João José Martins Junior

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João José Martins Junior JOÃO JOSÉ MARTINS JUNIOR AIKIDO As raízes históricas que ligam uma arte marcial do século XX à época dos Samurais. Trabalho apresentado como requisito para avaliação de 3º Dan, de João José Martins Junior, n. registro Aikikai 255765. Avaliado pela Federação de Aikido do Estado do Paraná, pelo Sensei Rodolfo Reolon. MARINGÁ 2019 1 ÍNDICE 1 INTRODUÇÃO................................................................................................pág. 3 2 OS SAMURAIS...............................................................................................pág. 4 3 OS XOGUNATOS...........................................................................................pág. 5 4 O BUDO E O FIM DOS SAMURAIS.............................................................pág. 5 5 O AIKIDO........................................................................................................pág. 6 6 MORIHEI UESHIBA, O FUNDADOR...........................................................pág. 6 7 O ENCONTRO DOS MESTRES.....................................................................pág. 9 8 SOKAKU TAKEDA E O DAITO-RYU........................................................pág. 11 9 YOSHIMITSU MINAMOTO, O SAMURAI................................................pág. 13 10 CONCLUSÃO..............................................................................................pág. 14 11 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS.........................................................pág. 15 2 O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a ligação existente entre o Aikido, uma arte marcial concebida no século XX, e a época dos Samurais, no Japão Feudal. Pretendemos trazer à luz as raízes históricas que aproximam a arte marcial moderna de uma época tão distante do momento de sua criação. 1 INTRODUÇÃO. As Artes Marciais tem origem que se confunde com o desenvolvimento da própria civilização. No Oriente, a arte marcial é integrada a um sistema filosófico, com desenvolvimento físico e espiritual, contribuindo na formação do caráter, criando uma consciência sobre a desnecessidade da competição e do uso na defesa de quem não tem o mesmo preparo. No Japão, país de origem do Aikido, as artes marciais se dividem em três grupos: Bugei: representam as técnicas de guerrear com o aprendizado voltado ao uso de equipamentos bélicos tradicionais, como arco e flecha, espadas, lanças, machados, correntes, característicos da época e região. Bujutsu: representam todas as modalidades técnicas militares para o combate corpo a corpo, definido como as dezoito disciplinas de combate, incluindo equitação e natação. Foi estabelecido após o período Kamakura (1192 – 1333), após a chegada da classe Samurai ao poder, sendo sua prática limitada a membros da elite guerreira, cabendo o domínio total das técnicas somente a uma pessoa, o fundador do estilo. Budo: é a evolução do bujutsu juntamente com o bugei. Contudo, o Budo foi dividido em duas linhas de evolução: a linha esportiva competitiva e a linha de estudos da técnica marcial, sem o propósito da guerra, evolução característica da arte marcial. 3 Budo e Bujutsu tem uma diferença bastante delicada. Enquanto o Bujutsu só dá atenção para a parte física de luta (a melhor maneira de derrotar um inimigo), o Budo também dá atenção para a mente e para o desenvolvimento pessoal. O Budo moderno usa aspectos do estilo de vida dos samurais do Japão feudal e os traduz para o autodesenvolvimento na vida moderna. O Aikido é um Budo moderno. Filosoficamente não é difícil identificar as referências à época dos Samurais, seja pelo comportamento, disciplina ou pela vestimenta tradicional, o Hakama, com suas sete pregas representando as virtudes do samurai. Entretanto, neste trabalho demonstraremos que a ligação entre o Aikido e as artes marciais praticadas pelos samurais do Japão feudal possui também um viés histórico. O conhecimento das artes marciais sempre foi passado diretamente, do mestre para seus discípulos. Portanto, será por intermédio das pessoas que demonstraremos a ligação entre a arte marcial do século XX e suas origens medievais japonesas. 2 OS SAMURAIS. O Samurai, inicialmente era um servidor civil do império japonês, com as funções de cobrador de impostos e administrador de terras (Daimyô). Durante o período do Japão Feudal, esses servidores ganharam funções militares, e se tornaram soldados da aristocracia imperial, no período compreendido entre os anos de 930 e 1877. Em 1185, os Samurais tornaram-se a classe dominante do Japão, com a instituição do Primeiro Xogunato pelo comandante do exército Minamoto no Yoritomo, conhecido como Xogunato Kamakura, que perdurou entre 1192 e 1199. Até 1868, o Xogum constituiu-se como o governante de fato de todo o país, embora teoricamente o Imperador fosse o legítimo governante e depositasse a autoridade no Xogum para governar em seu nome. Durante a história do Japão existiram três governos Xogunatos. 