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Rta Maxsus Ta`Lim Vazirligi Zahiriddin Muhammad Bobur O`ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O`RTA MAXSUS TA`LIM VAZIRLIGI ZAHIRIDDIN MUHAMMAD BOBUR NOMIDAGI ANDIJON DAVLAT UNIVERSITETI Geografiya kafedrasi Qo`lyozma huquqida To`xtayeva Muslima ANDIJON VILOYATI QISHLOQ JOYLAR DEMOGRAFIK VAZIYATI 5440500- geografiya ta`lim yo`nalishi bo`yicha bakalavr akademik darajasini olish uchun yozilgan BITIRUV MALAKAVIY ISHI Ilmiy rahbar: katta o`qituvchi M.Atajonov Andijon - 2014 yil MUNDARIJA: KIRISH ....................................................................................................................3 I. BOB. Qishloq joylar demografik vaziyatini o`rganishning nazariy masalalari ................................................................................................................6 I.1. Qishloq joylar geografik tadqiqotlarning ob`yekti sifatida ..............................6 I.2. Andijon viloyati aholisining o`sish xususiyatlari............................................18 II.BOB. Andijon viloyati qishloq tumanlarida aholining takror barpo bo`lishi....................................................................................................................23 II.1. Demografik jarayonlar va aholi tarkibining hududiy xususiyatlari................23 II.2. Aholi joylashuvi va zichligi.............................................................................44 II.3.Andijon viloyati qishloq joylar rivojlanishining ijtimoiy-demografik muammolari.............................................................................................................52 Xulosa ....................................................................................................................63 Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati.....................................................................65 2 KIRISH Mavzuning dolzarbligi. Aholi jamiyatning asosiy ishlab chiqarish kuchi hisoblanadi. Shuning uchun ham iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy geografiya hamda iqtisodiyot fanlarida aholini o‟rganishga hamisha katta ahamiyat beriladi. Masalan: mamlakat xalq xo‟jaligi tarmoqlarini hududiy joylashtirish va rivojlantirishda aholi soni, o‟sish dinamikasi, uning takror barpo qilish hususiyatlari, migratsiya jarayoni, aholining hududiy joylashuvi va zichligi, mehnat resurslari va ularning xususiyatlari kabi ko‟rsatkichlari muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Bugungi kunda Andijon viloyati o‟zining demografik holati bo‟yicha O‟zbekistonning eng murakkab hududlaridan biri hisoblanadi. Buning ta‟sirida viloyatda ko‟plab iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy muammolar vujudga kelgan. Ushbu muammolarni bartaraf etish maqsadida ko‟plab ishlar amalga oshirilmoqda. Jumladan, sanoatni rivojlantirish orqali yangi ishchi o‟rinlari yaratilib, mehnat resurslari talabi qisman bo‟lsa-da qondirilmoqda. Shu bilan birga ayrim tumanlarda ushbu dolzarb muammoga yetarlicha e‟tibor berilmasligi natijasida ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy vaziyat yanada murakkablashib boryapti. Chunki, qishloq, eng avvalo, aholi yashaydigan joy, manzil hisoblanadi. Aholi esa o`z-o`zini takror barpo qilish xususiyatiga ega bo`lishi barobarida u moddiy va