize, Lady Gregory’s death, the Civil War, Maud Gonne’s internment and escape to Ireland, the births of Yeats’s children, his appointment as Senator, his seventieth birthday celebration, his col¬ laboration with Shri Purohit Swami, his infatuation with Margot Collis, the BBC broadcasts of his poetry, and his final illness. Of these 116 letters, only eight are published in Allan Wade’s The Letters of W. B. Yeats, two of them in much abridged form. ii I include in the notes to the letters several articles which are not, to my knowledge, published in full elsewhere: a 1922 version of the Introduction to the 1925 A Vision, Cecil Salkeld’s memoir of the com¬ position of the "Centaur" poem, Yeats’s account of the incident with Margot Collis at Barcelona, Dulac’s essay, ,rMusic and Poetry," his lecture on symbolism, and his account of the visit he and Yeats paid to the occultist, David Calder Wilson. Other letters in the collection which bear on the subjects of Yeats1s correspondence with Dulac are quoted in the notes, includ¬ ing Lily Yeats’s to Dulac concerning the design for the centaur bed¬ spread, Yeats’s to William Maxwell explaining the symbols used in the illustrations for his books, and Margot Collis’s to Dulac. I have divided the letters into eight groups. The first is primarily concerned with the production of the Noh play, the second with occultism, the third with three major design projects which Yeats commissioned from Dulac, and the fourth with the Civil War and the com¬ position of the "Centaur" poem. The fifth is centered around the 1922 Vision Introduction, the sixth covers affairs of state, the seventh the composition of "A Full Moon in March," and a proposed London season of Yeats’s plays, and the last, the broadcasts of his poetry and the ensuing row over the proper music for sung poetry. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply grateful to Senator Michael Yeats of Dublin for his gracious permission given me to work among the manuscripts of his father at the Humanities Research Center, and to make copies of them, and to Mrs. Geraldine Anderson of Surrey for her permission to seek out and transcribe the letters of her relation, Edmund Dulac. I am greatly indebted to Professor Monroe K. Spears for his continual sympathy and assistance in the preparation of this disser¬ tation, and to the staff of the HRC for their assistance in working in the Yeats material, and to Mrs. Sally Leach and Mrs. Ellen Dunlap in particular. Diana Hobby November 6, 1980 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract i Acknowledgments iii Introduction 1 Letters: Group I, Letters 1-10 72 Group II, Letters 11-19 81 Group III, Letters 20-39 102 Group IV, Letters 40-62 129 Group V, Letters 63-70 157 Group VI, Letters 71-83 172 Group VII, Letters 84-97 195 Group VIII, Letters 98-116 222 Illustrations 265 Bibliography 281 1 INTRODUCTION This collection of the correspondence of the poet W. B. Yeats with the painter Edmund Dulac, from 1916 through 1938 (up to four months before Yeats1s death), takes up all the major concerns of Yeats's supremely creative later years: occultism, painting, theater, stamp and coin design, Eastern philosophy, and the two great preoccupations of his late poetry: his cyclical theory of history, set forth in A Vision, and his concept of the proper music for sung poetry. In all of these interests, Dulac served as Yeats’s sympathetic listener, fastidi¬ ous in taste, gallantly gay in the face of economic and artistic disap¬ pointment, and gifted with a light touch which continually cheered the older man. Clearly Yeats enjoyed Dulacfs capacity for the unconven¬ tional: in the yard of his studio in Maida Vale Dulac practiced tar- get-shooting, he worked out on trapeze rings suspended from his studio ceiling, and he died in 1953 following an excessive bout of flamenco dancing.^- There are 116 letters in this collection, which is part of the large store of Yeats material in the Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin. (Only eight of these are pub¬ lished in Allan Wade's The Letters of W. B. Yeats, two of them in much abridged form.) Four of the unpublished letters are addressed to the novelist Helen Beauclerk, who was Dulac's companion from 1923 to the end of his life: the two couples wrote each other together, 2 "from both to both." The collection includes several articles which are not, to my knowledge, published, such as Dulacfs essay, "Music and Poetry," 2 and his report of the expedition he and Yeats made to visit the occult¬ ist, David Calder Wilson. Other articles which have been published in variant or much abridged form, such as the 1922 version of the In¬ troduction to the 1925 A Vision, which was read and criticized by Dulac, and is a very different version of the Aherne-Robartes story from the published one; Cecil Salkeld's memoir, which appears parti¬ ally in Joseph Hone's W. B. Yeats; and Yeats's account of the incident with Margot Ruddock at Barcelona, which was abbreviated as the Intro¬ duction to her book of poems, seemed to deserve full disclosure, and are here presented complete, except for the early A Vision Introduc¬ tion, where I have given the conclusion which varies from that pub¬ lished. Letters to and from other correspondents which bear immedi¬ ately on the subjects of Yeats's letters to Dulac are included as notes, such as Dr. Dennison Ross's comments on Chinese characters transmitted in automatic writing, Wilson's letters about telepathy, Lily Yeats's to Dulac concerning the centaur bedspread, Yeats's letter to William Maxwell explaining the symbols used in the illustra¬ tions for his books, and Margot Ruddock's sad little letter to Dulac. Throughout the sixties, the Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas, principally at the direction of Harry Ransom, bought extensive manuscript material in the field of modern British and American writers. There are four boxes of Yeats material and a dozen or so items bound by private collectors. The largest number of Yeats's letters to Dulac were among several lots sold by Sotheby's in March 1968 to a dealer, the House of El Dieff, and acquired by the 3 University in June. They are described in the sale catalogue as "The Property of a Gentleman." Four of the lots were: Dulac's incidental music for "At The Hawk's Well," twenty pages of music and two sets of proofs, with his "Note on the Instruments;" thirty-seven autograph signed letters and twenty-four others, either typed or in Mrs. Yeatsfs hand, from Yeats to Dulac, 1916-1938; an autograph signed letter from Yeats to Helen Beauclerk upon the death of Lady Gregory; and the type¬ script of a 1922 version of the Introduction to A Vision, corrected in Yeatsfs hand. There are only five letters from Dulac to Yeats in the HRC collection. Richard Finneran and his co-editors have published others from Dulac to Yeats in Letters to W. B. Yeats, and I have occasionally quoted from those when they provide direct links between Yeats letters in this collection. The extensive store of Yeats manuscript material at the HRC from which this correspondence is selected contains a large group of letters to George Russell, a number to Mabel Beardsley, much correspondence about theater affairs, including letters of re¬ jection to playwrights who had submitted plays, and a late, very in¬ teresting group to Francis Higgins, who features prominently in the last letter in this collection. I mention these because there appears to be much correspondence here which is not noted by Wade in his Intro¬ duction to the Letters, nor, to my knowledge, published anywhere else. Wade has set forth admirably the problem of dealing with Yeatsfs handwriting and spelling. Proper names, when not known ahead, are especially vexing, and some of my guesses are doubtless wide of the mark. As George Melchiori says, "With such a bad speller as Yeats, 4 3 even manuscript evidence does not mean much.11 I have corrected the spelling, and indicated with a bracketed question mark words which are my wilder guesses. Dating, as Wade mentions, must be done from inter¬ nal evidence, and I have followed his editorial practices, giving dates in brackets when I am reasonably sure, question marks when I am without proof, and "possibly" when the problem seems insoluble.