4 3 OS XOGUNATOS. O primeiro Xogunato foi estabelecido em 1192 por Minamoto no Yoritomo. Tal governo foi controlado por apenas três membros do clã Minamoto, pois o poder fora usurpado pelo clã Hojo, que sob o título de regentes, nomeavam crianças e jovens para Xoguns, e posteriormente os removiam do poder ao cumprirem os vinte anos. O segundo Xogunato é conhecido como Ashikaga, e foi fundado em 1338 por Ashikaga Takauji. Durante este Xogunato, quinze membros do clã Ashikaga mantiveram o cargo até Oda Nobunaga depor o Xogum, em 1573. Oficialmente o governo de Yoshiaki durou até 1588, quando este renunciou ao seu cargo, embora a maioria dos historiadores assegure que o Xogunato de fato terminou em 1573. O terceiro e último Xogunato foi o Xogunato Tokugawa, instituído oficialmente por Ieasu Tokugawa em 1603, durando até 1868, depois da renúncia ao cargo de Tokugawa Yoshinobu, quando o Imperador Meiji retomou o seu papel como protagonista na vida política do país, e a figura do Xogum foi finalmente abolida. Com a restauração Meiji, em 1868, os samurais perderam o poder para o imperador e declinaram rapidamente, sendo perseguidos e exterminados nove anos depois, no fim da Rebelião Satsuma. 4 O BUDO E O FIM DOS SAMURAIS. A partir do Xogunato Tokugawa (século XVII), com a estabilização e pacificação do Japão, o bujutsu começa a perder sua importância como instrumento de guerra e a ganhar uma conotação mais formadora e educacional. Após a restauração Meiji, que terminou com o Xogunato e a sociedade estratificada, a classe guerreira deixou de existir e, assim, nada mais restava das antigas circunstâncias que sustentavam as tradicionais técnicas de guerra. Elas haviam perdido completamente seu propósito original. 5 Para preservar o patrimônio marcial japonês foram necessárias mudanças para se conformar com os novos tempos. Uma das mudanças foi a dos objetivos. A nova finalidade não poderia ser mais a guerra, já que boa parte das técnicas, já naquela época, eram anacrônicas, tendo em vista os equipamentos e armamentos modernos. Outra mudança foi em relação ao público que tinha acesso às antigas técnicas: os samurais já não existiam. A nova finalidade foi explicitar o caráter formador e educacional em detrimento da busca pela eficiência letal. Através do treino das técnicas se cultivaria o corpo, mente e espírito para o autodesenvolvimento. E as técnicas estavam abertas para toda a sociedade. Por essas razões, muitas técnicas foram adaptadas e algumas até eliminadas. Não deveriam ser mais técnicas que visavam a guerra e a morte, exclusivas dos samurais, mas caminhos educacionais para o aperfeiçoamento humano que estavam ao alcance de qualquer um. Esta é a origem do Budo, no qual o Aikido se enquadra. 5 O AIKIDO. Aikido é uma arte marcial tradicional japonesa desenvolvida pelo Mestre Morihei Ueshiba (1883 – 1969), e foi concebido aproximadamente entre os anos de 1930 e 1960, como um compêndio de seus estudos marciais, filosóficos e religiosos. Morihei Ueshiba, chamado respeitosamente pelos praticantes de O-Sensei ou Fundador, concebeu o Aikido a partir de sua experiência com diversas artes marciais, mas, principalmente, baseando-se no estilo da escola do Daito-ryu Aiki-jujutsu, que aprendeu com Sensei Sokaku Takeda (1859 – 1943); ao qual incorporou técnicas do kenjutsu (técnica da espada) e do jojutsu (técnica do bastão curto). 6 MORIHEI UESHIBA, O FUNDADOR. Para os praticantes de Aikido, a vida do Fundador é, sem dúvida, uma história fantástica cheia de passagens marcantes e lições. Entretanto, esse não é o foco deste 6 trabalho, motivo pelo qual trataremos apenas de maneira superficial, observando principalmente os fatos relacionados à sua formação marcial e do desenvolvimento do Aikido. A vida do Fundador é tão fantástica que mereceria um trabalho específico. De acordo com o primeiro Doshu, Kisshomaru Ueshiba, filho do Fundador, pode-se dizer que o auge da reputação do O-Sensei como artista marcial foi entre 1927 e 1941. Depois disso, deixou o crescimento do aikido nas mãos da geração mais nova, da qual o Doshu Kisshomaru fez parte, e retirou-se para o campo, em Iwama, a fim de continuar sua busca no Aikido num ritmo mais relaxado e apoiar carinhosamente os esforços da geração posterior. Esse período de 1927 a 1941 coincide com certos acontecimentos políticos e militares: no nível doméstico, houve o plano japonês de expansão na China, sob os auspícios da Grade Esfera de Coprosperidade Asiática; a ocupação forçada do território pelo Exército e pela Marinha; e a tentativa de criar o “reino pacífico” de Manchukuo, no nordeste da China. Acontecimentos mais distantes que estavam se desenrolando incluíam a retirada japonesa
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