ma`naviy boyliklarning yaratuvchisi va ayni vaqtda bu boyliklarning iste`molchisi hamdir.1 Andijon viloyatining ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy muammolari ko‟p jihatdan aholining yuqori tabiiy o‟sishi, tarkibi, hududiy joylashuvi bilan izohlanadi hamda mehnat resurslaridan oqilona va samarali foydalanish muammosi bugungi kunning muhim masalalaridan biri bo‟lib, o‟zining tez fursatdagi ijobiy yechimini kutmoqda. Mavzuning o’rganilganlik darajasi. Aholi va mehnat resurslaridan samarali foydalanish iqtisodiyotning eng muhim muammolaridan biri bo`lib, jamiyatdagi ko`plab masalalar u bilan bog`liq. Shuning uchun uni tadqiq etish hamisha kun tartibidagi asosiy masalalardan biri bo`lib kelgan. Demografik vaziyat ko`plab fanlar, jumladan iqtisodchilar, iqtisodchi geograflar, demograflar, sotsiologlar, faylasuflar va boshqa fan vakillari o`rganadi. Ular ichida iqtisodchi geograflar muhim o`rin egallab, mehnat resurslarining shakllanishi va milliy-davlat hududi bo`ylab taqsimlanishi hamda ulardan oqilona foydalanish yo`llarini o`rganadi. Demografiya muammosi bilan O`zbekistonda К.H.Аbduraxmonov, О.B.Аtamirzaev, М.R.Bo`riyeva, М.К.Qоraxonov, L.P.Маksakova, H.S.Salimov, I.Safarov, А.S.Sоliyev, R.Ubaydullayeva, А.А.Qаyumov va boshqalar ilmiy-tadqiqot ishlari olib borganlar. Аndijon viloyati aholisi va mehnat resurslariga oid ilmiy ishlar А.Sоtvoldiyev, А.Hаtаmоv, R.B.Qodirov, I.Sulaymonov, S.Zokirovlarning ishlarida e`lon qilingan. 1 Soliyev A.S., Nazarov M. O„zbekiston qishloqlari (Qishloq joylar geografiyasi).-T.2009.-212 b 3 Ishning maqsadi va vazifalari. Bitiruv malakaviy ishni bajarishdan maqsad Andijon viloyati qishloq joylar aholisi soni, yosh, jinsiy, milliy tarkibini, migratsion faoliyatini, aholining hududiy joylashuvi va zichligini, urbanizatsiya darajasini, mehnat resurslari soni va shakllanishiga ta`sir etuvchi omillarni, bandlik darajasini o‟rganishdan iborat. Vazifalari: - Andijon viloyati qishloq joylar aholisi soni va uning o`sish manbalarini aniqlash; - Andijon viloyati qishloq joylar aholisining hududiy joylashuvi, zichligi darajasining o‟ziga xos xususiyatlarini taxlil qilish va istiqbolini belgilashning uslubiy asoslarini ishlab chiqish; - Andijon viloyati qishloq joylar mehnat resurslari soni va shakllanishiga ta`sir etuvchi omillarni aniqlash va b. BMI ning obyekti. Andijon viloyati qishloq joylar demografik vaziyati. BMI ning predmeti. Andijon viloyati qishloq joylar demografik vaziyati hususiyatlarining geografik jixatlarini o‟rganishdan iborat. BMI ning nazariy uslubiy asoslari. Mamlakatimizning geograf va demograf olimlarining ilmiy ishlari, o‟quv uslubiy qo‟llanmalari hamda O‟zbekiston respublikasi qonunlari, O‟zbekiston Prezidenti I.A.Karimov asarlari va farmonlari, hukumatimiz qarorlari xizmat qildi. Tadqiqot jarayonida statistik, guruhlash, taqqoslash, bashoratlash uslublari qo‟llanildi. Tadqiqotda, Andijon viloyati hokimligi “Aholi va mehnatni ijtimoiy muhofaza qilish” bo`limi va Andijon viloyati “Statistika Bosh boshqarma” si ma‟lumotlaridan keng foydalanildi. BMI ning ilmiy yangiliklari quyidagilarda o’z aksini topgan. -Andijon viloyati qishloq joylar demografik vaziyatining o‟ziga xos xususiyatlari tahlil qilingan va ochib berilgan; -Andijon viloyati qishloq joylar demografik vaziyati muammolari yoritib berilgan. BMI ning amaliy ahamiyati va natijalarini amalyotga joriy qilish. BMI natijalarining amaliyotga joriy qilinishi Andijon viloyati aholisi va iqtisodiyot tarmoqlarini joylashtirishdagi va infrastruktura tizimining rivojlanishidagi ayrim muammolarining bartaraf qilinishini ta‟minlaydi, maqsadli dasturlar va istiqbolli rejalar ishlab chiqishga asos bo‟lib xizmat qiladi. BMIning natijalaridan Andijon viloyati aholisi va mehnatni ijtimoiy muhofaza qilishda, mehnat resurslaridan foydalanish muammolarini yechishda foydalanish uchun hamda iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy geografiya fanlar tizimidagi ayrim fanlarni o‟qitishda foydalanish mumkin. 4 I. BOB. Qishloq joylar demografik vaziyatini o`rganishning nazariy masalalari I.1. Qishloq joylar geografik tadqiqotlarning ob`yekti sifatida Qishloq joylar shahar va shaharchalardan tashqaridagi hududlar bo„lib, ularda qishloq xo„jaligida muntazam foydalanadigan yerlar hamda doimiy aholi manzilgohlari (punktlari) mavjud bo„lishi kerak. Demak, qishloq joylar geografik kartada areal, maydon ko„rinishida, qishloq aholi punktlari esa ular ichidagi nuqtasimon shakldagi jamiyatning ijtimoiy-hududiy tashkil etish birligi hisoblanadi. Qishloqlar shaharlarga qaraganda aholi yashash joyining qadimiyroq shaklidir. To„g„ri, qadimda dastlabki aholi manzilgohlari shahar yoki qishloq deb atalmagan. Qishloqlarning vujudga kelishi ijtimoiy mehnat taqsimotida sug„orma dehqonchilik madaniyati rivojlanishi bilan bog„liq bo„lgan. Sug„orma dehqonchilik avvallari tabiiy suv oqimidan foydalangan holda olib borilgan, keyinchalik sug„orish inshootlari (to„g„on, kanal va b.) va vositalari (chig„iriq) asosida rivojlangan. Albatta, bunday inshootlar yoki hozirgi zamon tili bilan aytganda, irrigatsiya infratuzilmalarini yaratish, qo„riqlash va ulardan foydalanish keng jamoatchilik mehnatini, aholini bir joyda va birgalikda yashashini taqozo etgan. Shunday qilib, jamoa (sotsium), kishilarning hududiy birligi, turg„un aholi manzilgohlari paydo bo„lgan. Sug„orma dehqonchilikning chorvachilikdan ajralib chiqishi, shu asosda hunarmandchilik va savdoning rivojlanib borishi natijasida ijtimoiy va hududiy mehnat taqsimotining navbatdagi muhim bosqichi boshlangan. Jamiyat hayotdagi bunday o„zgarishlar qishloqlardan shaharlarning ajralib chiqishiga va rivojlanib borishiga sabab bo„lgan. Aynan shu davrdan boshlab ijtimoiy hayotni hududiy tashkil etilishining ikki shakli, ya‟ni qishloqlar va shaharlar vujudga kelgan[18]. E‟tirof etish joizki, shaharlar qishloqlardan ajralib chiqqan, aksincha emas. Binobarin, aytish mumkinki, dastlabki shaharlarning kelib chiqishi qishloqlar bilan bog„liq bo„lgan. Shu bois, Yer yuzasining eng qadimiy shaharlari ham aynan Yaqin SHarq, hozirgi Isroil, Iordaniya, Suriya mamlakatlari hududida shakllangan. 5 Qishloqlarning bunday evolyutsion tarzda paydo bo„lishi va rivojlanishi L.I.Mechnikovning daryo (sug„orma dehqonchilik) sivilizatsiyasi yoki madaniyati konsepsiyasiga muvofiq yuz bergan. Shu nuqtai nazardan Sharq tarixi, madaniyatini qishloq va shaharlarning ajralmas birligi deb ta‟riflashgan. Boshqa hududlarda esa, qishloqlarning vujudga kelishi makon va zamon jihatidan farq qilib, o„zgacha amalga oshgan[18]. Bizning sharoitimizda qishloqlar “qishlov” ma‟nosini anglatsa ajab emas. Chunki, yaqin
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